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NYLON
NYLON
NYLON
OTHER NAMES 
Polycaprolactam 
Polyamide 6 
PA6 
Poly-ε-caproamide 
Perlon 
Capron 
Ultramid 
Akulon 
Nylatron 
Kapron 
Alphalon 
Tarnamid 
Akromid 
Frianyl 
Schulamid 
Durethan 
Molecular formula (C6H11NO)n 
Density 1.084 g/mL 
Melting point 493 K 
NYLON 6
PPRREEPPAARRAATTIIOONN OOFF NNYYLLOONN 66 
•Nylon 6 is prepared from ϵ-caprolactam in the presence of 
water (which acts as catalyst) and acetic acid as a molecular 
weight regulator. 
The typical combination is charged into the vessel and reacted 
under a nitrogen blanket at 250°C for about 12 hours .
MMAANNUUFFAACCTTUURRIINNGG OOFF NNYYLLOONN 66 
• The schematic diagrams of the continuous polymerization of ϵ- 
caprolactam to produce Nylon 6 is illustrated on the side. 
• The so called VK tube is used in the polyamide process. 
• Reactive end groups are formed by hydrolysing the caprolactam to 
ϵ amino caproic acid . 
• A lactam melt with a relatively high water content (15%) is fed to 
the top of the VK tube equipped with a stirrer and heating coil. 
• The water vapourises at the top , when viscosity is still low , to 
give a residue of the desired composition. 
• In the lower part of the tube , the equilibrium degree of 
polymerization is reached with an increasing viscosity of the melt. 
• The polymer is drawn off at the bottom and granulated. 
• Its equilibrium content of caprolactam and oligomers is about 
10% at a final temperature of 270 °C.. 
• The monomer and oligomers are extracted from the chips with 
hot water, and the polymer is subsequently dried with hot gas in a 
ventricle cylinder hot dryer. 
• Intensive drying can produce a further reaction in the solid state 
and according to the polycondensation equilibrium a higher degree 
of polymerization reached .
RREELLAATTIIOONNSS OOFF SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE AANNDD 
PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS 
• In polyamides such as Nylon 4,6 , 6,6 , 6,10 and 11 contain polar –CONH- groups 
spaced out at regular intervals so that the polymer crystallize with a high 
intermolecular attraction . These polymer chains also have aliphatic chain segments 
which give a measure of flexibility in the amorphous region. 
• The combination of high inter chain attraction in crystalline zone and flexibility in the 
amorphous zone leads to polymer which are tough above their apparent glass 
transition temperature. 
• The high intermolecular attraction leads to polymers of high melting point. However 
above the melting point the melt viscosity is low because the polymer flexibility at such 
high temperatures , which are usually more than 200°C above the Tg and the relatively 
low molecular weight. 
• Because of high cohesive energy density and their crystalline state the polymers are 
soluble only in a few liquids of similar high solubility parameter which are capable of 
specific interaction with the polymers. 
• The electrical insulation properties are quit good at room temperature in dry conditions 
and at low frequencies . Because of the polar structure they are not good insulators for 
high frequency work and since they absorb water they are also generally unsuitable 
under humid conditions.
SSTTRRUUCCTTUURRAALL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS AAFFFFEECCTTIINNGG TTHHEE 
PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS 
 The distance between the repeating –CONH- group : 
As a rule higher the amide group concentration i.e. the shorter the distance between 
–CONH- group , the higher the: 
• Density 
• Forces required to mechanically separate the polymer molecules and hence the higher the tensile strength, 
rigidity, hardness and resistance to creep. 
• The Tm and heat deflection temperature 
• Resistance to hydrocarbon 
• Water absorption 
Nylon 11, has twice the distance between amide group of that in Nylon 6, and 
subsequently is intermediate in properties between Nylon 6 and polyethylene. 
 The number of methylene groups in the intermediates: 
Even number of methylene groups have higher melting points than similar polymers with 
odd number of methylene groups . 
Nylon 6,6 has a higher melting point than either nylon 5,6 or nylon 7,6. With polymers 
from amino acids and lactams i.e. among nylon 6,7 and 8 it is found that Nylon 7 (227°C)has higher melting 
point than either Nylon 6(215°C) or Nylon 8(180°C). 
