هذة المحاضرة من مبادرة خليك فى بيتك التى تتبناها المدرسة العلمية البحثية المصرية

1. How do you write a
good research paper
for a publication? Tips
and Guidelines
‫الدكتور‬ ‫االستاذ‬/‫حسنين‬ ‫عطيفى‬ ‫ابوالعال‬
‫المصرية‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫المدرسة‬ ‫ورئيس‬ ‫مؤسس‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫وتكنولوجيا‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫مجلس‬ ‫مقرر‬–‫العلمى‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أكاديمية‬-‫والذكاء‬ ‫الحاسبات‬ ‫بكلية‬ ‫واألستاذ‬
‫اإلصطناعى‬–‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫العلمى‬ ‫للبحث‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫سكوبس‬ ‫جائزة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحاصل‬2019‫الدول‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫وجائزة‬
‫والثقافة‬ ‫للعلوم‬ ‫االسالمية‬(‫اإليسيسكو‬)–‫عبد‬ ‫وجائزة‬‫والفن‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫ووسام‬ ‫العرب‬ ‫للباحثين‬ ‫شومان‬ ‫الحميد‬‫الطبقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ون‬
‫و‬ ‫االولى‬...

2. Agenda
• Science and Publications Aims
• Part (1) The Structure of a Research
Paper
• Part (2) Paper Sections tips
– Title
– Keywords
– Introduction
– Methods
– Results
– Conclusion
– References
• Last words

3. Beingatpeacewithmyself
Happinessisbalance,love,family,
friends,andchallenge
Successfulpublicationsthat
contributestothehappinessof
students,editors,reviewers, readers,
andpubliccommunity
Happiness in doing research

4. ALL should be happy
Peerreviewandpublicationare
time-consuming,frequently
involvingmorethanayearbetween
submissionandpublication.The
processisalsohighlycompetitive.
Forexample,thehighly-regarded
journalScienceacceptslessthan8%
ofthearticlesitreceives

5. Knowledge: Share
& publish
• Sharetheknowledgeyouhavegained aboutaspecificareaof
studywithotherresearchers
• Showhowyourstudyfitsintocurrentscience.
• Informthepublicaboutimportantscientific activity.
• ExplainclearlyandBrieflythecontextofyourstudy,including
relevantliterature(Introduction),themethodsusedfor
researchandanalysis(Methods),thefindingsofyourstudy
(Results),andtheimplicationsfortheseresultsandfurther
researchthatmightbeneeded (DiscussionandConclusion).
Knowledge should be shared.
How to share?
Publish

6. Publish
Greatest ideas are worthless if you keep them
to yourself.
Spread your idea and get feedback, do
research and publish.
Fallacy about Research…
You need a fantastic idea to write a research
paper.
Level 1
Publications
•Research papers
•Magazine articles
•Research book (Editing)
Level 2
Publications
•Thought paper
•Blogs/Wikis
Level 3
Publications
•Text books
•Case studies
Magazine articles:-Articles in magazines are typically written for the general reading public and don't reflect in-depth research, for
example “IEEE Multimedia Magazine”
Research Book:- book that includes chapters or sections written by multiple researchers might include literature surveys for each of the
separate parts of the book.
topic in a less formal way than a journal article or conference paper.
RESEARCH is not complete until it is published

7. Gather information and
Study of research material
Think of possible solutions;
Choose the best solution
Implement solution;
Gather experimental data
Evaluate results and make
necessary changes
Repeat necessary step
Method for Problem SolvingResearch Problem Solution
Start End
Research Path

8. Thefinalstageofa scientificproject
• Publication of a research represents
thefinalstageofascientificproject.It
is the culmination of many months
and sometimes years of meticulous
planning, execution, and analyses of
hundredsofexperiments

9. Journey –
Idea to Research Paper

10. THE STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER
Part (I)

11. The Structure of a
Research Paper

12. TheMethodsandResults
comprisethecorecontent
ofyourpaper.Writethese
sectionsfirst.
Core Sections

13. When do you write it?
• Introduction Section
– Write it last—after the conclusion
and before the title and abstract
• Methods Section
– First section you write—after
preparing your figures and tables
• Results Section
– After the Methods and before the
Discussion/Conclusion
• Discussion/Conclusion Section
– After the Results Section and
before the Introduction

