With recent lawsuits and updated legal requirements on the horizon, institutions are more worried than ever about complying with accessibility laws. But how do you know whether the measures you're taking to make your content accessible are really working? In this webinar, David Berman, the #1 rated speaker on the topic of web accessibility standards as well as an international expert in the field, will share with you the best tools his team uses when auditing and testing websites and documents. Having an excellent test regimen is a crucial part of online accessibility, and David has found the best tools to fit your workflow, platforms, and competencies... so you don’t have to! A combination of automated and manual testing will establish whether or not your website can be accessed as effectively by individuals with disabilities, and can determine whether or not you are compliant with legal standards. David will provide insight, tips, resources, and free tools for testing the accessibility of your website. This webinar will cover: Why you need to test your website for accessibility How to build testing into your workflow The benefits of (and the dangers of not) testing for accessibility Tips for auditing, testing, and certifying The best free tools for accessibility testing

1. 1
11½ Free Tools for Testing Website
Accessibility
David Berman (Presenter)
David Berman Communications
President
www.davidberman.com
 Type questions in the window during the presentation
 Recording of presentation will be available for replay
 A link to live captioning can be found in the chat window
Lily Bond (Moderator)
3Play Media
lily@3playmedia.com
Tel: (617) 764-5189 x119
www.3playmedia.com
twitter: @3playmedia
live tweet: #a11y

2. @davidberman
@3playmedia
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11½ Free Tools for Testing Website Accessibility
by DavidBerman,RGDFGDC
and3Play Media
October 1,2015

3. Expert Speaker
David Berman, RGD, FGDC
davidberman.co
m
Topics (available publicly or at your location)
 Perfecting Your Web Strategy 2.0
 Management of Web Projects + Accessible Documents
 Effective Web Interface Design
 Design and Social Responsibility
Links and books:
http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources
facebook.com/davidbermancommunications
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
twitter.com/davidberman

4. David Berman, RGD, FGDC
davidberman.co
m
Topics (available publicly or at your location)
 Perfecting Your Web Strategy 2.0
 Management of Web Projects + Accessible Documents
 Effective Web Interface Design
 Design and Social Responsibility
Links and books:
http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources
facebook.com/davidbermancommunications
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
twitter.com/davidberman
Expert Speaker

5. 5
The importance of reliable testing
davidberman.com

6. @davidberman
@3playmedia
11½ Free Tools for Testing Website Accessibility
by DavidBerman,RGDFGDC
and3Play Media
October 1,2015

7. 7
Ontario innovation: Achecker
davidberman.com

8. 8
Ontario innovation:
aDesigner’s Low Vision Simulation
davidberman.com

9. Berman Accessibility Ribbon for Word
davidberman.com
Now available, for Word for
Windows 2010, 2013, 2016:
davidberman.com/ribbon
8

10. 10
WCAG 2.0 success criteria
W3C’s WAI (World Wide Web Consortium) publishes
WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)
made up of 5 conformance requirements
including 61 success criteria
classified by 3 levels
fulfilled by techniques
davidberman.com

11. 11
WCAG 2.0 “conformance levels”
(published 2008,ratified 2010)
NOTHING LEVEL A LEVEL AA LEVEL AAA
Worst   Best
 Without level A: some people will find it impossible
 Without level AA: some people will find it difficult
 Without level AAA: some people will miss full impact
For your site to be Level AA compliant,
you must meet all 25 Level A and 13 Level AA standards.
davidberman.com

12. 12
U.S. Government “Section 508”
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 called for
standards.
Triggered by a Congressional amendment in 1998, Section
508 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility
Standards, includes “Part 1194.22: Web-based Intranet and
Internet Information and Applications”, which includes 16
standards named (a) through (p), issued December 2000.
The Section 508 Refresh: a second draft of the “new
Section 508” was released for public comment in 2011.
The refresh will replace the 16 Section 508 rules with
WCAG 2.0 Level AA.
davidberman.com

13. 13
U.S. Section 508 covered by WCAG
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
a 1.1 1.1
b 1.4 1.2
c 2.1 1.4
d 6.1
1.3, 1.4,
2.1
e 1.2 2.1
f 9.1 1.1
g 5.1 1.3
h 5.2 1.3
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
i 12.1 2.4
j 11.4 2.3
k * 1.3
l * 2.1, 4.1
m * 2.4
n 5.1-5.4
1.3, 2.1,
3.2, 3.3
o * 2.4
p 7.3 2.2
* in the spirit of WCAG 1.0
davidberman.com

14. 14
ADA Web Accessibility Testing
davidberman.com
The ADA (Americans
with Disabilities Act)
lacks a formal list of
requirements. However
WCAG 2.0 Level AA,
plus the potential
addition of the WCAG
2.0 Level AAA Reading
Level success criterion
more than covers any
precedents for
satisfying ADA
requirements.

