This is a chapter of the thesis or dissertation that presents the finding and outcomes of research, and reasons for that particular result in form of Text, Figures, Tables, Graphics and Charts.

1. Results & Discussion
Dr Ali Samer Muhsan

2. This is a chapter of thesis or dissertation
that presents the finding and outcomes
of research and reasons for that
particular result in form of Text, Figures,
Tables, Graphics and Charts
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

3. Tell about outcomes/findings of the research
study.
❑The results section is a section containing a
description about the main findings of a
research ordered/ analyzed in ways justified
earlier (methodology)
❑Describes the findings in a simple way with the
help of data.
❑Figures and tables appear here.
Results
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

4. Discussion
What does the result or data from the experiment
mean to us is described in discussion.
Function of discussion is to :
❑Interpret the results in the light of what was already
known about the subject and
❑Explain new understanding of the problem after taking
results into consideration.
❑Explain how the results answer the question under
study.
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

5. Presentation of Data
Figures and tables present information about your
research data visually. The use of these visual illustrations
is necessary so the readers can summarize, compare, and
interpret large data at a glance. You can use graphs or
figures to compare groups or patterns.
Whereas, tables are ideal to present large quantities of
data (Numerical data) and exact values. It can usually be
presented more effectively in tables or graphs than in the
text.
The order of presentation of the result should be either
chronological to correspond with the methods or from the
most to the least important
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

6. Table
A table is an organize set of data elements (values) using
a model of vertical columns which are identified by their
name) and horizontal rows. The cell is the unit of table
where a row and column intersect.
➢ Table number
➢ Table title
➢ Row headings (for example groups)
➢ Column headings
➢ Data
➢ Row subheadings (for example categories or groups)
➢ Column subheadings (for example categories or variables)
➢ Footnotes (for example statistical analyses)
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

7. Figures/ Charts
❑ A figure or a chart is a graphical representation of data, in
which "the data is represented by symbols, such asbars in
a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart".
❑ A figure represent tabular numeric data.
Common elements of the figures/chart:
➢ Figure number
➢ Figure title
➢ Figure legend (for example a brief title,
experimental/statistical information, or definition of symbols).
➢ Data
➢ Labels
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

8. Graphics
Graphics are visual images or design
used for pictorial representation of
data.
Examples:
❖ Photographs
❖ Drawings
❖ Graphs
❖ Diagrams
❖ Symbols
❖ Maps
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

9. Here are some Tips to Write the
Result Section
• Direct the reader to the research data
and explain the meaning of the data.
• Avoid repeating the texts to explain
other data.
• Write and highlight your important
findings in your results.
• Use the same order as the subheadings
of the methods section.
• Match the results with the research
questions from the introduction.
• Your results should answer your
research questions.
• Make sure there is no mismatch of the table number or the figure
number in text and in figure/tables.
• Only present data that support the significance of your study.
• You can provide additional data in tables and figures as
supplementary material.
Created by Dr Ali Samer (2020)

10. How to Organize the
Discussion Section
• It’s not enough to use figures and tables in your
result section to convince your readers about the
importance of your findings. You need to support
your result section by providing more explanation
in the discussion section about what you found.
• The discussion section is probably the most
creative section of your paper in terms of telling
a story about your research. In this section, based
on your findings, you defend the answers to your
research questions and create arguments to
support your conclusions.
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

11. Below is a list of questions to guide
you when organizing the structure
of your discussion section:
• What experiments did you conduct and what were the results?
• What do the results mean?
• What were the important results from your study?
• How did the results answer your research questions?
• Did your results support your hypothesis or reject your hypothesis?
• What are the variables or factors that might affect your results?
• What were the strengths and limitations of your study?
• What other published works support your findings?
• What other published works contradict your findings?
• What possible factors might cause your findings different from other findings?
• What is the significance of your research?
• What are the new research questions to explore based on your findings?
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

12. • The beginning part: The first sentence of the
first paragraph should state the importance
and the new findings of your research. The
first paragraph may also include answers to
your research questions mentioned in your
introduction section.
• The middle part: The middle should contain
the interpretations of the results to defend
your answers, the strength of the study, the
limitations of the study, and an update
literature review that validates your findings.
• The end part: The end concludes the study
and the significance of your research.
One way to organize the structure of the discussion
section is by dividing it into three parts:
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

13. Tips to Write and Summarize
the Discussion Section
✓ Highlight the significance of your findings
✓ Mention how the study will fill the gap of
knowledge.
✓ Indicate the implication of your research.
✓ Avoid generalizing, misinterpreting your
results, drawing a conclusion with no
supportive findings from your results.
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

14. Academic Phrases,
Sentences
&
Vocabulary
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

15. 1. Findings and Discussion
• From the short review above, key findings emerge: __
• We describe the results of __, which show __
• This suggests that __
• We showed that __
• Our findings on __ at least hint that __
• This is an important finding in the understanding of the __
• The present study confirmed the findings about __
• Another promising finding was that __
• Our results demonstrated that __
• This result highlights that little is known about the __
• A further novel finding is that __
• Together, the present findings confirm __
• The implications of these findings are discussed in __
• The results demonstrate two things. First, __. Second, __
• The results of the experiment found clear support for the __
• This analysis found evidence for __
• Planned comparisons revealed that __
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