14. • I = Introduction,
– what problem was studied
• M = Methods,
– how was the problem studied
• R = Results,
– what are the findings
• A = and
• D = Discussion,
– what do these findings mean
Organization of a Research
Paper:
The IMRAD Model
The most common is the IMRAD: If a number of
methods were used to achieve directly related results:
M + R = Experimental section
The results are so complex that they need to be
immediately discussed:
R + D = Results and Discussion Section
It indicates a pattern or format rather than a complete list of headings or components of research
papers; the missing parts of a paper from IMRAD format are: Title, Authors, Keywords, Abstract,
Conclusions, and References. Additionally, some papers include Acknowledgments and Appendices.

15. (1) Coherence
• Allofthepartsofyourpapershouldfittogetherin
anorderthatmakessense.
• Includeallnecessaryinformationineachsection
neededtounderstandtheothersections.
• Donotrepeatinformationunlessitisnecessary.
• Ensurethatyoursentencesaregrammaticallyand
logicallycoherent.
(2) Organization
Most scientific papers follow the IMRD structure—be sure to put
the right parts in the right section (e.g., don’t include the literature
review in the Methods section).
Important factors
Important factors to consider when writing a research paper?

16. (3) Relevance
• As you do research you will notice that there are a great
many pieces of information and data you COULD include in
your paper. However, you need to conform to length
guidelines and keep your paper focused. Therefore, you
should be sure that you are choosing a proper number of
items to focus on for each section.
– For example, if your study has 10 results but your paper can only be 4,000
words, you might want to narrow down these results to only those that
support your hypothesis, perhaps the 3-5 most important results.
• The same applies to the Introduction, where you must choose what
background, context, and relevant literature to include. Be sure to
only include information that gives readers a focused and relevant
understanding of your area of study.

17. (4) Clarity
Readable
• It means ensuring that each
paragraph and sentence in your
paper is natural and easy to read and
understand: proper grammar,
phrasing, and style are key to writing
a paper that is readable and
comprehensible to both experts and
possibly non-experts, depending on
your target audience.
GUIDE FOR AUTHORS
• Perhaps the most important rule is
to conform to the formatting
guidelines and other style
conventions of the journal to which
you are submitting. Check the
“GUIDE FOR AUTHORS” section of the
journal or conference, or if the paper
is for a class, ensure that you are
using the proper formatting
requirements.

18. PART (2) PAPER
SECTIONS TIPS

19. READ ARTICLES FROM TARGET JOURNAL
General tips

20. A good research paper
title
• Condensesthepaper’scontent
inafewwords
• Capturesthereaders’attention
• Differentiatesthepaperfrom
otherpapersofthesamesubject
area
Paper title

21. Paper title
Keep it simple, brief and attractive
It convey exactly what your paper is
about
If you’ve conducted a specific type of
experiment or analysis does your title
reflect it?
It should include keywords from your
paper
You should NOT used abbreviations or
jargon in the title
• Think, rethink of the title before submitting the paper
• Be very careful of the grammatical errors due to faulty word order
• Avoid the use of the word “using

22. Abstract
• Ashort,self-contained,powerfulsummary
ofanarticle,paperorthesis;
• Length:between150and250words;
• Layout:usuallyonesingleparagraph;font
sizeisdifferentfromthemaintext;
• Position:usuallyatthebeginning ofthe
paper
• Anabstractisashortsummaryofa
longer.Theabstractconciselyreports
theaimsandoutcomesofyour
researchsothatreadersknowexactly
whatthepaperisabout.
• Writetheabstractattheveryend,
whenyou’vecompletedtherestofthe
text.
GUIDLINES

23. Abstract and Tips
Main parts
• Yourresearchproblem andobjectives
• Yourmethods
• Yourkeyresultsorarguments
• Yourconclusion
What not to include
• Informationnotcontainedintheoriginalwork;
• Referencestootherwork;
• Quotationsfromtheoriginalwork/otherworks;
• Lengthyexplanationsofwordsandconcepts;
• Unexplainedacronymsorabbreviations
• Tables,Figures andmapsandEquations
Tips: Key words and draft highlights
Tips: Read other abstracts
Tips: Avoid discussion of others’ work,
Tips: Always stick to the word limit.

