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HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Ancient Times:


   How did people calculate numbers??
   Did they use sticks?
   Did they use stones?
   Did they use marks on the walls or ground?
   OR…Did they use their hands(fingers)?
The Answer:
   They used all of these.
   But…. Hands were the most commonly
    used.
   That is why our number system is based
    on the number TEN!
Abacus:
   About 3000 BC, the
    scholars believe that the
    abacus was invented in
    Babylonia and is known
    as the world’s oldest
    computing device.
   In the 1300’s, the Chinese
    began using a wooden
    frame with rows of beads
    strung on wire.
   The beads are slid toward
    the bar to set up a
    number.
   They still use it today.
1600’s
Calculating Rods:
                 In the early 1600’s,
                  John Napier invented
                  the Calculating Rods.
                 It will convert any
                  multiplication problem
                  to an addition
                  problem.
Slide Rule:




     In the 1620’s, Edmund Gunter, an English
      mathematician, developed the slide rule.
     It was very popular until the development of
      the pocket calculator in the 1970’s.
Adding Machine:
                 In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a
                  French mathematician,
                  invented the Adding
                  Machine or Pascalene
                  Wheel.
                 He invented it for his
                  father who worked in the
                  tax collecting office.
                 It could add and subtract
                  and worked using gears.
Stepped Reckoner:




   In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz (German)
    invented the Stepped Reckoner.
   It could add, subtract, multiply and divide and used a
    stepped cylinder gear.
1800’s
Punched Card Loom:
                In 1801, Joseph Marie
                 Jacquard (French)
                 redesigned the weaving
                 loom so that Punched Cards
                 would control the weaving
                 patterns.
                As a result, this new loom
                 now did the work of TWO
                 weavers!
Unemployment!!




   Because of the economic effects that the loom had
    on the people, many were unemployed.
   After many looms were built, they were put back to
    work.
Analytical Engine:
   In 1835, Charles
    Babbage begins work on
    the Analytical Engine
    after he had been
    working on his Difference
    Engine.
   He could not complete
    his project and he later
    died thinking himself a
    failure.
   The First Modern
    computer will be based
    on his design.
First Computer Programmer:
                 Lady Ada Augusta
                  Lovelace convinced
                  Babbage to convert his
                  machine to Binary Code
                 She also recognized
                  several important
                  programming techniques.
                 Therefore, she is
                  considered to be the…
                  First Computer
                  Programmer.
Tabulating Machine:

              It had taken the US Census Bureau 7 years to
               complete the 1880 census.
              With the help of Herman Hollerith from
               Harvard, they completed the 1890 census in 3
               years.
              He formed the Tabulating Machine Company
               in 1896.
              In 1911, the Tabulating Machine Company
               merged with two other companies to form the
               C-T-R –Calculating, Tabulating and Recording
               Company.
              In 1924, T. J. Watson, CTR President,
               renamed the company…….
International Business Machine
           Company:
Modern
Computers
Age of Modern Computers
                 Began in 1944, when
                  Howard Aiken from
                  Harvard University
                  invented the Mark I.
                 This first automatic
                  digital calculator was
                  based on Charles
                  Babbage’s designs.
Mark I




   The Mark I was 51 ft. x 8 ft.
   It had 700,000 moving parts, 500 miles of
    conducting wire and weighed 5 tons.
What was the Mark I used for?
                   The Mark I was used
                    to run repetitive
                    calculations of
                    mathematical tables,
                    ballistics and gunnery
                    tables for the US
                    Navy.
1 Generation:
 st
Electronic Numerical Integrator
        and Computer:
                 In 1946, John
                  Mauchly and J.
                  Presper Eckert of the
                  University of
                  Pennsylvania
                  invented the ENIAC
                  (Electronic Numerical
                  Integrator and
                  Computer).
ENIAC




