Deschutes Land Trust Nature Night: Oregon's Dragonflies and Damselflies by Celeste Searles Mazzacano
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With evocative common names such as leaftail, jewelwing, and sprite, and more threatening nicknames like “Devil’s darning needle” and “horse stinger”, dragonflies and damselflies have long captured the human imagination. However, there is still much to be learned at the scientific level about these colorful, fierce, and fascinating insects. Join entomologist Celeste Searles Mazzacano for an exploration of dragonfly and damselfly ecology, life history, and conservation, with a focus on the species that inhabit Oregon’s rivers and wetlands. Discover the important roles they play in aquatic food chains, the threats they face, and their intriguing behaviors, such as the large annual migrations. Videos played in the presentation: Dragonfly metamorphosis video from David Attenborough: http://www.spike.com/video-clips/1zq3or/life-in-the-undergrowth-dragonfly Dragonfly larvae hunting video from Nature Up Close: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-k-iG9d1go
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Deschutes Land Trust Nature Night: Oregon's Dragonflies and Damselflies by Celeste Searles Mazzacano
- 1. Celeste A. S. Mazzacano, Ph.D. Aquatic Conservation Director , Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Project Coordinator, Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Deschutes Land Trust Nature Night, 25 February 2015 An Obsession with Odonata Oregon’s dragonflies and damselflies
- 2. The Xerces Society is an international nonprofit organization that protects wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat 628 NE Broadway, Suite 200 Portland, OR 97232 (503) 232-6639 www.xerces.org Canola field, Saskatchewan; Celeste Mazzacano
- 3. The Basics: Anisoptera vs. Zygoptera Large body, wider abdomen Eyes touch or nearly so Unequally-sized wings Wings held out horizontal when perched Smaller body, slender abdomen Eyes separated Equal-sized wings, stalked at the base Wings folded above or along body when perched Sooty Dancer, Celeste MazzacanoWestern Pondhawk, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 4. Anisoptera vs. Zygoptera Gill structures used for both respiration & movement ‒ jet-propelled dragonfly nymphs ‒ minnow-like damselfly nymphs Pond damselflies, Alexa Carleton Darner, C.A.S. Mazzacano Darner, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 5. Development Incomplete: adult emerges from final nymphal instar egg nymph emergenceadult
- 6. Emergence
- 7. Emergence
- 8. Maturation Color development continues with age Vivid Dancer immature male, Ron Hemberger Vivid Dancer mature male, Ron Hemberger Male and female may look very different Blue Dasher female, C.A.S. Mazzacano Blue Dasher male, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 9. Reproduction Males patrol water to guard territory, find mates Females avoid water until ready to mate and lay eggs American Emeralds, C.A.S. Mazzacano Northern/Boreal Bluets., C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 10. Reproduction Male secondary genitalia form bump or hook on underside of A2 Female may have spike-like ovipositor or genital plate Sympetrum madidum (Red-veined Meadowhawk) male, C.A.S. Mazzacano Sympetrum vicinum (Autumn Meadowhawk) female, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 11. Reproduction Eggs inserted into vegetation or sediment, dropped onto water Some species lay eggs in seasonal wetlands that will flood later Double-striped Bluets (Enallagma basidens), C.A.S. Mazzacano Spotted Spreadwing (Lestes congener), C.A.S. Mazzacano Orthemis skimmers, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 12. Ecology 5740 spp. worldwide 457 spp. in N. America 91 spp. in Oregon Eight-spotted Skimmer, C.A.S. Mazzacano Striped Meadowhawk, C.A.S. Mazzacano Pacific Forktail, C.A.S. Mazzacano FlameSkimmer, C.A.S. Mazzacano Sooty Dancer, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 13. Ecology Dragonfly nymph eating backswimmer, NatureUpClose Link between terrestrial & aquatic food webs Obligate predators Nymphs can be top predators in fishless wetlands Variable Darner eating Pale Snaketail, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 14. Ecology
- 15. Ecology Larry Rea Nutritious food resource