24. Creating keywords
Keywordsarewordsthatcapturetheessenceofyourpaper.
Keywordsmakeyourpapersearchableandensurethatyouget
morecitations.Therefore,itisimportanttoincludethemost
relevantkeywordsthatwillhelpotherauthorsfindyourpaper.
4-5 keywords
Tips: Think from the point of view of the reader.
What keywords would the reader search for that
would help retrieve your article?
Tips: The full forms of shortened words or acronyms
and abbreviations should be included as well.
Tips: Do not use words or phrases from the title as
keywords.

25. Introduction
• Backgroundinformation
• Motivations
• Keyprimaryliterature
• Researchprobleminvestigated
• Approaches
What is the problem to be solved?
(background and problem)
What do we know about this problem?
(literature)
Are there any existing solutions? (literature)
What are the limitations or gaps in
knowledge of existing solutions?
What do you hope to achieve with this
study? (statement of purpose)
Blockchain in agriculture
CS viewagriculture view

26. • Keepyourfirstsentenceshort.
• Don’trepeatthetitle.
• Keeptheintroductionbrief.
• Startbroadlyandthennarrowdown
• Show sentencestoexplainwhatthearticlecovers.
• showwhythetopicisimportant.
• Refertoaconcernorproblemyourreadersmighthave.
• But...becarefultellingstories.
• Avoidgivingtoomanycitationsforonepoint
• Donotincludefigures,Equations,Tables
• Donotdivideditintosubsections
Introduction :. Tips

27. Methods
• ListtheMethodsinthesameorderasthey
willappearintheResultssection.
• Materialshouldbeorganizedbytopicfrom
mosttoleastimportant.
• Headingscanbeusedtoseparateddifferent
results;paragraphsareoftenusedinstead.
Structure the section so that it
tells the story of your research
Tips: Visual presentation: To help the readers follow
the study design or methodology better, visual
elements like the schematic diagram,

28. The Results section should
include: ( Organization of
Results)
• FindingspresentedinthesameorderasintheMethods
section
• Datapresentedintables,charts,graphs,andotherfigures
(placedamongresearchtextoronaseparatepage)
• Reportsondatacollection,recruitment,and/or
participants
• Datathatcorrespondstothecentralresearch
question(s)Secondaryfindings(secondaryoutcomes,
subgroupanalyses,etc.)
Write the Results in the same
order as you wrote your
Methods. One trusted method of
writing the results is addressing
specific research questions
presented in the figures. Within
each research question, present
the type of data that addresses
that research question.
Results section

29. Results
• Statedtheimportant resultsfirst
• Statedallotherresultsinachronologicalorder
• Organizedthetextintosmallerunitsusingsubheadings
• Include eventhenegativeresults?
• Usethecorrectunits?
• Placeandnumber thetablesandfiguresasindicated inthejournal’s
Instructions
• Numbertablesseparatelyfromfigures
• Providedapreciselegendforeachtableandfigure
• Youhavenotpresentedthesamedatabothinatableandinafigure
• Divideverylargetablesintomultipletables
• Dothenumbersinyourtablesandfiguresaddupcorrectlyand
correspondtothetext

30. Tips on effective use of tables and figures in
research papers
• Figuresandtables,ordisplayitems,
arepowerfulcommunicationtools—
theygiveyourmanuscripta
professionalfeel,attractandsustain
theinterestofreaders,andefficiently
presentlargeamountsofcomplex
information.
From “How do you write a good research paper for a publication” Lecture on
Tuesday 7 May 2020?

