-- Graduation Project 2017
-- Faculty of engineering university , Electrical Engineering Department , Power & Machines Section
-- Our project is Electric car
-- This link of our book :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1-PUweW3orNc2R6YWFWSzRJeDQ/view?usp=sharing
-- This presentation contain
1- Introduction
History Of Electric Car
Difference Between Engine and Electric Car
Why Electric Car and Why not?
Types Of Electric Car
How It Works?
2. Main Components Of Electric Car
Motor
Controller
Batteries
Transmission
Braking
Steering
2. Presented by :
2
Aya Mohamed Ali Mohamed
Ahmed Khaled Hussin Mohamed
Ahmed Abd-Elazeem El-sayed
Ahmed Essam Ibrahim
Rogeh Wageh Essa
Karim Ragab El-sayed Mohamed
Kirollos Magdy khela
Lina Mohamed Mohamed Abdelsalam
Mayada Aladdin Mohamed
Hager Reda Mohamed Nabeh
3. Objective
3
•Spreading the field of electric cars.
•Expanding knowledge of it.
•Trend to renewable energy.
•Reducing the use of non-renewable
energy and environmental impact of it.
4. Outline
1. Introduction
• History Of Electric Car
• Difference Between Engine and Electric Car
• Why Electric Car and Why not?
• Types Of Electric Car
• How It Works?
4
5. Outline
2. Main Components Of Electric Car
• Motor
• Controller
• Batteries
• Transmission
• Braking
• Steering
3. Electric Go Kart Prototype
5
6. Outline
1. Introduction
• History Of Electric Car
• Difference Between Engine and Electric Car
• Why Electric Car and Why not?
• Types Of Electric Car
• How It Works?
6
16. 16
Why Electric Car & Why Not?Introduction
• No Gas Required
• Savings
• No Emissions
• Safe to Drive
• Low Maintenance
• Reduced Noise Pollution
• Recharge Points
• Short Driving Range and Speed
• Battery Replacement
23. 23
Difference between Ac and
Dc motors
Components
• A.C. motors are powered from alternating current
(A.C.) while D.C. motors are powered from direct
current (D.C.), such as batteries, D.C. power
supplies or an AC-to-DC power converter.
24. 24
Difference between Ac and
Dc motors
Components
• D.C wound field motors are constructed with
brushes and a commutator, which add to the
maintenance, limit the speed and usually reduce
the life expectancy of brushed D.C. motors. A.C.
induction motors do not use brushes.
25. 25
Difference between Ac and
Dc motors
Components
• The speed of a D.C. motor is controlled by varying the
armature winding’s current while the speed of an A.C.
motor is controlled by varying the frequency, which is
commonly done with an adjustable frequency drive
control.
27. 27
Dc motorComponents
Advantages 1- Speed control over a wide range both above
and below the rated speed.
2- High starting torque .
3- Quick starting, stopping, reversing and
acceleration.
4- Free from harmonics.
Disadvantages 1- High initial cost.
2- Increased operation and maintenance cost.
3- Cannot operate in explosive and hazard
conditions due to sparking occur at brush.
28. 28
Ac motorComponents
Advantages 1- produces less heat, friction and are lighter
and more efficient .
2- The simple design of the AC motor results in
extremely reliable, low maintenance operation.
3- Low Cost due to the simple design of the
motor.
Disadvantages 1- Inability to operate at low speeds
2- produce eddy currents due to the production
of a back emf.
29. 29
Go Kart
• In our project we decided to use a dc motor
in order to avoid using an inverter to power
the motor and to directly use dc voltage
source and to obtain high starting torque
and to have the ability to control the speed
and also to reverse its direction by reversing
armature current.
31. 31
Theory of WorkComponents
• Electric motors run by electromagnetism.
• The interaction of two magnetic fields
happens.
• These two fields result in a torque which
tends to rotate the rotor.
38. 38
Types of Brushed DC MotorComponents
• Series Wound DC Motor.
The entire armature current
flows through the field
winding as its connected in
series to the armature
winding.
41. 41
Types of Brushed DC MotorComponents
• Compound Wound DC Motor.
Excitation can be obtained by
combining the operational
characteristic of both the shunt
and series excited dc motor .
It contains the field winding
connected both in series and in
parallel to the armature winding.
42. 42
Components
• The compound wound DC motor can
further be subdivided into 2 major types
on the basis of its field winding
connection with respect to the armature
winding, and they are:
43. 43
Components
• Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor:
Shunt field winding is connected in parallel
across the series combination of both the
armature and series field coil.