   It was the 1st general programmable electronic computer.
   Used 18,000 vacuum tubes and was 4x the size of the Mark 1.
    Therefore, it produced a lot of heat.
   Special air conditioning units were installed to keep it cool.
   $$$$ In 1946, one month’s electricity bill was $1,500.00
ENIAC was used:
                To calculate ballistics during
                 WWII and extensively
                 performing calculations during
                 the design of the hydrogen
                 bomb.
                In addition to ballistics, fields
                 of application included weather
                 prediction, atomic energy
                 calculations, cosmic ray
                 studies, thermal ignition,
                 random-number studies, wind
                 tunnel design, and other
                 scientific uses
UNIVAC –Universal Automatic
Computer




   Invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1951.
   It was purchased by the US Census Bureau.
   It weighed 16,000 pounds, contained 5,000 vacuum tubes
    and could do 1,000 calculations per second and cost
    $159,000.00
1952 Presidential Election:
                  In 1952, Adlai Stevenson
                   was running against
                   Dwight D. Eisenhower for
                   President.
                  In opinion polls,
                   Stevenson was predicted
                   to win by a landslide.
                  By 8:30pm, the UNIVAC
                   was calculating 100-1
                   odds in favor of
                   Eisenhower.
The Results:
              The CBS TV execs decided not
               to use the information.
              By 9:00pm, they calculated
               another set of numbers and the
               UNIVAC predicted 8-7 odds in
               favor of Eisenhower.
              Realizing a mistake, they
               crunched a new set of numbers.
              Again, it predicted 100-1 odds in
               favor of Eisenhower.
              Eisenhower BEAT Stevenson by
               a landslide!!
A New Journey Has Begun:
                 1st UNIVAC came on line
                  for the US Census
                  Bureau.
                 The 1st commercial
                  customer was the
                  Prudential Insurance
                  Company.
                 In 1954, GE’s Appliance
                  Division created the 1st
                  industrial payroll
                  application.
2 Generation:
 nd


                   In 1954, transistors
                    replaced the vacuum
                    tubes.
                   They were inexpensive and
                    did not produce as much
                    heat.
                   Several high level
                    programming languages
                    were also introduced.
                   For example: FORTRAN,
                    ALGOL, and COBOL
3 Generation:
 rd


                   In 1963, Integrated
                    Circuits replaced the
                    transistors.
                   This brought huge
                    gains in
                    computational power.
4 Generation:
 th


                   In 1972, Integrated
                    Circuit Chips replaced the
                    Integrated Circuits.
                   They were faster,
                    cheaper and smaller.
                   This generation saw the
                    use of Large Scale
                    Integration and Very
                    Large Scale Integration.
                   Therefore, entire
                    processors will fit on a
                    single chip.
Personal Computers:




    In 1977, the 1st personal computers entered the
     market.
    They were the Commodore Pet, TRS80 and the
     Apple II.
IBM:
          In 1981, IBM finally
           entered the personal
           computer market.
          Spending most of the
           1960’s developing
           minicomputers, IBM
           finally saw the impact
           of home computer
           use.
5 Generation:
    th


   In 1984, parallel processing was widely
    accepted.
   This is the concept of 100’s of processors that
    all could be working on different parts of a single
    program.
   Also, wide area network (WAN) and local area
    network (LAN) developed at a rapid pace.
   The scale of the semiconductors (ICC)
    continued at an incredible pace.
6 Generation:
    th


   The 1990’s saw explosive growth in networking.
   Network bandwith has expanded and T1
    transmission rates are standard for regional
    networks, which are connected by T3
    connectors.
   The federal government is committing to high
    performance with the introduction of two bills.
Important Legislation:
   High Performance Computing Act of 1991,
    which establishes the High Performance
    Computing and Communication Program
    (HPCCP).
   Information Infrastructure and Technology Act of
    1992 which addresses high performance
    computing to expanding network access and
    making technology available to educators from
    Kindergarten through Graduate school.

