Contents.ankushpdf

Kerala Study Tour
AGR 492
A study tour report for the assessment of course of AGR 492 submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
B.sc Forestry
Submitted By:
Ankush Moran
Section- B2339
Regd. No. : 11308049
Supervised by:
Mr. Vivek Srivastava
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, 144402, India

Kerala Study Tour
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Ankush Moran has attended the study tour to Kerala in the partial
fulfillment for the award of degree of B.Sc Forestry. The tour has been carried out in Forest
Department of Kerala under the guidance of Mr. Vivek Srivastava, Assistant Professor at Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara.
Mr. Vivek Srivastava Dr. Madhu Sharma
Tour Supervisor HOD in Forest Department

Kerala Study Tour
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thanks our Professor Mr. Vivek Srivastava who took such pain and helped making
this tour possible for all of us. He is not only a Professor but he is a true guide who enlightens
the future of a student. He was always with us in the tour and guided wherever we faced
problems. I am thankful to him for his efforts in planning this study tour and making it
wonderful for all.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to our HOD, Dr.Madhu Sharma for providing me
opportunity to undergo such wonderful tour, which helps us in getting practical knowledge
about our field work.
With deep respect I express my unfeigned gratitude and unforgettable indebtedness to the
principal, Kerala Forest School, Walayar for providing all the facilities and support during my
study tour.
I wish to pay high regards to my loving parents and grandparents for their sincere
encouragement and motivation throughout my career and lifting me uphill in this phase of life. I
owe everything to them and Iam grateful to my Grandfather, Dad and Mom for their overall
support, which gave me immense strength to face real life confrontation.
I acknowledge a very special thanks to the scientist, forest officers, officials and guides of KFRI,
Parambikulam tiger reserve and silent valley national park for providing the detailed
information about the various aspects of their respective departments and area for their
support during the entire tour.

Kerala Study Tour
List of Figures
Pic1 Dance of onam festival 8
Pic2 Caprisoned elephants during temple festival 8
Pic3 Kerala people celebrating festivals 9
Pic4 Entrance of KFRI 13
Pic5 KFRI campus 13
Pic6 KFRI peechi campus map 14
Pic7 Tree Ring Station 16
Pic8 Xylarium 16
Pic9 Bambusetum 17
Pic10 KFRI Palmetum 18
Pic11 JRF showing herbarium file 19
Pic12 Various medicinal tree species 20
Pic13 Xylarium 20
Pic14 Preserved specimens inside KFRI wildlife museum 21
Pic15 Some pictures of butterfly garden 22
Pic16 Teak saplings inside mist chamber at KFRI 23
Pic17 Seed centre at KFRI 24
Pic18 Front view of KFRI guest house 25
Pic19 Group photo with Scientist Dr. Mohan Das 26
Pic20 Side view of peechi dam 26
Pic21 Entrance of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve 27
Pic22 Wild gaurs blocking passing vehicles 27
Pic23 Facts of Kannimara Teak 28
Pic24 Me and my colleagues standing near the Kannimara teak 28
Pic25 Group photo in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve 28
Pic26 Group photo with Range Officer 28
Pic27 View of Athirapally falls 29
Pic28 Looking down at the falls 29
Pic29 Entrance gate of Silent Valley National Park 30
Pic30 Lion tailed macaque 31
Pic31 Nilgiri wood pigeon 31
Pic32 Malabar Giant Squirrel 31
Pic33 Hanging bridge across the Kuntipuzha river 31
Pic34 Kollam beach, Quilon 32
Pic35 Mahatma Gandhi Park in Kollam beach 32

Kerala Study Tour
Table of Contents
Certificate……………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………3
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………4
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………….5
1 .PREFACE…………………………………………………………………6
2. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...7-9
2.1 Socio-cultural Diversity of Kerala…………………………7
2.2 Onam………………………………………………………………8
2.3 Elephants in Kerala Culture………………………………8
2.4 Temple Festivals…………………………………………….9
3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY TOUR…………………………………….10
4 Daily Diary………………………………………………………………11
5 LEARNING FROM STUDY TOUR………………………………….12
6 STUDY AREA…………………………………………………………..13-32
6.1 Kerala Forest Research Institute………………………..13-26
6.2 Parambikulam Tiger Reserve………………………………27-28
6.3Athirapally Falls………………………………………………….29
6.4Silent Valley National Park……………………………………30-31
6.5Kollam Beach……………………………………………………….32
7 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….33

Kerala Study Tour
1. PREFACE
“I consider them wretches who strut about in their fineries not doing anything for the suffering
millions”. Swami Vivekananda
It is just about unfurling our sails of countless yearnings and catching the wind of
scenic views, wonderful wildlife, ritualistic culture, dynamic mountains, perennial rivers, caves
falls and beaches of incredible India. It is the nature only which turns as a cradle of all flora and
fauna. Now it is our turn, what we give to our nature. However it is very shameful matter that
we are ruining the nature. We are responsible for air and water pollution, population explosion,
poverty, loss of wildlife, degradation of moral values and terrorism etc. In our scriptures, we
have always regarded the Earth as Dharti Mata with the motive of Vasudevkutumbkam i.e.
Global Village. Undoubtedly, technology has made it possible today by means of transportation,
communication and socio-economic affiliations. So let us hope for the best because hope sees
the invisible, feels the intangible and achieve the impossible. We should preserve our ancestral
values, so that the nature could be saved for the generations to come. For our youth study
tours to different places enriched with natural beauty play a vital role.

