1. ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS
Presented by:
Preeti Bartwal

2. CONTENT
Sweeteners
Types of sweeteners
Reason for use
Types of artificial sweeteners and their metabolism
Characteristics of artificial sweeteners
Commercial use of artificial sweeteners
Use of artificial sweeteners in various conditions
Health effects and associated studies
Products of artificial sweeteners
Other properties of artificial sweeteners
Conclusion
Reference

3. Sweetener

4. Types of sweeteners
Natural
sweeteners
Artificial
sweeteners

5. Weight loss
Dental care
Diabetes mellitus
Reactive
hypoglycemia
Cost

6. 5 Artificial
sweeteners
approved by
FDA
Saccharin
Aspartame
Acesulfame
K
sucralose
Neotame
6

7. Saccharin
Oldest artificial sweetener still in use today
Discovered in 1879
300 times sweeter than sucrose
Slightly bitter taste and metallic aftertaste and for
this reason is sometimes combined with other
sweeteners .

8. Chemistry and Metabolism

9. Contd…
Following ingestion, saccharin is not absorbed
or metabolized.
Excreted unchanged, via the kidneys.
It is not metabolized, FDA considers this
sweetener safe.

10. Aspartame
Discovered in 1965
Combination of two amino acids:
phenylalanine and aspartic acid
 200 times sweeter than sucrose
Aspartame, sold under the brand
names NUTRASWEET and EQUAL, is
the most popular artificial sweeteners.

11. Food containing aspartame

12. Metabolism of aspartame

13. Acesulfame-K (ACE-K)
General-purpose sweetener
White crystalline structure
180-200 times sweeter than sucrose
commonly known as Sunett and Sweet One.
Popular sweetener like aspartame, stable in high-
heat situations and therefore often used in baked
products

14. Contd....
FDA continues to support the use of
acesulfame k in diabetic and low-
calorie foods.
Extraordinarily long shelf life and
because of this is ideal for use in
candies, canned foods and alcoholic
beverages.
Not metabolized or stored in the
body.

15. Sucralose
 Discovered in 1976
 6oo times sweeter than sucrose
 Sold under the trade name
SPLENDA
 Made from the sucrose
 Heat stable in cooking and baking
 Marketed in India under the brand
name NATURA SWEET
 Very soluble in many different
types of liquids

16. Chemistry and Metabolism
Sucralose is a sucrose molecule in which three of
the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by chlorine
atoms.
Although sucralose is made from table sugar, it adds
no calories because it is not digested in the body.
Most of the sucralose given orally to mice, rats,
dogs, and humans passes through the
gastrointestinal tract and is eliminated in the feces
unchanged.

17. Sucrose vs Sucralose
Structure

18. Cyclamate
Approved by the FDA in 1958 but then banned in
1969
Useful as a flavor enhancer as well as a good
flavoring agent for many pharmaceuticals and
toiletries.
30–50 times sweeter than sucrose

19. NEWER ARTIFICIAL
SWEETENERS

20. Neotame
Similar to aspartame
7000 to 13000 times sweeter than sucrose
Chemical modification to the structure make it
30-40 times sweeter than aspartame
Used in beverages and soy based nutritionally
fortified products

21. Chemistry and metabolism of
Neotame
t-butyl group is added to the free
amine group of aspartic acid
This addition adds a second
hydrophobic group and results in a
product that is 30 to 40 times sweeter
than aspartame

22. Contd….
Rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis of the methyl
ester present throughout the body.
Yields de-esterified neotame, the major
metabolite, and an insignificant amount of
methanol.
Neotame and de-esterified neotame are rapidly
cleared from the plasma.
Completely eliminated from the body with
recovery in urine and feces within 72 hours.