15. 15
PDF/UA
PDF/UA: the PDF specification exclusively for universal access is an
ISO standard (ISO 14289)
Acrobat Pro X Accessibility Checker focusses on the WCAG 2.0 rules.
Acrobat Pro XI and DC Accessibility Checker focusses on PDF/UA.
davidberman.com

16. 16
Accessible iOS:
iPhone, iPad
Development tools (iOS SDK):
 Interface Builder
 xCode IDE
 iOS Simulator
Standards:
Apple has a best practice Making Your
iOS App Accessible, but it is not
mandatory for the Apple Store.
Built-in features to count on:
VoiceOver
davidberman.com

17. 17
Accessible Android:
phone, tablet, TV
Development resources:
 Android Emulator
 Accessibility Developer Checklist
Standards:
Android Developers has a best practice
document Making Applications Accessible,
but it is not mandatory for the Play Store.
Built-in features to count on:
TalkBack (and other Accessibility Settings)
Explore By Touch
davidberman.com

18. 18
Accessible etc.
Other mobile platforms to
consider…
 Windows Phone, Blackberry,
ChromeOS, Nokia Symbian
 Dedicated e-readers
 Smart watches (Apple Watch,
Samsung Galaxy Gear, Pebble)
 Android with Glass SDK
 Internet of things (Fitbit, Hue,…)
davidberman.com

19. 19
TESTING: MACHINE VS. MANUAL,
SUITES AND ONE-TRICK PONIES
davidberman.co
m

20. 20
Formal conformance evaluation
davidberman.com

21. WCAG-EM
 {{}}
davidberman.com
21

22. 22
Testing tools suggested by W3C
 W3C Markup Validation service (confirms HTML,
XHTML and HTML5 conform to W3C and other
standards)
 W3C CSS Validation service (free service that
confirms CSS conform to W3C recommendations)
 W3C Link checker (confirms that public links work)
 W3C RSS feed checker (confirms RSS code works)
 Color Contrast Check (free interactive tool)
 The HTML Tidy cleanup utility
...and more
davidberman.com

23. 23
Testing HTML: HiSoftware’s Cynthiasays.com
(from the Compliance Sherriff folk)
 single page review, validation
 option to output an accessible report
davidberman.com

24. 24
Testing tools: Deque
 Worldspace Single Page Analysis: free,
slow (one page at a time) yet more
thorough, “Violation”/“Potential
Violation”/”Recommendation”
 FireEyes Worldspace plug-in for Firefox:
free, track issues for a team (needs
Firebug), “Critical”/“Serious”/“Minor”/
“Moderate”
 Worldspace Sync is the expensive
enterprise product: automatic scans, their
server or yours
davidberman.com

25. 25
Accessibility validator: Tenon tester
davidberman.com

26. 26
Testing toolbars for browsers:
WAVE
WAVE Toolbar / online tool:
 Firefox plugin
 Chrome extension
 WAVE 5 online for other browsers
 Dreamweaver plugin
Accessibility Toolbar 2011 for IE:
 Internet Explorer plugin
davidberman.com

27. Carl Grove’s diagnostic.css
Add this link to your browser tool bar
(or install from GitHub and use continuously
during development)
 Tests for over 20 accessibility issues,
including:
– deprecated elements
– server-side image maps
– images without alt attributes
– image buttons without alt attributes
– images without a valid src attribute
– links without a valid hypertext reference
– fieldsets without legends
davidberman.com
27

28. 28
Testing HTML: AChecker
 single page review, validation, decision tracking
 option to upload HTML, or paste a chunk of code
when behind a firewall
davidberman.com

29. 29
Testing Web pages: HTML_CodeSniffer
 works with Chrome, Firefox, Safari, IE
 settings for WCAG 2.0 A/AA/AAA, Section 508
 for each issue, offers links to techniques
davidberman.com

30. 30
Testing in Chrome:
Accessibility Developer Tools
davidberman.com

31. 31
Testing HTML/HTML5 Polyglot:
Total Validator Pro
 runs on Windows, MacOS, or Linux
 validator, accessibility checker spell
checker (including exceptions)
 excellent broken links checking
 settings for WCAG 2.0 A/AA/AAA,
Section 508
 validate pages behind forms
 scans entire site or a list of pages
 inexpensive, or use their free basic tool
…but not compatible with non-English
characters such as umlauts
davidberman.com