These differences are due to the differences in the crystal structure of polymers with odd 
and even methylene groups which develop in oder that oxygen atoms in one molecule are adjacent to amino 
group of a second molecule. 
Hydrogen bond with NH-O distance 2-8 Å are produced and the reason for the high 
strength and the high melting point of polyamide such as Nylon 6, 66 &7.
 The molecular weight: 
• Specific type of Nylon,e.g.66 are frequently available in forms 
differing in molecular weight. The main differences between such 
grades is in melt viscosity, the more viscous grades being more 
suitable for processing by extrusion techniques. 
 N-substitution : 
• Replacement of the hydrogen atom in the –CO-NH- groups as 
̴ CH3 and ̴CH2OCH3 will cause a reduction in the inter chain 
attraction and a consequent decrease in softening point. Rubbery 
products may be obtained from methoxy methyl Nylons. 
 Co-polymerization: 
• Co-polymerization as usual, leads to less crystalline and frequently 
amorphous materials . These materials as might be expected , 
are tough leather like , flexible and when unfilled reasonally 
transparent.
NYLON
Attacked by strong acids ,phenols, cresols at 
elevated temperature 
High temperature resistance 
Low co-efficient of linear thermal expansion 
High water absorption 
Fatigue resistance 
Good drawability 
Creep resistance 
Good appearance 
Good moulding economies
NYLON
NYLON
OTHER NAMES 
Poly(hexamethylene adipamide) 
Poly(N,N-hexamethyleneadipinediamide) 
Maranyl 
Ultramid 
Zytel 
Akromid 
Durethan 
Frianyl 
Vydyne 
Molecular formula - (C12H22N2O2)n 
Density – 1.14 g/mL (zytel) 
Melting point - 542K
PREPARATION OF NYLON 66 
• The Nylon 66 is prepared from Nylon salt 
(prepared by reacting the hexamethylene diamine 
and adipic acid in boiling methanol. The 
comparatively insoluble salt precipitate out from 
methanol.) 
• A 60 % aqueous solution of the salt is then run into 
a stainless steel autoclave together with a trace of 
acetic acid to limit the molecular weight (9000- 
15000). 
• The vessel is sealed and purged with oxygen free 
nitrogen and the temperature raised to 220 degree 
celsius. A pressure of 1-7 MPa is developed. 
• After 1-2 hours the temperature is raised to 270- 
280 °C and steam blend off to maintain the pressure 
1.7 MPa. 
• The pressure is then reduced to atmospheric for 
one hour , after which the polymer is extruded by 
oxygen free nitrogen on to a water cooled casting 
wheel to form a ribbon which is subsequently 
disintegrated.
MANUFACTURING OF NYLON 66 
• The polymerization of nylon 66 is 
carried out in several different 
reactors connected in series . 
• The starting material is an aqueous 
solution of Nylon salt (AH salt) 
containing equivalent quantities of 
hexamethylene diamine and adipic 
acid . 
• The solution with about 60% solid 
content is fed in to the first horizontal 
cylindrical reactor then divided in to 
several components where the water 
is drawn off as vapour and 
precondensate of low molecular 
weight is formed.
• This is pumped in to the second reactor , which 
is a heated tube reactor with a gradually 
increasing diameter. Polycondensation proceeds 
here and vapour forms at falling pressure. 
• The next step is the removal of water in a 
steam seperator followed by feeding the polymer 
melt by means of a screw conveyor in to the last 
reactor,which consists of a heated screw conveyor 
where water vapour is again withdrawn and the 
final poly-condensation equillibrium is attained .