23. Characteristics of Artificial
Sweeteners
Common
Name
Brand
Names
FDA Approval kcal/g FDA
(ADI)
mg/kg
bw
JCEFA
(ADI)
mg/kg
bw
Acesulfame-K Sunett
Sweet One
1988-tabletop
sweetener
1993-
Beverages
2003- General
use
0 15 9
Saccharin Sweet’N Low
Sweet twin
Necta sweet
1938- GRAS 0 5 2.5
Aspartame Nutra sweet
Equal
1981- Tabletop
sweetener
4 50 40

24. Common
Name
Brand
Names
FDA Approval kcal/g FDA
(ADI)
Mg/kg
bw
WHO
(ADI)
mg/kg
bw
Cyclamate 1958- General
purpose and
banned in 1970
0
Neotame 2002- General
purpose
0 18 2
Sucralose Splenda
Natura
sweet
1998- Tabletop
sweetener
1999- General-
purpose
sweetener
0 5 5

25. COMMERCIAL USE OF ARTIFICIAL
SWEETENERS
Used as tabletop sweeteners.
Used extensively in the beverage
industry in both hot and cold
beverages.
Sucralose and acesulfame-K are used
in baked products.
Saccharin and aspartame are mainly
used in cold beverages.

26. Diabetic foods mainly contain
sucralose and saccharin
Used as a bulking agents or
diluents with many
sweeteners
Many hygiene products such
as toothpaste, mouthwashes
contain sucralose as
sweeteners

27. USE OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS IN
VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Behavioral Disorders
Excessive consumption of sugar in growing children causes
extreme hyperactivity, restlessness and leads to attention
deficit disorder (ADD).
There is no clear evidence that carbohydrate rich foods are
linked to this condition.
Artificial sweeteners would be a tremendous help in
preventing this situation.

28. Conti..
Children
 Aspartame is restricted in children as this compound
diffuses easily across the blood-brain barrier and high
levels of this causes alteration in brain activity.
Diabetes Mellitus
 In type 2 obese diabetics, artificial sweeteners are
recommended. Use of these would increase adherence
to the diet regime.
 Artificial sweeteners like equal, Sweet’n low and splenda
do not increase blood sugar level.

29. Pregnancy
 GRAS sweeteners are accepted
 Saccharin is restricted in pregnancy as the placenta
actively concentrates it
 Aspartame was found to have no adverse effect on
fetal exposure but it is restricted in pregnant women
with hyperphenylalaninemia.
 Sucralose is found in low levels in the placenta so it is
safe in pregnancy.

30. Health
effects and
associated
studies

31. Weight gain or obesity
Artificial sweeteners play a crucial role in weight
management strategies.
Cutting down 500 calories in a weight reduction diet. A
reduction of direct sugar i.e. about 100 calories from the
diet by replacing it with an artificial sweetener. If this is
done daily for about 2 months, one has lost
approximately 1 kg weight.
 Helps in improving the adherence to the diet program.

32. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002; 76,721.
By: Anne Raben, Tatjana H Vasilaras, A Christina
Møller, and Arne Astrup
Study
Role of artificial sweeteners in body-
weight regulation

33. For 10 week, overweight
men and women
consumed daily
supplements of either
sucrose n= 21( BMI =
28.0) or artificial
sweeteners n= 20(BMI =
27.6).
On average, sucrose
supplements provided
3.4 MJ and 152 g
sucrose/d and artificial
sweetener supplement
provided 1.0MJ and 0 g
sucrose/d.

34. CONCLUSION of the study:
Overweight subjects who consumed fairly
large amounts of sucrose (28% of energy),
mostly as beverages had increased energy
intake, body weight, fat mass, and blood
pressure after 10 week.
These effects were not observed in a
similar group of subjects who consumed
artificial sweeteners.
34

35. 35

36. 36
Study:
Two-generation saccharin bioassays
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1983; 50, 27-36.
By- Arnold, D. L.

37. Design:
• Saccharin provide both positive
and negative results, including
the potential to induce cancer in
rats, dogs, and humans.
• Animal were exposed to
saccharin at all stages of
development (i.e., in utero,
during lactation and in feed as an
adult).
• Provided information
on two-generation
saccharin bioassays.
• Two-generation
studies are beneficial
in researching the
potential effects of
substances.