- 16. Ecology Common Bluetail, Hank Wallays, EOL, http://eol.org/data_objects/13446413 Part of a suite of natural enemies that help control mosquitos Predaceous diving beetle, C.A.S. MazzacanoPredaceous diving beetle, C.A.S. MazzacanoSpreadwing, C.A.S. Mazzacano Darner, C.A.S. Mazzacano OregonSpotted Frog, C.A.S. Mazzacano salamander, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 17. Ecology Dawson Creek Ponds, Hilsboro, OR; Celeste Mazzacano Biotope characterization ‒ different habitat types have characteristic species assemblages Annie Creek, Crater Lake, OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano Deschutes River, Bend, OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 18. Ecology Crystal Springs Creek, Westmoreland Park, Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano Bioindicators ‒ changes in species & abundance Crystal Springs Creek, Westmoreland Park, Portland OR; M. Lloyd/The Oregonian
- 19. Ecology Heavy metal detection: mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Studies/air_toxics/dragonfly/index.cfm
- 20. Ecology Models to study effects of climate change
- 21. Ecology Using research, citizen science, and education and outreach to better understand dragonfly migration in North America
- 22. C. A. S. Mazzacano Ecology MDP goals: Engage volunteers to report on migratory species & migration flights Promote conservation & restoration of wetlands Focus attention on at-risk species C. A. S. MazzacanoJohn Abbott
- 23. Ecology Wandering Glider (Pantala flavescens), Dennis Paulson Variegated Meadowhawk (Sympetrum corruptum), Celeste Mazzacano Common Green Darner (Anax junius); John Abbott Black Saddlebags (Tramea lacerata), John Abbott Spot-winged Glider (Pantala hymenaea) Dennis Paulson Regular annual migrants
- 24. Ecology Make regular visits to a wetland, pond, swamp, marsh, fen, lake, bog, reservoir, wet meadow, etc. Note presence and absence of migratory species, their abundance and behaviors Alexa Carleton C. A. S. Mazzacano Pond Watch
- 25. Freshwater Mussels Crayfishes Stoneflies Freshwater Fishes Amphibians FloweringPlants Gymnosperms Ferns/Fern Allies Tiger Beetles Butterflies/Skippers Reptiles Dragonflies/Damselflies Mammals Birds 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Presumed/PossiblyExtinct (GX/GH) CriticallyImperiled (G1) Imperiled (G2) Vulnerable(G3) Percent of Species 14% 16% 18% 18% 19% 19% 22% 24% 33% 36% 37% 43% 51% 69% Precious Heritage (2000), TNC, NatureServe Conservation
- 26. Conservation Red-tailed Pennant, C.A.S. Mazzacano Habitat loss & degradation Sedimentation Hydrologic alterations Unregulated grazing Eutrophication Heavy metals Pesticides Introduced species Global climate change Habitat fragmentation
- 27. Conservation Challenges: Insects not “charismatic” Less appreciation of roles in freshwater ecosystems Little public awareness C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 28. Conservation Protect, conserve, and restore aquatic and upland habitats Red-veined Meadowhawk; C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 29. Habitat Needs Ag pond, Sauvie Island OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano Many wetland-dependent odonates use restored or artificial habitat Know habitat needs to avoid reproductive “sink”
- 30. Habitat Needs Twelve-spotted Skimmer, C.A.S. Mazzacano Basic needs: Water Food Vegetation Oviposition substrate
- 31. Habitat Needs Mitchell Lake, San Antonio TX; C.A.S. Mazzacano Water Duration Depth Abundance Quality Disturbance
- 32. Habitat Needs Restored wetland, Corvallis OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano Food Consider aquatic & terrestrial stages Effects of chemical use on prey base
- 33. Habitat Needs Vegetation Diversity Structural complexity Submerged, emergent, floating, marginal, upland Dashers, Veracruz Mexico; C.A.S. Mazzacano Deweys Mill Pond, Quechee VT; C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 34. Habitat Needs Sooty Dancers; C.A.S. Mazzacano Oviposition Floating plants, emergent stems, rotting logs
- 35. Habitat Needs Provide quality habitat in disappearing landscape Connectivity between sites Sustain diverse, abundant communities C.A.S.Mazzacano
- 36. Habitat Needs Red-veined Meadowhawk, C.A.S. Mazzacano Red Saddlebags, C.A.S. Mazzacano Tule Bluet, C.A.S. Mazzacano Chalk-fronted Corporal, C.A.S. Mazzacano Odonate benefits Food for aquatic and upland wildlife Help suppress mosquitoes Potential tool in biomonitoring Wildlife-watching & aesthetic benefits
- 37. Odonates of Oregon 91 species in Oregon; 59 species in Deschutes Co.