Kerala Study Tour
2. INTRODUCTION
Lovely Professional University as a part of its goodwill organized a study tour to Kerala for B.Sc
Forestry 2nd
year students. It really made a difference. The students witnessed a wonderful
flora and fauna of South India, which they almost have found in the text books. LPU organized a
tour to Kerala from May 30th
to June 12th
2015 for a group of nine students and a Professor. The
group was transported to Kerala from New Delhi by Mangla Express train. It took total 13 days
when the group reached back to New Delhi by Amritsar Express. It was a wonderful tour; the
group has got wonderful experiences. Truly speaking, me and my team mates enjoyed the
whole tour for our love for nature, socio-cultural diversity of India besides academic benefits.
SOCIO CULTURAL DIVERSITY OF KERALA
The culture of Kerala is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed and mixed for
centuries, under influences from other parts of India and abroad. It is defined by its antiquity
and the organic continuity sustained by the Malayali people. Modern Kerala society took shape
owing to migrations from different parts of India throughout Classical Antiquity. Kerala trace its
non-prehistoric cultural genesis to its membership (around the 3rd century CE) in a vaguely
defined historical region known as Thamizhagom — a land defined by a common Tamil culture
and encompassing the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. At that time, the music, dance,
language (first Dravida Bhasha — "Dravidian language" — then Tamil), and Sangam (a vast
corpus of Tamil literature composed between 1,500–2,000 years ago) found in Kerala were all
similar to that found in the rest of Thamizhagom (today's Tamil Nadu). The culture of Kerala
evolved through the Sanskritization of Dravidian ethos, revivalism of religious movements and
reform movements against caste discrimination. Kerala showcases a culture unique to itself
developed through accommodation, acculturation and assimilation of various faculties of
civilized lifestyle.

Kerala Study Tour
Onam
Figure 1 Dance of onam festival
(Malayalam: ഓണം) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala, India. It is
also the state festival of Kerala with State holidays on 4 days starting from Onam Eve
(Uthradom) to the 4th Onam Day
(Aug - Sep) and marks the commemoration of
homecoming of King Mahabali,
Kerala's agrarian past, as it is considered to be a harvest festival. It is one of the festivals
celebrated with most number of cultural elements. Some of them are Vallam Kali, Pulikkali,
Pookkalam, Onatthappan, Thumbi, Thullal, Onavillu
Atthachamayame etc.
Elephants in Kerala culture
Figure 2Caparisoned elephants during Sree Poornathravesa temple festival.
The elephants are an integral part of the daily life in Kerala. These Indian
prestigious place in the state's culture. Elephants in Kerala are often referred to as the 'sons of
the sahya. The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the
Government of Kerala.
Kerala Study Tour
) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala, India. It is
(Uthradom) to the 4th Onam Day. Onam festival falls during the Malayalam month of Chingam
Sep) and marks the commemoration of Vamana avatar of Vishnu and the subsequent
who Malayalees consider as their King. Onam is reminiscent of
ast, as it is considered to be a harvest festival. It is one of the festivals
an, Thumbi, Thullal, Onavillu, Kazhchakkula, Onapottan,
Elephants in Kerala culture
Caparisoned elephants during Sree Poornathravesa temple festival.
The elephants are an integral part of the daily life in Kerala. These Indian elephants
. The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the
) Onam is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala, India. It is
month of Chingam
avatar of Vishnu and the subsequent
who Malayalees consider as their King. Onam is reminiscent of
ast, as it is considered to be a harvest festival. It is one of the festivals
, Kazhchakkula, Onapottan,
elephants are given a
. The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the

Kerala Study Tour
Temple Festivals
Figure
Kerala has a large number of temples. The temples celebrate annual festivals which are not only
unique to the region but sometimes have features that are unique to each temple. Each temple
describes each interesting history behind its creation.
Kerala Study Tour
Figure 3Kerala people celebrating festival
sometimes have features that are unique to each temple. Each temple
describes each interesting history behind its creation.
sometimes have features that are unique to each temple. Each temple

Kerala Study Tour
3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY TOUR
 A dense forest to acquire an in-depth knowledge about the forests, which helps us to
know about various ecosystems, identification of different tree species, study about the
invasive exotics, various threats to the biodiversity and diseases affecting the growth of
the tree.
 A wildlife sanctuary is to know about the different species of wildlife, their habitats and
niche, their interaction with various ecosystems, threat due to poaching and hunting,
and the conservation practices carried out in the sanctuary. The western ghats is a
biodiversity hotspot. A visit would provide a conceptual knowledge and experience.
 A research institute to look into the advances into the field of forestry and it would also
help in knowing about how research work is carried out. We will know about the
sustainable and economical ways of conserving the forests and ways of increasing forest
cover.

Kerala Study Tour
4. DAILY DIARY
 30/05/2015 – Started our trip from Phagwara Railway Station to Delhi.
 31/05/2015 – We arrived the Hazrat Nizzammudin Railway Station and joined with our
tour supervisor and other team mates. We departed from there to kerala in the morning
by Mangla Express.
 1/06/2015 – The train travelled through various stations and we sighted many new
places from inside the train.
 2/06/2015 – Reached Shornur by morning and hired a traveler to KFRI. Sighted Malabar
giant squirrel in the KFRI campus and had a conference with scientist DR. Mohan Das.
 3/06/2015 – Next morning had breakfast and visited various departments of KFRI and
also visited Peechi dam.
 4/06/2015 – Woke early in the morning and approached towards Parambikulam Tiger
Reserve.
 5/06/2015 – Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
 6/06/2015 – Atthirapally falls / Wallayar Forest School
 7/06/2015 – Silent Valley National Park
 8/06/2015 – Silent Valley National Park
 9/06/2015 – Kollam Beach
 10/06/2015 – Return via Amritsar Express

Kerala Study Tour
5. LEARNING FROM THE STUDY TOUR
 After attending this tour, I have acquainted myself with the objective of
conservation and management of Biodiversity, Forests and Ecosystems.
 I have learnt about the use and function of certain instruments used in wood science
technology department which are important for determining various standards in
the field of forestry. Some of the instruments are Tree Ring Station and Microtome
which are used for determining the age of tree and tree sectioning respectively.
 I have familiarized myself with the function of herbarium, xylarium, arboretum,
palmatum and bambusetum.
 I have acquainted myself with the various techniques such as tissue culture, genetic
engineering, gas chromatography and their application in forestry.
 I have also learnt about the zoological museum in which specimens of dead animals
are preserved.
 This study tour has helped me a lot in getting the knowledge about the cultural,
social and biological diversity in kerala.
 I have also acquainted myself with the knowledge of climatic conditions prevailing in
Kerala.