38. Results
when rats
were exposed
to diet
containing 5%
or 7.5%
saccharin from
the time of
conception to
death, an
increased
frequency of
urinary
bladder
cancers was
found
predominantly
in rat males
Pathway for
saccharin
linked cancer
in rat does
not exist in
human being
and saccharin
consumption
therefore
does not
trigger
bladder
cancer in
human
population
Saccharin is
not
metabolized,
it is
nucleophilic
and does not
bind to DNA
At dosages of
5% or greater,
saccharin
does not act
as a typical
chemical
carcinogen

39. Lifespan exposure to low doses of aspartame
beginning during prenatal life increases cancer
effects in rats.
Study:
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007; 115(9), 1293-97
By- Soffritti, M., Belpoggi, F., Tibaldi, E.,
Esposti, D. D., & Lauriola, M.

40. design
Studied groups of 70–95 male and female
Sprague-Dawley rats
Administered aspartame (2,000, 400, or 0 ppm)
with feed from the 12th day of fetal life until natural
death.

41. Result and conclusion:
• Significant dose related to increase of
malignant tumors in males, an increase in
incidence of lymphomas and leukemia in
males and females, and an increase in the
incidence of mammary cancer in females;
particularly in 2000 ppm group.
• These results confirm the carcinogenic
potential of aspartame and increased
carcinogenic potential if exposure occurs
during gestation.

42. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Bloating and irregular bowel
movements are common in the
use of artificial sweeteners
Effect that artificial sweeteners
have on the gastrointestinal tract
mostly has to do with their
interaction with the microbial flora

43. Contd….
Aspartame hydrolyzes into its component
molecules within the gut and the increase of
these components were considered a
possibility for gastrointestinal problems
sucralose has been proved through scientific
experimentation to cause decrease in
beneficial micro-organisms

44. Brain Damage
Negative effects on the central
nervous system, causing
difficulty to concentrate and
carry out mental operations.
Aspartame has been thought to
cause brain damage because of
one of its component molecule,
phenylalanine.

45. Effects of aspartame on the
brain
Aspartame is
composed of
phenylalanine
(50%),
aspartic acid
(40%) and
methanol
(10%)
Phenylalanine plays
an important role in
neurotransmitter
regulation, whereas
aspartic acid is also
thought to play a
role as an excitatory
neurotransmitter in
the central nervous
system
Methanol, which forms
10% of the broken
down product, is
converted in the body
to formic acid, which
can either be excreted
or can give rise to
formaldehyde,
diketopiperazine (a
carcinogen) and a
number of other highly
toxic derivatives

46. Contd….
Consumption of
aspartame
could cause
neurological
and behavioural
disturbances in
sensitive
individuals
Excessive
aspartame
ingestion might
be involved in the
pathogenesis of
certain mental
disorders and
also in
compromised
learning and
emotional
functioning
Headache, insomnia
and seizure are also
some of the
neurological effects
that have been
encountered, and
these may be
accredited to changes
in regional brain
concentrations of
catecholamines, which
include
norepinephrine,
epinephrine and
dopamine

48. Neonat al exposur e t o sucr al ose does not
al t er bi ochemi cal mar ker s of neur onal
devel opment or adul t behavi or .
study
By- : Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A.
Source: : Nutrition. 2011; 27(1), 81-85

49. Design of study
Mice were orally
exposed to 5-125
mg of sucralose per
kilogram of body
weight per day
during postnatal
days 8-12
24 hours after last
exposure, brains
were analyzed for
calcium/calmodulin-
dependent protein
kinase II, growth-
associated protein-
43, synaptophysin,
and tau protein
At the age of
2 month the
animals were
tested for
spontaneous
behavior

50. Result and conclusion
Protein analysis showed no alterations in
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II,
growth-associated protein-43, synaptophysin, or
tau protein.
No disturbances in adult behavior or habituation
after neonatal sucralose exposure.
Repeated neonatal exposure to the artificial
sweetener sucralose does not result in
neurotoxicity, which supports that sucralose
seems to be a safe alternative for people who
want or need to reduce or substitute glucose in
their diet.