- 38. Odonates of Oregon Darners Devil’s darning needle; snake doctor; horse stinger Green (Anax), Neotropical (Rhionaeschna), Mosaic (Aeshna) Large size Blue, green, brown Anax junius (Common Green Darner), C.A.S. Mazzacano Rhionaeschna multicolor (Blue-eyed Darner), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 39. Odonates of Oregon Darners Constant flight; perch hanging up in vegetation Nymphs have long cylindrical bodies Aeshna interrupta (Variable Darner), C.A.S. Mazzacano Darner nyph, C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 40. Odonates of Oregon Clubtails Eyes separated Tip of abdomen flared or expanded Yellow, green, brown, black Ophiogomphus severus (Pale Snaketail); C.A.S. MazzacanoCV Aeshna interrupta (Variable Darner) eating Ophiogomphus severus (Pale Snaketail); C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 41. Odonates of Oregon Clubtails Low sunny perches on rocks, vegetation, ground near water Nymphs burrow in substrate Gomphid exuvia, C.A.S. Mazzacano Ophiogomphus severus, Hugo Cobos
- 42. Odonates of Oregon Emeralds Dark hairy bodies; metallic green eyes & markings Male abdomen spindle-shaped Perch vertically or at an angle Nymphs squat, hairy, spindle- shaped Cordulia shurtleffi (American Emerald) , C.A.S. Mazzacano Somatochlora albicincta (Ringed Emerald), Wikimedia Commons, D. Sikes
- 43. Odonates of Oregon Baskettails Dark hairy bodies Brown & yellow Examine terminal appendages & top of head to ID Epitheca canis (Beaverpond Baskettail), C.A.S. Mazzacano Epitheca spinigera(Beaverpond Baskettail), C.A.S. Mazzacano Examine terminal appendages & top of head to ID
- 44. Odonates of Oregon Petaltails Ancient family (150 mya) 11 spp. in world; US has 1 west, 1 east Epitheca canis (Beaverpond Baskettail), C.A.S. Mazzacano Large body, small dull eyes, very long narrow stigmas Perch horizontally; easy to approach! Tanypteryx hageni (Black Petaltail)), C.A.S. Mazzacano Tanypteryx hageni (Black Petaltail)), Alex Tinker
- 45. Odonates of Oregon Skimmers Diverse, common, widespread Ladona julia (Chalk-fronted Corporal), C.A.S. Mazzacano Erythemis collocata (Western Pondhawk), C.A.S. Mazzacano Pachydiplax longipennis (Blue Dasher), C.A.S. Mazzacano Libellula forensis (Eight-spotted Skimmer), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 46. Odonates of Oregon Skimmers Bright colors & patterns Libellula quadrimaculata (Four-spotted Skimmer), C.A.S. Mazzacano Tramea lacerata (Black Saddlebags), C.A.S. Mazzacano Sympetrum semicinctum (Band-winged Meadowhawk), C.A.S. Mazzacano Plathemis lydia (Common Whitetail), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 47. Odonates of Oregon Skimmers Mostly perchers Nymphs sprawlers, clingers Libellula saturata (Flame Skimmer), C.A.S. Mazzacano Sympetrum danae (Black Meadowhawk), C.A.S. Mazzacano Leucorrhinia intacta (Dot-tailed Whiteface), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 48. Odonates of Oregon Broad-winged Damselflies Broad, colored wings Metallic body Calopteryx aequabilis (River Jewelwing), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 49. Odonates of Oregon Spreadwings Large body Wings held open, angled Metallic, often pruinose Lestes congener (Spotted Spreadwing), C.A.S. Mazzacano Lestes disjunctus (NorthernSpreadwing), C.A.S. Mazzacano Lestes dryas (Emerald Spreadwing), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 50. Odonates of Oregon Spreadwings Long spiny legs Long wing stigma Minnow-like nymphs Archilestes californicus (California Spreadwing), C.A.S. Mazzacano Archilestes grandis (GreatSpreadwing), GLERL/Sea Grant