NYLON
BUSSINESS EQUIPMENT 
Bussiness machines 
Vending machines 
Office equipment 
CONSUMER PRODUCTS 
Kitchen utensils 
Toys 
Sporting goods 
Apparel fitments 
Personal accessories 
Photographic equipment 
Musical instruments 
Brush bristles 
Film for cooking 
Fishing line
ELECTRICAL 
Industrial controls 
Wiring and associated devices 
Industrial connectors 
Batteries 
Telephone parts 
Switches 
HARDWARE 
Furniture fittings 
Door and window fittings 
Tools 
Lawn and garden implements 
Boat fittings
MACHINERY 
Agricultural 
Mining and oil drilling 
Food processing 
Printing 
Textile processing 
Engine parts 
Pumps, valves, meters, filters 
Air blowers 
Material handling equipment 
Standard components 
Gears 
Cams 
Sprockets 
Bearings 
Gaskets 
Pulleys 
Brushes
APPLICATIONS OF NYLON 6 & 66
NYLON
NYLON
NYLON
NYLON
NYLON
NYLON
MANUFACTURERS OF PA 6 & PA 66 
Monsanto St.Louis 
Bayers Corpn. Polymers 
BASF 
Dupont India Pvt Ltd 
Sri Ram Fibers(SRF) 
Tipco Industries Ltd 
Vimar International India (P)Ltd 
Dilip Plastics (p)ltd 
Ka Bee Agencies 
Professional plastics industries
Biodegradation 
Flavobacterium sp. [85] and Pseudomonas sp. (NK87) 
degrade oligomers of Nylon 6, but not polymers. Certain white 
rot fungal strains can also degrade Nylon 6 through oxidation. 
Biodegradable Polymers aass DDrruugg CCaarrrriieerr SSyysstteemmss 
◦ Natural Polymers 
 Remain attractive because they are natural products of living 
organism, readily available, relatively inexpensive, etc. 
 Mostly focused on the use of proteins such as gelatin, collagen, and 
albumin
NYLON COMPOSITES 
Nylon can be used as the matrix material in composite materials, 
with reinforcing fibers like glass or carbon fiber; such a composite has a 
higher density than pure nylon. Such thermoplastic composites (25% to 30% glass 
fiber) are frequently used in car components next to the engine, such as intake 
manifolds, where the good heat resistance of such materials makes them feasible 
competitors to metals. 
AEROSPACE APPLICATION 
For aerospace applications requiring specific surface properties, 
composites from UHMWPE, para aramid,carbon, glass, nylon, polyester, and 
most other engineering fibers are used. 
These materials maintain a significant advantage over traditional 
materials, such as those made from polyester or nylon, whose strength-to-weight 
ratios are too low for advanced aerospace applications.
Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Nylon 6 or Nylon 66 Composites 
Cellulose fiber was used to reinforce higher melting temperature engineering 
thermoplastics, such as nylon 6 and nylon 66. 
The continuous extrusion – direct compression molding processing and 
extrusion-injection molding were chosen to make cellulose fiber/nylon 6 or 
66 composites. 
The continuous extrusion-compression molding processing can decrease the 
thermal degradation of cellulose fiber, but fiber doesn’t disperse well with this 
procedure. 
Injection molding gave samples with better fiber dispersion and less void 
content, and thus gave better mechanical properties than compression 
molding. 
Low temperature compounding was used to extrude cellulose fiber/nylon 
composites. 
Plasticizer and a ceramic powder were used to decrease the processing 
temperature. 
Low temperature extrusion gave better mechanical properties than high 
temperature extrusion.
Nylon-6/Agricultural Filler Composites 
According to plastic technology , Nylon-6 filled with 
20 wt% of Curaua fibers were extruded and injection moulded 
without addition of any additives. 
Curaua give rise to modulus, strength and it is lighter than glass 
fiber. 
It has been claimed that Nylon-6 with 20 wt-% of this fiber has 
been used in frame of the sun visor in the car. 
The other fibers which were blended with Nylon-6 are sugarcane 
bagasse . 
It was found that melting point decreases by addition of fibers. 
This is due to the partial miscibility of amorphous region of the 
Bagasse fiber in Nylon-6 and the probability that the Bagasse fiber 
changed the Nylon-6 crystalline size and structure or the presence of 
strong interfacial interaction between fiber and matrix.
The rheological analysis of sugarcane bagasse 
fiber/Nylon-6 composites showed an increase in viscosity with 
an increase in the fiber loading and length. 
In order to obtain composites with better mechanical 
properties several modifications were done
Interphase of nylon 66 composits 
The mechanical properties of glass fiber and carbon fiber 
reinforced nylon 66 were investigated using both microscopic and 
macroscopic testing techniques. 