44. 44
Components
• Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Motor:
The shunt field winding is connected in parallel
across the armature winding only. And series
field coil is exposed to the entire supply current,
before being split up into armature and shunt
field current
46. 46
Components
• Cumulative Compounding of DC Motor:
Shunt field flux produced by the shunt
winding assists or enhances the effect of
main field flux, produced by the series
winding.
47. 47
Components
• Differential Compounding of DC Motor:
-The flux due to the shunt field winding
diminishes the effect of the main series
winding.
-The net flux produced in this case is lesser
than the original flux and hence does not find
much of a practical application.
48. Type speed control starting torque running torque
Shunt dc constant , medium ( 125 to 200 % of FLT)
Motor adjustable
Series dc varying very heavy ( 300 to 350 % of FLT)
Motor (0 to max )
Compound constant heavy (130 to 260 % of FLT)
Dc motor
51. 53
Types of Brushless DC MotorsComponents
• Inner Rotor Design
The rotor is located in the
center of the motor and the
stator winding surround the
rotor.
• Outer Rotor Design
The rotor surrounds the
winding which is located in
the core of the motor.
52. 54
Motor SelectionComponents
Rolling resistance force
Frr=Crrmg
Aerodynamic drag
Fd= .5ρACdv^2
Hill climbing force
Fd= mgsin(ψ)
Acceleration force
Fa= ma
Total tractive effort
Fte= Frr+ Fd+ Fg + Fa
53. 55
Motor SelectionComponents
To calculate the total torque and power of the motor
Total tractive effort
Fte= Frr+ Fd+ Fg + Fa
Traction Torque
T = Fte × r x Rf
Traction Speed r/s
W =
𝑉
𝑟
Calculating power
Power (KW) = (Torque (Nm) x Speed)
55. 57
Prototype CalculationsGo Kart
• RR=120x0.012x9.81=14.1264N
• GR is neglecting for low cost
• FA=120*8/5 =192N
• a = (final velocity−initial
velocity)/(time)
56. 58
Prototype CalculationsGo Kart
• TTE=14.1264+192=206.1264N
• T (torque) = .67x.19x206.1264 =27N.m
• Rpm = 8/(0.10472x.19)=400
• W=42 r/s
• P=27x42=1.131 kw =1.5 HP
57. 59
Our MotorGo Kart
• We choose motor 1.2 kW ,
rated current 100 A and 3000
rpm and we made gear box
to reduce the rpm from 3000
to 400.
58. 60
Go Kart
Choosing The Wire Of The Motor
** Voltage = 24 v
Max current=100A
Length =
Cable size =
60. Main Components Of Electric Car
Controller
62
• Controller and driver
• Speed Control
• Chopper
• Buck
• H-Bridge
• Closed loop Control
61. 63
Controller and Driver Function
Controller is the logic that decides upon and
specifies the driver's output.
Driver is responsible for supplying the actual
output power to the device.
Components
Components
67. 69
Methods of Varying Supply
Voltage
• Buck (Step Down Converter)
Components
Components
Components
Components
Inductor and Capacitor
store energy to keep output
voltage constant
MOSFET ONMOSFETOFF
68. 70
Methods of Varying Supply
Voltage
• Buck (Step Down Converter)
Matlab Simulation
Components
Components
70. 72
Direction Control of DC Motor
Components
Components
1. Relays
Once the coil is energized,
contacts change its normal
state and voltage is
reversed across the motor
71. 73
Direction Control of DC Motor
Components
Components
2. H-Bridge (Four quadrant Chopper)
Components
4 MOSFETs
4 Flywheel DiodesQ1 & Q4 ONQ2 & Q3 ONQ1 & Q2 ON
Shoot-through
81. 83
Closed Loop DC Motor Speed
Control
Components
Components
Matlab Model
• Circuit Diagram
82. 84
Closed Loop DC Motor Speed
Control
Components
Components
Matlab Model
• DC Motor Subsystem
Components
83. 85
Closed Loop DC Motor Speed
Control
Components
Components
Matlab Model
• Speed and Current Graphs
T = 0.5 n.m
Components
84. 86
Closed Loop DC Motor Speed
Control
Components
Matlab Model
• Speed and Current Graphs
T = 3.6 n.m
85. 87
Closed Loop DC Motor Speed
Control
Components
Current Feedback
Components
• Current feed back is
used to Control Motor
Current Besides
Speed Control
86. 88
Closed Loop DC Motor Speed
Control
Components
PID Control
ComponentsComponents
• Adjust Kp to control
rising and settling
time
• Adjust Ki to eliminate
steady state error
88. Main Components Of Electric Car
Batteries (rechargeable
batteries)
90
• Its Function In Electric
Car.