Kerala Study Tour
6. STUDY AREA
6.1 Kerala Forest Research Institute
Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) is a multidisciplinary team of experts conducting
research on tropical forests and
in tropical forestry and biodiversity conservation over the past three decades of its existence.
Founded in 1975, Institute is envisioned as a Centre of Excellence in Tropical Forestry to p
scientific support for decision making on matters related to forestry, with particular emphasis
on conservation, sustainable utilization and scientific management of natural resources. KFRI
became a part of the Kerala State Council for Science, Tech
along with five other R&D Centre’s of the State, when the KSCSTE was constituted in 2002.
Figure 4 Entrance of kerala forest research institute Figure
KFRI has 56 highly qualified scientific staff and about 150 supporting and administrative staff.
The man power is organized in to 17 Research Departments which are grouped as nine
Programme Divisions so that the researc
KFRI.
Kerala Study Tour
Kerala Forest Research Institute
research on tropical forests and forestry. This Institute has contributed significantly to research
Founded in 1975, Institute is envisioned as a Centre of Excellence in Tropical Forestry to p
became a part of the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE)
Entrance of kerala forest research institute Figure 5 KFRI campus
Programme Divisions so that the research activities converge to contribute to the Vision of
forestry. This Institute has contributed significantly to research
Founded in 1975, Institute is envisioned as a Centre of Excellence in Tropical Forestry to provide
nology and Environment (KSCSTE)
h activities converge to contribute to the Vision of

Kerala Study Tour
We undertake research and consultancy programmes for national and international agencies on
the issues relating to biological conservation and management of natural resources. KFRI has
about fifty scientists supported by a strong team of skilled and qualified man power in various
areas including documentation, accounting, administration, engineering etc. Institute is
accredited as research centre of the FRI University Dehradun, University of Calicut and Cochin
University of Science and Technology for enrolling students for research programme leading to
award of PhD Degree.
Institute has well maintained state of the art instrumentation centre besides specialized
laboratories for research in Tissue-culture, Clonal Multiplication, Physiology, Wildlife Biology,
Soil Science, Biotechnology, Wood Sciences, Biochemistry, Mycology, Entomology, and
Silviculture.
Institute staff over the period of three decades of their field visits to remote forest localities
across India has accumulated impressive collections of plant and animal specimens, and
pedological samples which are organised as: Arboretum, Bambusetum, Cane and Palmetum,
Herbarium, Medicinal Plants, Soil museum, Xylarium, Wildlife Museum, Teak Museum. The
Guided Nature Trails and Thematic Displays on forestry and environment with the extension
and training division deserve special mention.
Visiting KFRI
Main Campus of KFRI is situated in central Kerala at Peechi, Thrissur a sylvan location situated
in the Western Ghats- one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Campus is located in 28 ha
Reserve Forest area adjacent to Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary.
Figure 6 KFRI: Peechi campus
KFRI is well connected by rail and road. The institute is located about 20 km east of Thrissur
town along the Pattikkad-Peechi road. Nearest railway station is at Thrissur (TCR, 20 km from
KFRI). Nearby airports are Cochin International Airport at Nedumbassery (COK, 65 km from
KFRI) and the Coimbatore Airport (CJB, 115 km from KFRI) in Tamil Nadu.

Kerala Study Tour
6.1.1 Laboratories:
Tissue Culture
Tissue culture lab is a facility in Department of Biotechnology under Forest Genetics and
Biotechnology Division.
In this lab tissue culture technology of various forest trees viz. teak, sandal, bamboo, calamus
etc. as well as many endangered, endemic and threatened tree taxa has been standardised.
Most of these technologies are commercially recommended for large scale propagation of
forest trees.
Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to regenerate a
whole plant (totipotency). Single cells, plant cells without cell walls (protoplasts), pieces of
leaves, or (less commonly) roots can often be used to generate a new plant on culture media
given the required nutrients and plant hormones. The main advantage of this technique is the
production of exact copies of parent plant.
Equipments include laminar airflows, autoclaves, bioreactor, high speed refrigerated
centrifuges, PCR machines, spectrophotometer, nanodrop, gel electrophoresis and gel
documentation units, ice flaker machines and deep freezers etc.
Clonal Multiplication
Commercial propagation of Teak, Bamboo and around 25 medicinal plants such as Aegle
marmelos, Gmelina arborea, Saraca asoka, Terminalia arjuna, Stereospermum colais, Oroxylum
indicum, Clerodendrum serratum, Salacia fruticosa etc. for which KFRI has standardised the
clonal propagation procedure. Research programme for standardization of clonal propagation
of imported forest trees are also in progress at the institute.
A clonal nursery for vegetative multiplication of E. grandis, the high range species, a mist
chamber and a store/office cum potting shed was constructed at Devikulam. The facility is
established at about 1.5 km away from Munnar Forest Division Office in the 1994-Kacheriland
E. grandis plantation.
Wood science & Technology Lab
Wood Science and Technology Laboratory is attached to Wood Science and Technology Division
and it is the only one of its sort with R & D orientation in Wood Science and Technology in the
state. The laboratory was established in1980 and has facilities for Wood Preservation, Wood
Seasoning, Wood Anatomy and Timber Identification, Wood Quality Assessments, Wood