31. Tips on effective use of tables
and figures in research papers
• Ensurethatthetablesandfiguresinyourresearch
manuscriptareself-explanatoryandcanbeunderstood
independentoftext.
• Donotrepeatthecontentsofyourtablesandfigures
withinthetext.Instead,usethetexttofocusonthe
significanceorkeypointsofyourtablesandfigures.
• Writeclear,informativetitlesforyourtablesandfigures,
andlabelcolumnheads,axislabels,figurelabels
• Followyourtargetjournal’sinstructionsforpreparing
tablesandfigures,particularlywithregardtoaspectssuch
asthenumberoftablesandfiguresyoucaninclude,
numberingstyle,titles,imageresolution,fileformats,etc.
If you are including a table or figure that has already been published, ensure that you seek
permission from the copyright holder (usually the publisher) and acknowledge the source

32. Allfiguresandtablesshouldstaywithinthepagemargins.
Allfiguresandtablesshouldbefirstreferredtointhetextand
thenappearascloseaspossibletotheirfirstmention
Allphotosneedascale.Allaxesneedalabelwithunits.Allrows
andcolumnsofatableneedatitle.
Afigurecaptioniscenteredunderthefigure;atablecaptionis
centeredabovethetable
AFigureanditscaptionshouldappearonthesamepage.
More Tips

33. Conclusion
• Don’tbeTOObroadabouttheimpactof
thisresearch—setsomelimitations.
• Don’tincludenewtermsorideasinthis
section—theyshouldbepresentedinthe
Introduction.
• Usespecificexpressions:insteadof“higher
temperature”write“41ºC”;insteadof“ata
lowerrate”write“0.7%less”;insteadof
“highlysignificant”write“p<0.001.”

34. References
It'simportanttocitesourcesyou
usedinyourresearchforseveral
reasons:
Toshowyourreaderyou'vedone
properresearchbylistingsources
youusedtogetyourinformation.
Tobearesponsiblescholarby
givingcredittootherresearchers
andacknowledgingtheirideas.

35. Things to Avoid
Copyright Violation Plagiarism
Copyrightistheexclusiveright
grantedtotheauthororcreator
ofanoriginalwork,includingthe
righttocopy,distributeand
adaptthework.
Originalworksofauthorship
includesliterary,dramatic,
musical,artistic,andcertain
otherintellectualworks.
Usingsomeoneelse'sideasor
phrasingandrepresentingthose
ideasorphrasingasourown,
either,isaseriousoffenseknown
asplagiarism.
writtenorspokenmaterialfrom
wholepapersandparagraphsto
sentencesphrases—butitalso
includesstatistics,labresults,art
work,etc.
Destroyed
Academic
Reputation
Legal
Repercussions

36. Avoid
grammar
and
writing
mistakes
in your
writing
https://www.editage.com/insights/the-complete-guide-to-writing-a-brilliant-research-paper#seventh

37. researcher mind…
THE PROBLEM
THE SOLUTION
VALIDATE RESULTS
PUBLISH
Final Words

38. Q: Can we present the same results
both in a figure and a table within
the manuscript?
Homework

39. HOW TO CHOOSE KEYWORDS FOR
MY MANUSCRIPT?
Should the keywords of the
manuscript not overlap with the
words used in the title?
Homework

40. ‫علمية‬ ‫جائزة‬ ‫أهم‬
‫عالمية‬ ‫بحثية‬ ‫جهة‬ ‫من‬

41. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The essential mission of SRGE toward the research
and education in Egypt is to foster learning and
promoting research integrity in the current and next
generation of researchers in Egypt. SRGE is
rededicating itself to this fundamental purpose.
**Slides are adapted from several presentations, papers, and notes on the internet
as well as Elsevier and Springer ethic, COPE,.. In addition, experiences **
Time: May 7, 2020 22:00 Egypt (10 pm)
Join Zoom Meeting
https://iauvle.zoom.us/j/97880536603
Meeting ID: 978 8053 6603

42. Top tips for
researchers on
how to avoid
grant proposal
rejection
Next Lecture