- 51. Odonates of Oregon Pond Damsels: Dancers Blue, lavender, black Bouncy flight Wings held above abdomen Long leg spines Often perch on ground, logs, rocks Argia vivida (Vivid Dancer), C.A.S. Mazzacano Argia vivida (Vivid Dancer), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 52. Odonates of Oregon Pond Damsels: Bluets Blue & black Wings held along abdomen Shorter leg spines Perch on/in vegetation Enallagma carunculatum (Tule Bluet), C.A.S. Mazzacano Enallagma boreale (Northern Bluet), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 53. Odonates of Oregon Pond Damsels: Forktails: ‒ dark abdomen with blue tip Sprites: ‒ very small; metallic green; easy to miss in dense vegetation Ischnura cervula (Pacific Forktail), C.A.S. Mazzacano Nehalennia irene (Sedge Sprite), C.A.S. Mazzacano
- 54. Get Involved! Dragonflying in Oregon Dragonfly Society of the Americas Migratory Dragonfly Partnership Annual Oregon Aeshna Blitz Western Odes Facebook Southwest Odonata list serve
Notes de l'éditeur
- Young nymphs can also be banded
- 9 spp in Deschutes Co.
- Transition to Behaviors
- some species have 1-3 generations/yr, others develop across 2-5 yrs; different depths provide shallows for faster warming and deeper water (1-2 m) that holds more O2 & wont freeze solid in winter; wetlands isolated in landscape won’t be colonized as quickly (colonization rapid if source within 3 miles); some species more tolerant of pollution; note that fertilizer can cause eutrophy & algal blooms; pumps & filters can kill nymphs, a lot of water movement can swamp tenerals, trampling livestock kills nymphs & tenerals, reduces plant cover
- Stocking fish can decrease ode diversity; pesticide use decreases prey base—even use of Bti will decrease true flies, can affect overall diversity over time; inadequate food base can decrease odonate production from site; herbicide use can affect water chemistry (DO levels, host plants for prey, oviposition sites, etc); Relyea 2005 found Roundup reduced richness 22%, and 2,4-D had no effect
- submerged = nymph habitat, O2 production; emergent & marginal = emergence site for nymphs, perching, roosting and oviposition for adults; floating = oviposition, rest; upland (grasses, rushes, sedges, forbs, shrubs) = shelter, rest, mature, hunt, shelter site from wind, but avoid too much shading (overhanging trees can also foul water with leaves, whose decomposition decreases O2); trees further in upland provide shelter, nighttime roosts; can also have surrounding light-colored rocks for sunning. Note : herbicide use to kill unwanted plants provides good habitat for mosquitoes as plants decompose
- Streams, lakes, ponds; also away from water hunting in open fields; form feeding swarms
- Streams and rivers; in eastern US associated more with pristine fast streams, uncommon; in west, more common and at slower rivers also; Gomphus kurilis sometimes at ponds, lakes
- Streams and rivers
- Mountain lakes, boggy streams
- Riparian zones, backwaters, ponds, E canis male has spine on top of terminalia, no T spot on top of head; E spinigera has spike on lower portion of terminalia, T spot; female appendages and subgenital plate also differ
- Seeps, bogs, fens; nymphs make burrows in mossy seeps
- Ponds, lakes, wetlands,
- Lestes = pond spreadwings, Archilestes = stream; hold wings closed at night, in bad weather
- Ponds and streams
- Flowing waters; long spines = space between each tibial spine less than length of spine
- Ponds, streams, wetlands, lakes; space between each tibial spine longer than length of spine
- Forktails in ponds and small streams; sprites in bogs and marshes
- Western Odes FB image is Erythrodiplax funerea