Kerala Study Tour
Utilization, Bamboo and Rattan Processing, Bamboo House, Rubber wood processing, Charcoal
and Activated Carbon, etc. The lab is equipped with Sledge Microtome, Leica Image Analysis
system, Olympus Dual-view Microscope, Nikon T
microscope, Universal Testing Machine, FT
Refrigerated Centrifuge, Automated Soxtec Extraction System, and Homogenizer etc.
Figure 7 Tree Ring Station
6.1.2 Collections & Interpretations
Arboretum
The Arboretum in the main campus of Kerala Forest Research Institute at Peechi is spread in
five hectares. The biotope is moist deciduous forests with 33 tree species. The present holding
of the Arboretum is 3089 accessions belonging to 170 species under 5
genera, with more than 50 taxa endemic to southern Peninsular India. Arboretum is maintained
with grid maps with markings of the location details of each of the live collection. The
Arboretum is also recognized internationally by inclusi
1518 and is also enlisted in the National Network of Botanical Gardens in India, the Arboretum
promises to be a rewarding experience to visiting students.
Seedlings of different arborescent species belonging to the mois
along with those of endemic species from the semi evergreen, evergreen and dry deciduous
forest types are present in the Arboretum.
At present, there are 170 taxa of woody species in the arboretum. They belong to one
gymnosperm and 169 angiosperm species. Among the angiosperms, 162 taxa are dicotyledons
belonging to 118 genera and 47 families. Monocotyledons are represented by 7 species of 3
genera and 2 families. Among the total 170 species in the Arboretum, 49 species are
Peninsular Indian endemics.
Kerala Study Tour
view Microscope, Nikon Trinolcular Polarized and Fluorescence
microscope, Universal Testing Machine, FT-NIR spectroscopy, UV-VIS Spectrophotometer,
Figure 8 Xylarium
& Interpretations
of the Arboretum is 3089 accessions belonging to 170 species under 50 families and 122
Arboretum is also recognized internationally by inclusion in the Index Seminum with ID No.
promises to be a rewarding experience to visiting students.
Seedlings of different arborescent species belonging to the moist deciduous forests of the State
forest types are present in the Arboretum.
sperm and 169 angiosperm species. Among the angiosperms, 162 taxa are dicotyledons
genera and 2 families. Among the total 170 species in the Arboretum, 49 species are
rinolcular Polarized and Fluorescence
VIS Spectrophotometer,
0 families and 122
on in the Index Seminum with ID No.
t deciduous forests of the State
sperm and 169 angiosperm species. Among the angiosperms, 162 taxa are dicotyledons
genera and 2 families. Among the total 170 species in the Arboretum, 49 species are southern

Kerala Study Tour
Bambusetum
Figure 9 Bambusetum
The KFRI-Bambusetum was established during 1988
FRC campus Veluppadam. 63 different
this, 55 species are in the Field Research Centre, Velupadam and the remaining 8 species (3 of
them yet to be identified) in a high elevation site at Devikulam. Valuable information on clump
development, culm production and growth parameters like culm length, culm girth, etc. are
being gathered, computed and analyzed for productivity of these valuable Bamboos. Effect of
management practices like weeding, soil working, selective cutting etc. on the producti
potential of each of these species is being closely monitored. The KFRI
have an exhaustive collection of sympodial bamboos that can be grown in a typical agro
climatic zone and to gather invaluable scientific information on bamboo gro
Bambusetam also serves as genetic resource for future crop improvement programmes and for
forest managers and farmers.
Kerala Study Tour
Bambusetum was established during 1988-95 as part of the IDRC Bamboo project at
FRC campus Veluppadam. 63 different species of bamboos are present in the Bambusetum of
culm production and growth parameters like culm length, culm girth, etc. are
management practices like weeding, soil working, selective cutting etc. on the producti
potential of each of these species is being closely monitored. The KFRI-Bambusetum aims to
have an exhaustive collection of sympodial bamboos that can be grown in a typical agro
climatic zone and to gather invaluable scientific information on bamboo growth in state. The
95 as part of the IDRC Bamboo project at
species of bamboos are present in the Bambusetum of
culm production and growth parameters like culm length, culm girth, etc. are
management practices like weeding, soil working, selective cutting etc. on the production
Bambusetum aims to
have an exhaustive collection of sympodial bamboos that can be grown in a typical agro-
wth in state. The

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Cane and Palmetum
Figure 10 KFRI Palmetum
Palms are woody monocotyledons belonging to the plant family Arecaceae (Palmae). Palms are
vital component of the tropical forest ecosystem. With their graceful architecture, palms form
characteristic features of some tropical habitats. Palms are managed by the indigenous
populations for food, fodder, handicrafts, thatches and construction materials. Owing to their
aesthetic value, palms are cultivated for both i
There are as many as 2600 species of palms (within 200 genera) in the world. A to
species of palms belonging to 22 genera are found distributed across the three major
geographical regions of India viz., Peninsular India, North eastern India and Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. Although conservation and sustainable utilization of
great importance, conservation attempts have not received significant world
KFRI Peechi Campus has a palmetum with live collections of indigenous and exotic palms, which
serves as a facility for educating the public
Palmetum contains 125 species of palms under 52 genera. Of these, 70 are indigenous palms
and 55 are exotic. The exotic species include those which are commonly seen in Indian parks,
gardens and along avenues. The rare species like Bentinckia condapanna Berry, Bentinckia
nicobarica (Kurz) Becc., Calamus nagbettai Fernandez & Dey, Wallichia disticha T. Anderson,
Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart., Korthalsia rogersii Becc. and Calamus brandisii Becc.
& Hook. f. and mangrove species like Phoenix paludosa and Nypa fruticans Wurmb are
represented in the collection.
Kerala Study Tour
KFRI Palmetum
monocotyledons belonging to the plant family Arecaceae (Palmae). Palms are
aesthetic value, palms are cultivated for both indoor and outdoor decoration.
There are as many as 2600 species of palms (within 200 genera) in the world. A to
Nicobar Islands. Although conservation and sustainable utilization of this resource assumes
great importance, conservation attempts have not received significant world
serves as a facility for educating the public about the need for conservation of palms. The KFRI
ues. The rare species like Bentinckia condapanna Berry, Bentinckia
Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart., Korthalsia rogersii Becc. and Calamus brandisii Becc.
monocotyledons belonging to the plant family Arecaceae (Palmae). Palms are
There are as many as 2600 species of palms (within 200 genera) in the world. A total of 106
this resource assumes
great importance, conservation attempts have not received significant world-wide attention.
about the need for conservation of palms. The KFRI
ues. The rare species like Bentinckia condapanna Berry, Bentinckia
Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart., Korthalsia rogersii Becc. and Calamus brandisii Becc. Ex. Becc.