51. Impair brain ability
Beverage with low
calorie artificial
sweetener
Beverage with
high calorie
sweetwner Rat group 1
Rat group 2
10 Days Rat
group
2
High calorie sweet
chocolate
Rat group 1
Rat group 2 given artificially
sweetened beverage, shows
impaired ability to control
calorie intake based on
sweeteners

52. RESULT
 Experiment shows
how the consumption
of artificial
sweeteners may
cause the brain to
underestimate the
amount of calories in
foods based on
sweetness and result
in overeating.
 Consumption of
artificial
sweeteners does
decrease the caloric
intake but it
impairs the brain’s
ability to estimate
caloric intake based
on sweetness.
52

53. Toxic Potential of Artificial Sweeteners
Common
Name
Known
Metabolites
Acute Chronic
Acesulfame-
K
- Headache Clastogenic,
genotoxic at high
doses, thyroid
tumors in rats
Aspartame Methanol,
aspartic acid,
phenylalanine
Headache, dry
mouth, dizziness,
mood change,
nausea, vomiting,
thrombocytopenia
Lymphomas and
leukemia in rats
Cyclamate Cyclohexylamine Bladder cancer in
mice, testicular
atrophy in mice

54. Neotame De-esterified
neotame, methanol
Headache,
hepatotoxic at
high doses
Lower birth rate,
weight loss (due to
decreased
consumption at
higher doses)
Saccharin O-sulfamoylbenzoic
acid
Nausea,
vomiting,
diarrhea
Cancer in offspring of
breast-fed animals,
low birth weight,
bladder cancer,
hepatotoxicity
Sucralose Diarrhoea Thymus shrinkage
and enlargements in
rats
Source: American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 2008; 56(6) 254

55. Sugar free
Natura pellets
Price:Rs.65/
100 pellets
Sugar free
Natura sweet
drop
Price:Rs.135/
10 gm
Sugar free gold
pellets
Price:Rs.6o/
100 pellets
Sugar free
Natura diet
sugar
Price:Rs.240/
80gm

56. Sugar free Natura
sachets
Price:Rs.45/ 25
sachets
Sugar free Natura
gold power
Price:Rs.120/ 100gm
Sugar free Natura
powder
Price:Rs.140/ 100gm

57. Splenda
Vanilla butter
sugar free
cookies
Price:Rs.85/
132gm
Natural ginger
& cinnamon
cookies
Price:Rs.155/
200gm
Chocolate &
blackcurrent
cookies
Price:Rs.155/
200 gm
Natural fig
cookies
Price:Rs.91/
100gm

58. 58

59. Products of Aspartame
Nutrasweet sucra
Price- Rs.55/ 100 pellets
Equal sweetener tablet
Price- Rs.70/ 100 tablet
59

60. OTHER PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL
SWEETENERS
Aspartame is available in tablet as well as powder form in
sachets.
Tablet provides 18 mg of aspartame and is equivalent to one
teaspoon of sugar.
Sachet contains 35 mg of aspartame and is equivalent to two
teaspoons of sugar.
Saccharin is available in tablet form and contains 12 mg. It is
equivalent to two teaspoons of sugar.
High intensity sweeteners e.g. saccharin, aspartame,
acesulfame-K, sucralose are usually promoted as food
additives

62. Reference:
O Whitehouse et al. The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners.
American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Journal. 2008;
56(6),251-259.
O Raben Anne et al. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners. The
Americal journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 76,721–729.
O Humphries et al. Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on
the brain. European-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition. 2008; 62(4), 451-
462
O Arnold, D. L. Two-generation saccharin bioassays. Environmental
Health Perspectives. 1983; 50, 27-36.
O Viberg, H et al. Neonatal exposure to sucralose does not alter
biochemical markers of neuronal development or adult behavior.
Nutrition. 2011; 27(1), 81-85

64. Thank
you