The objective was to determine how different interphase 
morphologies affect the adhesion and properties such as damping, 
ultimate stress and strain, and modulus of the composite. 
The specific interphase that forms in both glass 
reinforced and high modulus carbon fiber reinforced nylon 66 is 
termed transcrystallinity. 
Additional techniques such as scanning electron 
microscopy, profilometry, thermogravimetric analysis, 
differential scanning calorimetry, and water absorption 
measurements were performed to assist in data interpretation.
CONDUCTIVE NYLON 6 NANOFIBER FOR MEDICAL 
APPLICATION 
Conductive Nano fiber use in make of nerve 
matrix and help us for persuasion nerve with weak electricity flow 
to injured limb. 
Due to the high flexibility and high elongation 
nylon 6 and high strength nylon 6 in front of some chemicals such 
as acid and weak base chosen for the initial substrate and matrix. 
Different ways is for used carbon nanotubes in 
the production of nylon 6 nanofibers . 
In general, the methods employed in the production 
of carbon nanotube nano-fibers, nylon 6 is as follows: 
 Using carbon nano-tubes before spinning 
 Using carbon nano-tubes in spinning 
 Using carbon nano-tubes after spinning
CONTINUOUS FIBER REINFORCED NYLON 
COMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS 
For applications that require a greater measure of 
structural strength, nylons (polyamides) are commonly employed. 
Many of these applications are satisfied with injection 
molded nylon parts. 
Advances in reinforced nylon materials have been 
utilized to build front end bolsters, seat pans, bumper beams, battery 
trays, gears, engine covers, and intake manifolds. 
While development of LFRT (long fiber reinforced 
thermoplastic) nylon technology has yielded improved properties and 
allowed higher load profiles, the development of CFRT (continuous 
fiber reinforced thermoplastic) nylon composites at Polystrand now 
allow us to approach applications previously only possible with either 
metal or thermoset composite construction.
"Nylon Composite Sheets" 
The automotive industry is making increasing use of 
hybrid technology (also known as plastic/metal composite 
technology) for the volume production of highly integrated structural 
parts that can withstand high stresses while still being light in weight. 
Car roof frames are produced in polyamide using this 
technique. 
Nylon composite sheet can easily be formed and draped 
after applying heat. 
Because thermoplastic processing does not trigger a 
chemical reaction, cycles are short and, most importantly, reproducible 
results can be achieved with extremely low scrap rates. 
Compared with metal, the investment needed to create a 
preform is much lower, as only one tool is needed.
HNT in nylon 
5% 
10% 
15% 
30%
Excellent dispersion is observed up to 30% HNT levels. 
DMA results show mechanical property 
improvements and a HDT increase. 
2% HNT exhibits major advantages over 17% GF 
Lower weight 
Substantial improvement in durability in flexural fatigue 
test - no whitening 
Improved impact resistance 
Smooth surface finish
NYLON

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NYLON

  • 4. OTHER NAMES Polycaprolactam Polyamide 6 PA6 Poly-ε-caproamide Perlon Capron Ultramid Akulon Nylatron Kapron Alphalon Tarnamid Akromid Frianyl Schulamid Durethan Molecular formula (C6H11NO)n Density 1.084 g/mL Melting point 493 K NYLON 6
  • 5. PPRREEPPAARRAATTIIOONN OOFF NNYYLLOONN 66 •Nylon 6 is prepared from ϵ-caprolactam in the presence of water (which acts as catalyst) and acetic acid as a molecular weight regulator. The typical combination is charged into the vessel and reacted under a nitrogen blanket at 250°C for about 12 hours .