Kerala Study Tour
Herbarium
Figure 11 JRF showing herbarium file
KFRI herbarium was started in early 1980s with regular field collections of specimens. Now it
holds over 11,074 specimens and recognized internationally by the acronym ‘KFRI’ by the
International Association of Plant Taxonomists (IAPT). Apart from general
herbarium has a complete collection of medicinal plants in South India and a pan Indian
collection of palms and bamboos of India including Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The species
in the herbaria are indexed in alphabetical order with col
plant families. The families are arranged according to the system of classification of flowering
plants by Benthem and Hooker with delimitation to certain families in accordance with their
current concepts. The 11,074 speci
families. The lone Gymnosperm in the herbarium is from Gnetaceae. The predominant plant
families in the collection are Graminae
Fabaceae (115 spp.), Fabaceae
Compositae (52 spp.). The herbarium also represented with 90 species of pteridophytes.
The herbarium attracts researchers from all over the state and elsewhere. The digitization of
the Herbarium is completed and it will be soon made available on
Kerala Study Tour
herbarium file
International Association of Plant Taxonomists (IAPT). Apart from general collections, KFRI
in the herbaria are indexed in alphabetical order with collection numbers under respective
current concepts. The 11,074 specimens representing more than 2,200 species form 159
Graminae (203 spp.), Orchidaceae (184 spp.), Arecaceae
Fabaceae (111 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (107 spp.), Rubiaceae
(52 spp.). The herbarium also represented with 90 species of pteridophytes.
he Herbarium is completed and it will be soon made available on-line.
collections, KFRI-
lection numbers under respective
mens representing more than 2,200 species form 159
Arecaceae (118 spp.),
Rubiaceae (80 spp.) and
(52 spp.). The herbarium also represented with 90 species of pteridophytes.

Kerala Study Tour
Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plant garden has more than 400 medicinal herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers. The raw
materials used in the Indian Materia Medica has been assembled as a refere
the Institute
Figure 12
Xylarium
Figure 13 Xylarium
Xylarium is a collection of well-curated authenticated wood specimens. It is mainly intended to
display collection of wood specimens for scientific research, teaching, environmental education
and other programmes. The word ‘xylarium’ has been originated from Greek word ‘xylon’
meaning ‘wood’ and is used as ‘wood collection with proven and certified accuracy’. Wood
collections may seem to be primarily of interest to wood anatomists, botanists and foresters,
but they hold specimens and information applicable to many other fields such as
furniture restoration, forensics, history, ecology, palaeontology, archaeology, conservation
biology and climate change etc. As a service to the wood anatomical community, these
Kerala Study Tour
materials used in the Indian Materia Medica has been assembled as a refere
12Various medicinal tree species
curated authenticated wood specimens. It is mainly intended to
g ‘wood’ and is used as ‘wood collection with proven and certified accuracy’. Wood
but they hold specimens and information applicable to many other fields such as
materials used in the Indian Materia Medica has been assembled as a reference collection in
curated authenticated wood specimens. It is mainly intended to
g ‘wood’ and is used as ‘wood collection with proven and certified accuracy’. Wood
but they hold specimens and information applicable to many other fields such as antiques,

Kerala Study Tour
collections will be of great use in wood anatomical studies, wood identification etc. Since India
is a net importer of industrial wood from abroad and most of the species are unfamiliar neither
to the user agencies nor to the common man, proper diagnostics of the timber species signifies
the importance of xylarium.
KFRI xylarium was established in the year 1979, and has a collection of 587 specimens (133
samples representing 68 genera and 114 species from India/Kerala and the rest are from 13
foreign countries). The xylarium database has detailed records such as family name of the tree
from which the wood was collected, species name, original wood specimen no., date of
collection, collector(s) name, herbarium no. of the voucher specimen, country, altitude,
latitude, longitude, habit, habitat, note on collection or accession etc. For each wood specimen,
there will be a corresponding voucher herbarium specimen deposited in the KFRI Herbarium
with the same accession number. Without this cross-reference, the wood collection is of no
value. The dimension of the KFRI xylarium sample is: 10 x 6 x 1 cm for small specimens and 16 x
10 x 2 cm for large specimens following international standard. The Xylarium of KFRI has been
indexed in Kew Royal Botanic Garden, in its Index Xylariorum- a directory of Institutional Wood
Collections from around the World. With a view to improve our collection of wood samples,
KFRI has few xylarium samples (Indian species) available for mutual exchange.
Wildlife Museum
Figure 14 Preserved specimens inside KFRI Wildlife Museum
Institute has a Wildlife museum and an Insect collection. Wildlife museum has a collection of specimens
of Mammals (67), Reptiles (113), Amphibians (80), Fishes (45) and Invertebrates (16). In addition there
are 140 wet specimens of species from Myristica swamps and 116 wet specimens from the Mangroves.

Kerala Study Tour
Butterfly Garden
Figure 15 Some pictures of butterfly garden
Butterfly garden developed by KFRI is an important achievement in the field of nature
education. Butterflies are reared in the laboratory and released into semi
where their food plants are grown. Practically a large number of butterflies
of the visitors in the background of which they receive elucidative lessons on ecology,
environment, biodiversity, food web and biological balance.
KFRI has two butterfly gardens; one in its main campus at Peechi and another in the Subc
campus at Nilambur. Some of the butterflies that can generally be seen in the garden include
lemon butterfly (Papilio demoleus), southern birdwing (Troides minos), common rose
(Pachliopta aristolochiae), light blue tiger (Tirumala limniace), dark blu
septentrionis) and common crow (Euploea core). Plants that are raised in the garden for forage
by butterflies include Clerodendrum paniculatum, Crotalaria pallida, Crotalaria retusa, Cuphea
hyssopifolia, Gardenia sp., Gloriosa superba, He
sp., Ixora spp., Jasminum spp., Jatropa spp., Lantana spp. Plants such as Aristolochia indica,
Thottea siliquosa, Tylophora indica, Asclepias sp., Carissa carandus, Ruta graveolens, Aegle
marmelos, Cassia spp., Albizzia spp., Kalanchoe spp., Musaenda luteosa, Citrus spp. and
Murraya koenigii are introduced as larval host plants to sustain various butterflies in the
garden.
Kerala Study Tour
Some pictures of butterfly garden
education. Butterflies are reared in the laboratory and released into semi-natural enclosure
where their food plants are grown. Practically a large number of butterflies captivate the eyes
environment, biodiversity, food web and biological balance.
KFRI has two butterfly gardens; one in its main campus at Peechi and another in the Subc
(Pachliopta aristolochiae), light blue tiger (Tirumala limniace), dark blue tiger (Tirumala
hyssopifolia, Gardenia sp., Gloriosa superba, Heliotropium keralense, Hibiscus spp., Impatiens
, Albizzia spp., Kalanchoe spp., Musaenda luteosa, Citrus spp. and
natural enclosure
captivate the eyes
KFRI has two butterfly gardens; one in its main campus at Peechi and another in the Subcentre
e tiger (Tirumala
liotropium keralense, Hibiscus spp., Impatiens
, Albizzia spp., Kalanchoe spp., Musaenda luteosa, Citrus spp. and