32. 32
Contrast minimum:
WCAG Colour Contrast Analyser
AA Contrast ratio minimum: 4.5:1
(3:1 for 18+ pt. or 14+ pt. bold)
Test all files with Colour Contrast
Analyser’s luminosity algorithm, on
Windows or MacOS.
davidberman.c
om

33. 33
Contrast minimum:
WCAG Contrast Checker
AA Contrast ratio minimum: 4.5:1
(3:1 for 18+ pt. or 14+ pt. bold)
Test all files with Colour Contrast
Analyser’s luminosity algorithm, on
Windows or MacOS.
Android: run TeamViewer QuickSupport
app on a Samsung tablet … or send screen
shots
iOS: use iOS Simulator with Colour
Contrast Analyser … or send screen shots
Windows: use Colour Contrast Analyser
native
davidberman.c
om

34. 34
PEAT (for WCAG2: 2.3.1)
Ensure no content
(including videos or scripts!)
flashes more than 3 times a
second … OR the flashes are
below low contrast and red
flash thresholds (less than
25% of 10 degrees of the
visual field)
Animated or scrolling images
can trigger seizures in those with
photosensitive epilepsy, by
flickering or flashing in the 4 to
59 flash-a-second range, with
peak sensitivity at 20 Hertz.
A
davidberman.com

35. 35
Test screen readers: JAWS is expensive!
davidberman.com
Beware that keyboard
navigation differs
when using a screen
reader… test without
for the Keyboard
success criterion.

36. 36
Test screen readers: NVDA
(and its Speech Viewer)
davidberman.com
 free, open source screen
reader for Windows
 includes handy Speech Viewer
 Tip: also install the free Focus
Highlight add-on (right click
NVDA tray icon> Tools>
Manage Add-ons> Get Add-
ons button> Focus Highlight>
“download stable version”,
return to Add-Ons Manager
window, Install… button)

37. 37
Test screen readers: Window-Eyes
(60 days of Flash testing)
davidberman.com
 now free with full versions of Microsoft Office
 warning: doesn’t do headings in PDF!

38. 38
Test screen readers: Fangs
davidberman.com
Fangs: screen reader emulator for sighted developers
 does not support HTML5, WAI-ARIA or interaction
 closer to JAWS than it is to NVDA

39. 39
Testing PDF: Acrobat Pro’s full accessibility
check
 use Acrobat Pro X or earlier Accessibility> Full Check, for
commenting, option levels, repair hints
 Use Acrobat Pro XI or DC Accessibility Checker: some
failures have a Fix and/or Skip Rule (i.e. manual pass),
detailed reporting, but PDF/UA rather than WCAG of Acrobat
X or earlier
davidberman.com

40. 40
Testing PDF: PAC
PAC’s PDF Accessibility Checker:
 most useful for simple files
 version 1.3: 14 PDF/UA checks
 version 2.0: 55 PDF/UA checks
 “Screenreader Preview” feature
 accessible security check
 for Windows and MacOS (1.3 only)
 sometimes correctly catches “Alternative
Text Available” failures that Acrobat
Pro’s checkers miss
 tip: use Acrobat Pro’s Set Alternate Text command on the PAC
report’s identified pages to easily remedy them … if Set
Alternate Text doesn’t solve subtle issues regarding artifacts
then instead use the Background button
davidberman.com

41. 41
Testing/fix Word, Excel, PowerPoint
Office 2010/2013/2016 Accessibility Checker is
like spell check: File> Info> Check For Issues>
Check Accessibility … errors, warnings, tips
(Gotcha: ignore PowerPoint’s error for “Missing Alt
Text” on images that are decorative)
PowerPoint: PPT2HTML for Windows:
accessibility toolbar for adding alternative text to
PowerPoint charts
PowerPoint: Powertalk for Windows: free open-
source screen reader/testing for PowerPoint
davidberman.com

42. 42
Testing iOS apps:
Accessibility Inspector
iOS SDK includes the OS Simulator
(General> Accessibility> Accessibility Inspector)
davidberman.com

43. 43
Testing Android apps: Android Emulator,
Android Eyes-Free Keyboard
Testing focus navigation:
 Android Emulator provides a simulated directional controller
 Eyes-Free Keyboard (for Android) simulates use of a D-pad on a test
device (and generally useful for pre-ICS)
Testing gesture navigation:
Turn on TalkBack and Explore by Touch
davidberman.com