  • 6. MMAANNUUFFAACCTTUURRIINNGG OOFF NNYYLLOONN 66 • The schematic diagrams of the continuous polymerization of ϵ- caprolactam to produce Nylon 6 is illustrated on the side. • The so called VK tube is used in the polyamide process. • Reactive end groups are formed by hydrolysing the caprolactam to ϵ amino caproic acid . • A lactam melt with a relatively high water content (15%) is fed to the top of the VK tube equipped with a stirrer and heating coil. • The water vapourises at the top , when viscosity is still low , to give a residue of the desired composition. • In the lower part of the tube , the equilibrium degree of polymerization is reached with an increasing viscosity of the melt. • The polymer is drawn off at the bottom and granulated. • Its equilibrium content of caprolactam and oligomers is about 10% at a final temperature of 270 °C.. • The monomer and oligomers are extracted from the chips with hot water, and the polymer is subsequently dried with hot gas in a ventricle cylinder hot dryer. • Intensive drying can produce a further reaction in the solid state and according to the polycondensation equilibrium a higher degree of polymerization reached .
  • 7. RREELLAATTIIOONNSS OOFF SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE AANNDD PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS • In polyamides such as Nylon 4,6 , 6,6 , 6,10 and 11 contain polar –CONH- groups spaced out at regular intervals so that the polymer crystallize with a high intermolecular attraction . These polymer chains also have aliphatic chain segments which give a measure of flexibility in the amorphous region. • The combination of high inter chain attraction in crystalline zone and flexibility in the amorphous zone leads to polymer which are tough above their apparent glass transition temperature. • The high intermolecular attraction leads to polymers of high melting point. However above the melting point the melt viscosity is low because the polymer flexibility at such high temperatures , which are usually more than 200°C above the Tg and the relatively low molecular weight. • Because of high cohesive energy density and their crystalline state the polymers are soluble only in a few liquids of similar high solubility parameter which are capable of specific interaction with the polymers. • The electrical insulation properties are quit good at room temperature in dry conditions and at low frequencies . Because of the polar structure they are not good insulators for high frequency work and since they absorb water they are also generally unsuitable under humid conditions.
  • 8. SSTTRRUUCCTTUURRAALL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS AAFFFFEECCTTIINNGG TTHHEE PPRROOPPEERRTTIIEESS  The distance between the repeating –CONH- group : As a rule higher the amide group concentration i.e. the shorter the distance between –CONH- group , the higher the: • Density • Forces required to mechanically separate the polymer molecules and hence the higher the tensile strength, rigidity, hardness and resistance to creep. • The Tm and heat deflection temperature • Resistance to hydrocarbon • Water absorption Nylon 11, has twice the distance between amide group of that in Nylon 6, and subsequently is intermediate in properties between Nylon 6 and polyethylene.  The number of methylene groups in the intermediates: Even number of methylene groups have higher melting points than similar polymers with odd number of methylene groups . Nylon 6,6 has a higher melting point than either nylon 5,6 or nylon 7,6. With polymers from amino acids and lactams i.e. among nylon 6,7 and 8 it is found that Nylon 7 (227°C)has higher melting point than either Nylon 6(215°C) or Nylon 8(180°C). These differences are due to the differences in the crystal structure of polymers with odd and even methylene groups which develop in oder that oxygen atoms in one molecule are adjacent to amino group of a second molecule. Hydrogen bond with NH-O distance 2-8 Å are produced and the reason for the high strength and the high melting point of polyamide such as Nylon 6, 66 &7.
  • 9.  The molecular weight: • Specific type of Nylon,e.g.66 are frequently available in forms differing in molecular weight. The main differences between such grades is in melt viscosity, the more viscous grades being more suitable for processing by extrusion techniques.  N-substitution : • Replacement of the hydrogen atom in the –CO-NH- groups as ̴ CH3 and ̴CH2OCH3 will cause a reduction in the inter chain attraction and a consequent decrease in softening point. Rubbery products may be obtained from methoxy methyl Nylons.  Co-polymerization: • Co-polymerization as usual, leads to less crystalline and frequently amorphous materials . These materials as might be expected , are tough leather like , flexible and when unfilled reasonally transparent.