Kerala Study Tour
6.1.3 Plant Propagation
Mist chamber
Figure 16 Teak saplings inside mist chamber at
Nursery plants propagated by cuttings are grown in mist chambers. In Mist Chamber, Relative
humidity is maintained artificially at high level with the help of mist installations, which spray
water under pressure. Fog formation induces rooting and acclimati
humidity facilitates better root initiation and cooling effect prevents the cutting from drying
out. This method results in faster rooting of the cuttings, create optimum microclimate for
better root initiation and development and hig
cuttings. Temperature and humidity control in the mist chamber is affected through automated
control systems.
At KFRI mist chamber is used for research purpose as well as commercial propagation of Teak,
Bamboo and around 25 medicinal plants such as
asoka, Terminalia arjuna, Stereospermum colais, Oroxylum indicum, Clerodendrum serratum,
Salacia fruticosa etc. for which KFRI has standardised the clonal propagation procedure.
Kerala Study Tour
saplings inside mist chamber at KFRI
water under pressure. Fog formation induces rooting and acclimatization. High relative
better root initiation and development and higher success rate in propagation of hard wood
and around 25 medicinal plants such as Aegle marmelos, Gmelina arborea, Saraca
etc. for which KFRI has standardised the clonal propagation procedure.
zation. High relative
her success rate in propagation of hard wood
Aegle marmelos, Gmelina arborea, Saraca
etc. for which KFRI has standardised the clonal propagation procedure.

Kerala Study Tour
Seed Centre (KFSC)
Figure 17 Seed centre at KFRI
The Kerala Forest Seed Centre (KFSC), established in 2003, is a collaborative venture of Kerala
Forest Department (KFD) and Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI). KFSC is headed by a senior
scientist of KFRI having professional training and experience in the field of Forestry/Silviculture.
A Forest Range Officer and a Forester on working arrangement is deputed to KFSC from KFD.
KFSC is administered by an advisory committee comprising of the officials from both KFD and
KFRI.
The main objective of the Centre is to collect seeds of superior trees/stands, process, grade,
store and supply to Kerala Forest Department (KFD) and other government departments, non
governmental agencies, farmers and others interested in seed of forest tree species for
propagation. Soon after collection the seeds are processed and graded through appropriate
methods depending on the nature of the fruit. Seed quality of the processed seed will be
assessed through rapid viability tests like cutting test and Tetrazolium test. The seeds are then
subjected to germination tests prescribed by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA),
Switzerland and their viability will be assessed. The viable healthy seeds will be stored at
optimum storage condition (ambient/ controlled Temperature and Humidity) either in plastic
bins, gunny bags or plastic bags depending on the orthodox / recalcitrant nature of the seed.
Prior to long-term storage in air tight plastic bins, fumigation with carbon dioxide is carried out
in order to slow down the respiration rate of seeds and to prevent insect / pest infestation. The
seeds stored at KFSC are being subjected to routine tests at regular intervals for viability and
germination. Seed lots with a germination rate less than 20 percent are discarded.
KFSC has also an important mandate to supply graded quality teak seeds to KFD for raising high
quality planting stock for their extensive plantation programmes. Processed good quality seeds,
are also sold to entrepreneurs, farmers, research institutions and students also at nominal
rates, fixed by the Government of Kerala.

Kerala Study Tour
In addition to supply of quality seeds of forestry species, facilities are also used to undertake
research in seed science and technology in tropical forestry species and to provide training to
forestry professionals, researchers, students and others interested in seeds. Training
programmes, covering aspects such as seed collection, processing, storage and management of
teak seed production areas are conducted for forest officials, farmers and students.
Guest House
Figure 18Front view of KFRI guest house surrounded with lush greenery
KFRI have two well maintained and full furnished Guest houses namely International Guest
House (IGH) & Guest house (GH) both are
The Guest House (GH) have 3 A/C
The International Guest House (IG
ladies) A/C Dormitory and 4 Bed non
International Guest House has: Full power back
computer and internet access, 30 seater Dining Hall and attached Kitchen, Roofed open
multipurpose lounge and TV room.
Kerala Study Tour
cience and technology in tropical forestry species and to provide training to
Front view of KFRI guest house surrounded with lush greenery
House (IGH) & Guest house (GH) both are located at our Peechi Campus.
The Guest House (GH) have 3 A/C Double bed and 1 Non
The International Guest House (IGH) have 16 A/c Double Bed Rooms, 50 seater (24gents and 26
ladies) A/C Dormitory and 4 Bed non-A/C Dormitory (Driver’s Room). Additionally the
International Guest House has: Full power back-up, Recreation Facility, Lounge, limited
ess, 30 seater Dining Hall and attached Kitchen, Roofed open
multipurpose lounge and TV room.
cience and technology in tropical forestry species and to provide training to
located at our Peechi Campus.
Double bed and 1 Non-A/C Room
H) have 16 A/c Double Bed Rooms, 50 seater (24gents and 26
A/C Dormitory (Driver’s Room). Additionally the
up, Recreation Facility, Lounge, limited
ess, 30 seater Dining Hall and attached Kitchen, Roofed open