44. 44
Real-world testing
is critical to true accessibility
 Test to ensure the design works for real users
 Frequent testing trumps statistical relevance
 Test in context: their phone ringing, their
equipment, their workflow
Focus Groups Usability Testing
Who: Group Who: One person at a time
What: Get a sample of users’
opinions and abstract feelings
about concept
What: Show something and ask
them what it is, or to try to
complete a task
When: Before design When: After overall design, each
page type, each template
davidberman.comdavidberman.c
om

45. 45
Global thinking, starting at home.
davidberman.com

46. 46
Thank you!
facebook.com/davidbermancommunications
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
twitter.com/davidberman
Subscribe to our events: davidberman.com/subscribe
Evaluation? davidberman.com/evaluation
Upcoming events for you:
 davidberman.com/courses/schedule
Need to reach me for an audit or consulting?
berman@davidberman.com / +1-613-728-6777
davidberman.com
SOURCES/CREDITS: Some material reproduced with permission. © 2001-2015 David Berman. All rights reserved. No reproduction, in whole or part, without written permission. Many Images courtesy of Shutterstock. Full Intellectual
property credits, sources for quotes, statistics, images and available upon request or in the full event or the full learning guide for the full-day version of this event. E&OE

47. About David Berman, RGD, FGDC
Accessibility Consultant
Expert Speaker and Trainer
Author of Do Good Design
(Pearson, 2013)
Links to resources mentioned by David:
http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources
Do Good Design editions:
Chinese, English, Indonesian, Korean, Malay, and braillex
…read the first 40 pages free at Google Books:xx
www.davidberman.com/dogoodgooglebook
davidberman.com
47

48. David’s full learning guides, coaching,
on-site courses
“The New Standard on Web Accessibility”
“Accessible PDF by Design”
“Accessible Virtual Classrooms”
“Accessible Distance Learning”
“Perfecting Your Web Branding Strategy 2.0”
Learning guides available for $97 each from
davidberman.com/store
davidberman.c
om

49. Acknowledgments and credits
Ben Armitage, Mitchell Bellman, Tatiana Branicki, Jeff Braybrook, Dee Bouchard, Donnie Cheslock, Patrick Cunningham, Ray Farmilo, Dr. Alan Frank,
Alena Fraser, Edward Galagan, Paul Girvin, Jannicke Holen, Cynthia Hoffos, Paul Jackson, Joanne Kerr, Steve Krug, Daniel Langlois, Chuck Letourneau,
Sabina Lysnes, Rob Mauchel, Marius Monsen, Vivian Nash, Jacob Nielsen, Peter O’Connor, Khadija Safri, Shebah Tatz, Sonia Théberge, Tamara Torok,
Kelsey Voy, Deanna White
Adobe, AMI, Canada Council, Canada School of Public Service, Carleton University, CFIA, City of Hamilton, City of Ottawa, Correctional Service Canada,
CRA, Department of Canadian Heritage, eXplorance, Funka, Government of India, Government of Korea, Government of Queensland, Health Canada,
IBM, LCBO, Microsoft, NetCentric, Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment, Norwegian Computing Society, Norwegian Design
Council, National Research Council, NVDA, Public Health Agency of Canada, RGD Ontario, St. Lawrence College, Statistics Canada, Sultanate of Oman,
T-Base, Treasury Board of Canada, uxforum.no, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, W3C, WGBH Boston
Other credits and permissions available upon request.
Copyright 2000-2015 David Berman Developments Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without the permission in writing from the publisher. Although all precautions have been taken in the preparations of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.
the information contained in this book is general in nature, and is provided on a an as-is basis.
No liability is assumed for loss or damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein, howsoever caused. All images containing copyrighted logos or names are the property of their respective
owners.
We work hard to ensure the accuracy of this learning guide. If you have any suggestions for improvement, please email berman@davidberman.com or visit www.davidberman.com/contactus
Certified carbon offsets purchased for the production of this document.
SOURCES/CREDITS: Some material reproduced with permission. © 2001-2015 David Berman. All rights reserved. No reproduction, in whole or part, without written permission. Many Images courtesy of
Shutterstock. Full Intellectual property credits, sources for quotes, statistics, images and available upon request or in the full event or the full learning guide for the full-day version of this event. E&OE
davidberman.com
49

50. •5•5
Presenters
David Berman
David Berman
Communications
President
Lily Bond
3Play Media
lily@3playmedia.com
+1.617.764.5189 X119
•Upcoming Webinars
 October 8: 10 Tips for Creating
Accessible Online Courses
 October 22: Closed Captioning
Standards & Best Practices
 November 5: Universal Design
for Online Learning
 December 3: Accessible Lecture
Capture
•Register for free at:
•www.3playmedia.com/webin
ars/
•Q&A