  • 11. Attacked by strong acids ,phenols, cresols at elevated temperature High temperature resistance Low co-efficient of linear thermal expansion High water absorption Fatigue resistance Good drawability Creep resistance Good appearance Good moulding economies
  • 14. OTHER NAMES Poly(hexamethylene adipamide) Poly(N,N-hexamethyleneadipinediamide) Maranyl Ultramid Zytel Akromid Durethan Frianyl Vydyne Molecular formula - (C12H22N2O2)n Density – 1.14 g/mL (zytel) Melting point - 542K
  • 15. PREPARATION OF NYLON 66 • The Nylon 66 is prepared from Nylon salt (prepared by reacting the hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid in boiling methanol. The comparatively insoluble salt precipitate out from methanol.) • A 60 % aqueous solution of the salt is then run into a stainless steel autoclave together with a trace of acetic acid to limit the molecular weight (9000- 15000). • The vessel is sealed and purged with oxygen free nitrogen and the temperature raised to 220 degree celsius. A pressure of 1-7 MPa is developed. • After 1-2 hours the temperature is raised to 270- 280 °C and steam blend off to maintain the pressure 1.7 MPa. • The pressure is then reduced to atmospheric for one hour , after which the polymer is extruded by oxygen free nitrogen on to a water cooled casting wheel to form a ribbon which is subsequently disintegrated.
  • 16. MANUFACTURING OF NYLON 66 • The polymerization of nylon 66 is carried out in several different reactors connected in series . • The starting material is an aqueous solution of Nylon salt (AH salt) containing equivalent quantities of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid . • The solution with about 60% solid content is fed in to the first horizontal cylindrical reactor then divided in to several components where the water is drawn off as vapour and precondensate of low molecular weight is formed.
  • 17. • This is pumped in to the second reactor , which is a heated tube reactor with a gradually increasing diameter. Polycondensation proceeds here and vapour forms at falling pressure. • The next step is the removal of water in a steam seperator followed by feeding the polymer melt by means of a screw conveyor in to the last reactor,which consists of a heated screw conveyor where water vapour is again withdrawn and the final poly-condensation equillibrium is attained .
  • 19. BUSSINESS EQUIPMENT Bussiness machines Vending machines Office equipment CONSUMER PRODUCTS Kitchen utensils Toys Sporting goods Apparel fitments Personal accessories Photographic equipment Musical instruments Brush bristles Film for cooking Fishing line
  • 20. ELECTRICAL Industrial controls Wiring and associated devices Industrial connectors Batteries Telephone parts Switches HARDWARE Furniture fittings Door and window fittings Tools Lawn and garden implements Boat fittings
  • 21. MACHINERY Agricultural Mining and oil drilling Food processing Printing Textile processing Engine parts Pumps, valves, meters, filters Air blowers Material handling equipment Standard components Gears Cams Sprockets Bearings Gaskets Pulleys Brushes
  • 29. MANUFACTURERS OF PA 6 & PA 66 Monsanto St.Louis Bayers Corpn. Polymers BASF Dupont India Pvt Ltd Sri Ram Fibers(SRF) Tipco Industries Ltd Vimar International India (P)Ltd Dilip Plastics (p)ltd Ka Bee Agencies Professional plastics industries
  • 30. Biodegradation Flavobacterium sp. [85] and Pseudomonas sp. (NK87) degrade oligomers of Nylon 6, but not polymers. Certain white rot fungal strains can also degrade Nylon 6 through oxidation. Biodegradable Polymers aass DDrruugg CCaarrrriieerr SSyysstteemmss ◦ Natural Polymers  Remain attractive because they are natural products of living organism, readily available, relatively inexpensive, etc.  Mostly focused on the use of proteins such as gelatin, collagen, and albumin
  • 31. NYLON COMPOSITES Nylon can be used as the matrix material in composite materials, with reinforcing fibers like glass or carbon fiber; such a composite has a higher density than pure nylon. Such thermoplastic composites (25% to 30% glass fiber) are frequently used in car components next to the engine, such as intake manifolds, where the good heat resistance of such materials makes them feasible competitors to metals. AEROSPACE APPLICATION For aerospace applications requiring specific surface properties, composites from UHMWPE, para aramid,carbon, glass, nylon, polyester, and most other engineering fibers are used. These materials maintain a significant advantage over traditional materials, such as those made from polyester or nylon, whose strength-to-weight ratios are too low for advanced aerospace applications.