Kerala Study Tour
Figure 19 Group photo with Scientist Dr. Mohan Das at KFRI Extension and Training Centre
Peechi Dam
Peechi Dam is situated 22 km (14
as an irrigation project for the surrounding villages in Thrissur. At the same time, it catered the
drinking water needs of the population of Thrissur City. It serves as
out to the paddy fields in and around Thrissur city. Built across the Manali River, the dam is a
vast catchment area of nearly 3,200 acres (1,300
cascading fountains offer numerous invit
bank of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1958 covering 125 square kilometres
(48 sq mi).
Figure 20 Side view of peechi dam
Kerala Study Tour
Group photo with Scientist Dr. Mohan Das at KFRI Extension and Training Centre
km (14 mi) outside Thrissur city in Kerala, India. The dam was started
drinking water needs of the population of Thrissur City. It serves as an irrigation dam, reaching
vast catchment area of nearly 3,200 acres (1,300 ha) with extensive botanical gardens and
cascading fountains offer numerous inviting avenues for tourists. One can see tuskers on the
Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1958 covering 125 square kilometres
Group photo with Scientist Dr. Mohan Das at KFRI Extension and Training Centre
mi) outside Thrissur city in Kerala, India. The dam was started
an irrigation dam, reaching
ha) with extensive botanical gardens and
ing avenues for tourists. One can see tuskers on the
Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1958 covering 125 square kilometres

Kerala Study Tour
6.2 Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
Figure 21 Entrance of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, which also includes the erstwhile 'Parambikulam Wildlife
Sanctuary', is a 391 square kilometres (151.0
district of Kerala state, South India. The wildlife sanctuary, which had an area of 285 square
kilometres (110 sq mi), was established in 1973. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was declared
as part of the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve on February 19
Fauna
Figure 22 Wild gaurs blocking passing vehicles
The sanctuary has a rich diversity of animal life including: Mammals 39 species, Amphibians 16
sp., Birds 268 sp., Reptiles 61 sp., Fish 47 sp., Insects 1049 sp. and Butterflies 124 sp.
 Important mammals include: lion
Indian leopards, wild boar, sambar, bonnet macaques, Nilgiri langurs, sloth bears, Nilgiri
marten small Travancore flying squirrel and gaur.
Kerala Study Tour
6.2 Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
Entrance of Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
, which also includes the erstwhile 'Parambikulam Wildlife
Sanctuary', is a 391 square kilometres (151.0 sq mi) protected area in Chittur taluk i
mi), was established in 1973. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was declared
as part of the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve on February 19, 2010.
Wild gaurs blocking passing vehicles
Important mammals include: lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri tahr, elephants, Bengal tigers,
marten small Travancore flying squirrel and gaur.
, which also includes the erstwhile 'Parambikulam Wildlife
mi) protected area in Chittur taluk in Palakkad
mi), was established in 1973. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was declared
ephants, Bengal tigers,

Kerala Study Tour
 47 species of fish are recorded in the Sanctuary of which seven species are listed as
endangered and 17 are endemic to Western Ghats.
 268 bird species have been recorded in the sanctuary. 134 species are listed as rare and
18 species are endemic to Western Ghats. Grey
broad-billed roller and great pied hornb
black eagle, black-capped kingfisher, great Indian hornbill, and black woodpecker.
 There are 124 species of butterflies recorded in the sanctuary of which 34 are rare and
endemic.
Flora
Figure 23 Facts of Kannimara Teak Figure
 The sanctuary has a variety of trees mainly teak, neem, sandalwood and rosewood.
Even the oldest ever teak tree, Kannimara Teak exists here. It is about 450 years old and
has a girth of 6.8 metres (22
Mahavriksha Puraskar given by the Indian Government.
Figure 25 Group photo in Parambikulam tiger reservoir Figure
Kerala Study Tour
47 species of fish are recorded in the Sanctuary of which seven species are listed as
gered and 17 are endemic to Western Ghats.
268 bird species have been recorded in the sanctuary. 134 species are listed as rare and
18 species are endemic to Western Ghats. Grey-headed fish-eagle Peninsular bay owl,
billed roller and great pied hornbill. Other birds include: darter, little cormorant,
capped kingfisher, great Indian hornbill, and black woodpecker.
There are 124 species of butterflies recorded in the sanctuary of which 34 are rare and
Facts of Kannimara Teak Figure 24 Me and my colleagues standing
near the kannimara teak
The sanctuary has a variety of trees mainly teak, neem, sandalwood and rosewood.
has a girth of 6.8 metres (22 ft) and a height of 49.5 metres (162
Mahavriksha Puraskar given by the Indian Government.
Group photo in Parambikulam tiger reservoir Figure 26 Group photo with Range Officer
47 species of fish are recorded in the Sanctuary of which seven species are listed as
268 bird species have been recorded in the sanctuary. 134 species are listed as rare and
eagle Peninsular bay owl,
ill. Other birds include: darter, little cormorant,
capped kingfisher, great Indian hornbill, and black woodpecker.
There are 124 species of butterflies recorded in the sanctuary of which 34 are rare and
The sanctuary has a variety of trees mainly teak, neem, sandalwood and rosewood.
ft) and a height of 49.5 metres (162 ft). It won the
Group photo with Range Officer

Kerala Study Tour
6.3 Athirapally Falls
Figure 27 View of Athirapally water fall
Athirapalli Falls is situated in Athirappally panchayath, Chalakudy Taluk in of Thrissur district,
Kerala on the southwest coast of India. Located on the west
Vazhachal Forest Division and the Sholayar ranges, this 24
nearby Vazhachal Falls are popular tourist destinations. There is another waterfall on the way
from Athirapalli to Vazhachal Falls, in close proximity to the road and is locally called “Charpa
Falls”. Athirapalli Falls is the largest waterfall in
Figure 28 Looking down at the falls
Kerala Study Tour
View of Athirapally water fall
is situated in Athirappally panchayath, Chalakudy Taluk in of Thrissur district,
Kerala on the southwest coast of India. Located on the west-flowing Chalakudy River near the
Vazhachal Forest Division and the Sholayar ranges, this 24-metre (80 ft) waterfal
Falls”. Athirapalli Falls is the largest waterfall in Kerala and is nicknamed "The Niagara of India".
is situated in Athirappally panchayath, Chalakudy Taluk in of Thrissur district,
flowing Chalakudy River near the
ft) waterfall and the
Kerala and is nicknamed "The Niagara of India".