• Battery Construction.
• Battery Specifications .
• Different Types Of
Batteries For Electric Car.
89. 91
Function In Electric CarComponents
The heart of an electric car is its
battery. Unlike the batteries in most
cars, which primarily serve to start the
engine and run accessories like
the radio or air conditioner, the battery
in an electric car runs everything. Most
importantly, it runs the electric motor or
it runs a controller which in turn runs
the electric motor ,So it needs to be
powerful and long lasting enough to
take drivers where they need to go with
a minimum of recharging.
92. 95
Components Different Types Of Batteries
For Electric Car
Lead acid Lithium–ion
Cost Inexpensive Expensive
Self discharge 5% per month 1–2% per month
Cycle life Lower Long cycle life
Weight Higher Light weight
Pack Available in pack Form Available only in cell form
(3.7 v)
Electrolyte Can be liquid or solid No liquid electrolyte
100. 104
Types of ChargingComponents
2. Wireless Charging
Main concept
• Wireless power is transferred via electromagnetic
waves.
• Electromagnetic wave is mainly divided into electric
and magnetic waves.
103. 107
WPT Techniques (IPT)Components
• Depends on the magnetic coupling
between 2 coils.
Field can be guided within safety limits.
Non R-WPT
• Used in the short range transfer (< 10 cm).
• Ex: Cordless tooth brush and charging pads.
R-WPT
• Coils are operating with their resonant frequency.
• Transfer range is extended to few meters.
104. 108
WPT Techniques (CPT)Components
• Depends on the capacitive coupling
between two electrodes.
• Limited to low-power applications; as
high voltage on electrodes can be
hazardous.
• It is simpler in design and lower in cost
than IPT systems.
• It can be used in wireless battery
charger and transferring power
between substrate layers in integrated
circuits.
105. 109
WPT Techniques (EM-WPT)Components
• It is based on the electromagnetic field
radiation in the far field region.
• It can transmit high power for long distances.
• It requires a clear line of sight to transfer
power, also there is NO safety through this
line.
Microwaves radiation:
It uses high energy microwave source to transfer
power from the transmitting antenna to the
receiving antenna.
Laser radiation:
It uses high intensity laser beam to transfer
power from laser source to photovoltaic cells.
107. 111
How to stop Charging process?Components
• Timer
• Temperature cut off
• Temperature change rate
• Minimum current
• Voltage limit
• Voltage change rate
123. Main Components Of Electric Car
Braking System
127
• Introduction.
• Basic structure.
• Types of braking
systems
124. 128
IntroductionComponents
Braking depends mainly on friction to convert
kinetic energy to heat energy and stop the
vehicle .
• Main components of any braking system
a) Moving part around its axis
b) Fixed part mounted to the vehicle body
135. 139
Why do we use disc brakes
in front and drum brakes in
rear?
Components
Disk brakes have a higher overall capacity, and drum
brakes are cheaper and take less hydraulic force to
activate. When you stop your car most of the braking
is done by the front brakes because of weight transfer
140. 144
Braking by wireComponents
• It is able to react more quickly
• It is totally silent and don’t have
vibration through the pedal due to
absence of mechanical parts
• It takes up less space than
mechanical parts
• It is less damaging to environment
142. Main Components Of Electric Car
Steering system
146
• Introduction
• Types of steering
143. 147
IntroductionComponents
The steering system converts the rotation of the
steering wheel into a swiveling movement of the
road wheels in such a way that the steering-wheel
rim turns a long way to move the road wheels a
short way.
144. 148
Types of steeringComponents
1. Rack-and-pinion steering is the most
common type of steering on cars, small
trucks and SUVs.
2. Recirculating ball steering is the most
commonly used steering system in heavy
vehicles, trucks and the larger/heavier
SUVs.
148. 152
The rack-and-pinion systemComponents
• At the base of the steering column there is a
small pinion (gear wheel) inside a housing. Its
teeth mesh with a straight row of teeth on a rack
- a long transverse bar.
• Turning the pinion makes the rack move from
side to side. The ends of the rack are coupled to
the road wheels by track rods.
164. 168
General FeaturesGo Kart
8. Dimensions 150*90 cm
9.Automatic clutch
10.Weight about 70 kg
11.Can withstand a person weight till 70 kg
12.Secured with a key to open the system
13.Can reach speed of 20 km/hr at the rated weight