  • 32. Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Nylon 6 or Nylon 66 Composites Cellulose fiber was used to reinforce higher melting temperature engineering thermoplastics, such as nylon 6 and nylon 66. The continuous extrusion – direct compression molding processing and extrusion-injection molding were chosen to make cellulose fiber/nylon 6 or 66 composites. The continuous extrusion-compression molding processing can decrease the thermal degradation of cellulose fiber, but fiber doesn’t disperse well with this procedure. Injection molding gave samples with better fiber dispersion and less void content, and thus gave better mechanical properties than compression molding. Low temperature compounding was used to extrude cellulose fiber/nylon composites. Plasticizer and a ceramic powder were used to decrease the processing temperature. Low temperature extrusion gave better mechanical properties than high temperature extrusion.
  • 33. Nylon-6/Agricultural Filler Composites According to plastic technology , Nylon-6 filled with 20 wt% of Curaua fibers were extruded and injection moulded without addition of any additives. Curaua give rise to modulus, strength and it is lighter than glass fiber. It has been claimed that Nylon-6 with 20 wt-% of this fiber has been used in frame of the sun visor in the car. The other fibers which were blended with Nylon-6 are sugarcane bagasse . It was found that melting point decreases by addition of fibers. This is due to the partial miscibility of amorphous region of the Bagasse fiber in Nylon-6 and the probability that the Bagasse fiber changed the Nylon-6 crystalline size and structure or the presence of strong interfacial interaction between fiber and matrix.
  • 34. The rheological analysis of sugarcane bagasse fiber/Nylon-6 composites showed an increase in viscosity with an increase in the fiber loading and length. In order to obtain composites with better mechanical properties several modifications were done
  • 35. Interphase of nylon 66 composits The mechanical properties of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced nylon 66 were investigated using both microscopic and macroscopic testing techniques. The objective was to determine how different interphase morphologies affect the adhesion and properties such as damping, ultimate stress and strain, and modulus of the composite. The specific interphase that forms in both glass reinforced and high modulus carbon fiber reinforced nylon 66 is termed transcrystallinity. Additional techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and water absorption measurements were performed to assist in data interpretation.
  • 36. CONDUCTIVE NYLON 6 NANOFIBER FOR MEDICAL APPLICATION Conductive Nano fiber use in make of nerve matrix and help us for persuasion nerve with weak electricity flow to injured limb. Due to the high flexibility and high elongation nylon 6 and high strength nylon 6 in front of some chemicals such as acid and weak base chosen for the initial substrate and matrix. Different ways is for used carbon nanotubes in the production of nylon 6 nanofibers . In general, the methods employed in the production of carbon nanotube nano-fibers, nylon 6 is as follows:  Using carbon nano-tubes before spinning  Using carbon nano-tubes in spinning  Using carbon nano-tubes after spinning
  • 37. CONTINUOUS FIBER REINFORCED NYLON COMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS For applications that require a greater measure of structural strength, nylons (polyamides) are commonly employed. Many of these applications are satisfied with injection molded nylon parts. Advances in reinforced nylon materials have been utilized to build front end bolsters, seat pans, bumper beams, battery trays, gears, engine covers, and intake manifolds. While development of LFRT (long fiber reinforced thermoplastic) nylon technology has yielded improved properties and allowed higher load profiles, the development of CFRT (continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic) nylon composites at Polystrand now allow us to approach applications previously only possible with either metal or thermoset composite construction.
  • 38. "Nylon Composite Sheets" The automotive industry is making increasing use of hybrid technology (also known as plastic/metal composite technology) for the volume production of highly integrated structural parts that can withstand high stresses while still being light in weight. Car roof frames are produced in polyamide using this technique. Nylon composite sheet can easily be formed and draped after applying heat. Because thermoplastic processing does not trigger a chemical reaction, cycles are short and, most importantly, reproducible results can be achieved with extremely low scrap rates. Compared with metal, the investment needed to create a preform is much lower, as only one tool is needed.
  • 39. HNT in nylon 5% 10% 15% 30%
  • 40. Excellent dispersion is observed up to 30% HNT levels. DMA results show mechanical property improvements and a HDT increase. 2% HNT exhibits major advantages over 17% GF Lower weight Substantial improvement in durability in flexural fatigue test - no whitening Improved impact resistance Smooth surface finish