Kerala Study Tour
6.4 Silent Valley National Park
Figure 29 Entrance gate of Silent Valley National Park
Silent Valley National Park is a national park with a core zone of 236.74 square kilometres
(91 sq mi) (making it the largest national park in Kerala). It is located in the Nilgiri Hills, within
the Palakkad District of Kerala, South India. This region was explored in 1847 by the botanist
Robert Wight. This park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of South Western Ghats mountain
rain forests and tropical moist evergreen forest in India.
 Silent Valley is home to the largest population of lion-tailed macaques, an endangered
species of primate. Public controversy over their habitat led to the establishment of
Silent Valley National Park.
 Silent Valley is rectangular, twelve kilometres from north to south and seven from east
to west. Located between 11°03' to 11°13' N (latitude) and 76°21' to 76°35' E (longitude)
it is separated from the eastern and northern high altitude plateaus of the (Nilgiris
Mountains) by high continuous ridges including Sispara Peak (2,206 m) at the north end
of the park. The park gradually slopes southward down to the Palakkad plains and to the
west it is bounded by irregular ridges. The altitude varies from 658 m to 2328 m at
Anginda Peak, but most of the park lies within the altitude range of 880 m to 1200 m.
Soils are blackish and slightly acidic in evergreen forests where there is good
accumulation of organic matter. The underlying rock in the area is granite with schists
and gneiss, which give rise to the loamy laterite soils on slopes.

Kerala Study Tour
Fauna and flora
The valley areas of the park are in a Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Ecoregion.
Hilly areas above 1,000 m are in the South Western Ghats montane rain forests region. Above
1,500 m, the evergreen forests b
with open grassland, both of which are of interest to ecologists as the rich biodiversity here has
never been disturbed by human settlements. Several threatened species are endemic here.
New plant and animal species are often discovered here.
 There are at least 34 species of mammals at Silent Valley including the threatened lion
tailed macaque, Niligiri langur, Malabar giant squirrel, Nilgiri tahr, Peshwa’s bat (
peshwa) and hairy-winged
Figure 30 Lion tailed macaque Figure
 The tiger, leopard (panther), leopard cat, jungle cat, fishing cat, common palm civet,
small Indian civet, brown palm civet, ruddy mongoose, stripe
clawless otter, sloth bear, small Travancore flying squirrel
anteater), porcupine, wild boar, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer,
elephant and gaur also live here.
 The flora of the valley include about a 1000 species of flowering plants, 108 species of
orchids, 100 ferns and fern
majority of these plants are endemic to the Western Ghats.
Figure 33 Hanging bridge across the Kuntipuzha River
Kerala Study Tour
1,500 m, the evergreen forests begin to give way to stunted forests, called sholas, interspersed
plant and animal species are often discovered here.
There are at least 34 species of mammals at Silent Valley including the threatened lion
tailed macaque, Niligiri langur, Malabar giant squirrel, Nilgiri tahr, Peshwa’s bat (
winged bat. There are nine species of bats, rats and mice.
Lion tailed macaque Figure 31 A nilgiri wood pigeon Figure 32 Malabar giant squirrel
The tiger, leopard (panther), leopard cat, jungle cat, fishing cat, common palm civet,
small Indian civet, brown palm civet, ruddy mongoose, stripe-necked mongoose, dhole,
clawless otter, sloth bear, small Travancore flying squirrel, Indian pangolin (scaly
elephant and gaur also live here.
The flora of the valley include about a 1000 species of flowering plants, 108 species of
orchids, 100 ferns and fern allies, 200 liverworts, 75 lichens and about 200 algae. A
majority of these plants are endemic to the Western Ghats.
Hanging bridge across the Kuntipuzha River-Silent Valley National Park
egin to give way to stunted forests, called sholas, interspersed
There are at least 34 species of mammals at Silent Valley including the threatened lion-
tailed macaque, Niligiri langur, Malabar giant squirrel, Nilgiri tahr, Peshwa’s bat (Myotis
bat. There are nine species of bats, rats and mice.
Malabar giant squirrel
The tiger, leopard (panther), leopard cat, jungle cat, fishing cat, common palm civet,
necked mongoose, dhole,
, Indian pangolin (scaly
The flora of the valley include about a 1000 species of flowering plants, 108 species of
allies, 200 liverworts, 75 lichens and about 200 algae. A

Kerala Study Tour
6.5 Kollam Beach
Figure 34 Kollam Beach, Quilon
Kollam Beach also known as Mahatma Gandhi Beach, is a beach at Kollam city in the Indian
state of Kerala. The beach also features an park of international standard, the Mahatma Gandhi
Park, which was inaugurated on 1
Hussain. Kollam beach is one among the few beaches in Kerala with lifeguardoutpost.Lifeguards
were stationed at the beach from 2005.
Figure 35 Mahatma Gandhi Park in Kollam Beach
Kerala Study Tour
also known as Mahatma Gandhi Beach, is a beach at Kollam city in the Indian
Park, which was inaugurated on 1 January 1961 by the then Vice President of India, Z
were stationed at the beach from 2005.
Mahatma Gandhi Park in Kollam Beach
also known as Mahatma Gandhi Beach, is a beach at Kollam city in the Indian
January 1961 by the then Vice President of India, Zakir

Kerala Study Tour
7 Conclusion
 Forests and the products they provide are universally required for the continuation
of human society as we know it. To change our society to one that does not depend
on the forest (to the forest's detriment) and its associated benefits requires such an
enormous paradigm shift that we generally do not even consider it worthy of further
investigation. Given this situation therefore, it is imperative that we discover
mechanisms to manage the forest for all the benefits it can provide, in a sustainable
manner.
 Few countries have all the answers to all the issues faced, thus there exists a real
need for international cooperation. Loss of forest resources transcends national
boundaries and affects the entire planet. Given this, the roles of various agencies
become vitally important in order to minimize any potential downside and to
maximise the upside. Governments, NGOs, intergovernmental panels and the like
must work more closely in order to resolve the pressing issues facing the forests. In
many cases a collaborative approach will provide a solution which is more
acceptable to all parties, and more robust than a solution that is developed
unilaterally.
 Societies around the world are beginning to face up to the reality that as a species
man requires forest resources - both the wood and non-wood products a
sustainably managed forest can provide. As the guardians of those resources our
performance has to date been abysmal. It is with a great deal of urgency that we
must turn that record around and ensure that we have sustainably managed forests
for the generations that are to follow. Only a long term global commitment to
conservation and sustainable development can reverse the tide of uncontrolled
deforestation. A sound policy framework is central to this commitment.

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