16. • This section summarises the findings and contributions made.
• It performs well, giving good results.
• This gives clearly better results than __
• The results confirm that this a good choice for __
• From the results, it is clear that __
• In this section, we will illustrate some experimental results.
• This delivers significantly better results due to __
• The result now provides evidence to __
• It leads to good results, even if the improvement is negligible.
• This yields increasingly good results on data.
• The result of this analysis is then compared with the __
• The applicability of these new results are then tested on __
• This is important to correctly interpret the results.
• The results are substantially better than __
• The results lead to similar conclusion where __
• Superior results are seen for __
• From these results it is clear that __
• Extensive results carried out show that this method improves __
• We obtain good results with this simple method.
• However, even better results are achieved when using our
algorithm.
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

17. 2. Comparison with prior studies:
• The results demonstrated in this chapter match state of the art
methods.
• Here we compare the results of the proposed method with those of
the traditional methods.
• These results go beyond previous reports, showing that __
• In line with previous studies __
• This result ties well with previous studies wherein __
• Contrary to the findings of __ we did not find __
• They have demonstrated that __
• Others have shown that __ improves __
• By comparing the results from __, we hope to determine __
• However, in line with the ideas of __, it can be concluded that __
• When comparing our results to those of older studies, it must be
pointed out that __
• We have verified that using __ produces similar results
• Overall these findings are in accordance with findings reported by __
• Even though we did not replicate the previously reported __, our
results suggest that __
• A similar conclusion was reached by __
• However, when comparing our results to those of older studies, it
must be pointed out __
• This is consistent with what has been found in previous __
• A similar pattern of results was obtained in __
• The findings are directly in line with previous findings
• These basic findings are consistent with research showing that __
• Other results were broadly in line with __
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

18. 4. Casual arguments :
• A popular explanation of __ is that __
• It is by now generally accepted that __
• A popular explanation is that __
• As it is not generally agreed that __
• These are very small and difficult to observe.
• It is important to highlight the fact that __
• It is notable that __
• An important question associated with __ is __
• This did not impair the __
• This is important because there is __
• This implies that __ is associated with __
• This is indicative for lack of __
• This will not be biased by __
• There were also some important differences in __
• It is interesting to note that, __
• It is unlikely that __
• This may alter or improve aspects of __
• In contrast, this makes it possible to __
• This is particularly important when investigating __
• This has been used to successfully account for __
• This introduces a possible confound in __
• This was included to verify that __
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

19. 5. Speculations:
• However, we acknowledge that there are considerable
discussions among researchers as to __
• We speculate that this might be due to __
• There are reasons to doubt this explanation of __
• It remains unclear to which degree __ are attributed to __
• However, __ does seem to improve __
• This does seem to depend on __
• It is important to note, that the present evidence relies on __
• The results show that __ does not seem to impact the __
• However, the extent to which it is possible to __ is unknown
• Alternatively, it could simply mean that __
• It is difficult to explain such results within the context of __
• It is unclear whether this is a suitable for __
• This appears to be a case of __
• From this standpoint, __ can be considered as __
• To date, __remain unknown
• Under certain assumptions, this can be construed as __
• Because of this potential limitation, we treat __
• In addition, several questions remain unanswered.
• At this stage of understanding, we believe__
• Therefore, it remains unclear whether __
• This may explain why __
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

20. 6. Deductive Arguments:
• A difference between these __ can only be attributable to __
• Nonetheless, we believe that it is well justified to __
• This may raise concerns about __ which can be addressed by __
• As discussed, this is due to the fact that __
• Results demonstrate that this is not necessarily true.
• These findings support the notion that __ is not influenced by __
• This may be the reason why we did not find __
• In order to test whether this is equivalent across __, we __
• Therefore, __ can be considered to be equivalent for __
Created by Dr Ali
Samer (2020)

21. Further reading
Greenhalgh, T. (2006) How to Read a Paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine
Third edition. Oxford: Blackwell and BMJ
Hart, C. (1998) Doing a Literature Review. London: SAGE
Ridley, D. (2008) The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students. London:
SAGE
Yudkin, B. (2006) Critical Reading: Making sense of research papers in life sciences
and medicine. London: Routledge
Created by Dr Ali Samer (2018)

22. • DR. ALI SAMER MUHSAN
• H/P & WhatsApp : +6013-517 7844;
• Email: ali.samer@utp.edu.my; alisameer2007@gmail.com ;
• Researcher ID: https://publons.com/researcher/2944055/ali-samer-muhsan/
• Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=54585662300
• Orcid: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8270-0091
• Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali_Muhsan
• Academia: https://independent.academia.edu/AliSamer
• Google scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=oJ9qIQoAAAAJ&hl=en
• Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-ali-samer-muhsan-18b60522/