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History of Computers - Grade 6

  • 2. Ancient Times:  How did people calculate numbers??  Did they use sticks?  Did they use stones?  Did they use marks on the walls or ground?  OR…Did they use their hands(fingers)?
  • 3. The Answer:  They used all of these.  But…. Hands were the most commonly used.  That is why our number system is based on the number TEN!
  • 4. Abacus:  About 3000 BC, the scholars believe that the abacus was invented in Babylonia and is known as the world’s oldest computing device.  In the 1300’s, the Chinese began using a wooden frame with rows of beads strung on wire.  The beads are slid toward the bar to set up a number.  They still use it today.
  • 6. Calculating Rods:  In the early 1600’s, John Napier invented the Calculating Rods.  It will convert any multiplication problem to an addition problem.
  • 7. Slide Rule:  In the 1620’s, Edmund Gunter, an English mathematician, developed the slide rule.  It was very popular until the development of the pocket calculator in the 1970’s.
  • 8. Adding Machine:  In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented the Adding Machine or Pascalene Wheel.  He invented it for his father who worked in the tax collecting office.  It could add and subtract and worked using gears.
  • 9. Stepped Reckoner:  In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz (German) invented the Stepped Reckoner.  It could add, subtract, multiply and divide and used a stepped cylinder gear.
  • 11. Punched Card Loom:  In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard (French) redesigned the weaving loom so that Punched Cards would control the weaving patterns.  As a result, this new loom now did the work of TWO weavers!
  • 12. Unemployment!!  Because of the economic effects that the loom had on the people, many were unemployed.  After many looms were built, they were put back to work.
  • 13. Analytical Engine:  In 1835, Charles Babbage begins work on the Analytical Engine after he had been working on his Difference Engine.  He could not complete his project and he later died thinking himself a failure.  The First Modern computer will be based on his design.
  • 14. First Computer Programmer:  Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace convinced Babbage to convert his machine to Binary Code  She also recognized several important programming techniques.  Therefore, she is considered to be the… First Computer Programmer.
  • 15. Tabulating Machine:  It had taken the US Census Bureau 7 years to complete the 1880 census.  With the help of Herman Hollerith from Harvard, they completed the 1890 census in 3 years.  He formed the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896.  In 1911, the Tabulating Machine Company merged with two other companies to form the C-T-R –Calculating, Tabulating and Recording Company.  In 1924, T. J. Watson, CTR President, renamed the company…….
  • 18. Age of Modern Computers  Began in 1944, when Howard Aiken from Harvard University invented the Mark I.  This first automatic digital calculator was based on Charles Babbage’s designs.
  • 19. Mark I  The Mark I was 51 ft. x 8 ft.  It had 700,000 moving parts, 500 miles of conducting wire and weighed 5 tons.
  • 20. What was the Mark I used for?  The Mark I was used to run repetitive calculations of mathematical tables, ballistics and gunnery tables for the US Navy.
  • 22. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer:  In 1946, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
  • 23. ENIAC  It was the 1st general programmable electronic computer.  Used 18,000 vacuum tubes and was 4x the size of the Mark 1.  Therefore, it produced a lot of heat.  Special air conditioning units were installed to keep it cool.  $$$$ In 1946, one month’s electricity bill was $1,500.00
  • 24. ENIAC was used:  To calculate ballistics during WWII and extensively performing calculations during the design of the hydrogen bomb.  In addition to ballistics, fields of application included weather prediction, atomic energy calculations, cosmic ray studies, thermal ignition, random-number studies, wind tunnel design, and other scientific uses
  • 25. UNIVAC –Universal Automatic Computer  Invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in 1951.  It was purchased by the US Census Bureau.  It weighed 16,000 pounds, contained 5,000 vacuum tubes and could do 1,000 calculations per second and cost $159,000.00
  • 26. 1952 Presidential Election:  In 1952, Adlai Stevenson was running against Dwight D. Eisenhower for President.  In opinion polls, Stevenson was predicted to win by a landslide.  By 8:30pm, the UNIVAC was calculating 100-1 odds in favor of Eisenhower.
  • 27. The Results:  The CBS TV execs decided not to use the information.  By 9:00pm, they calculated another set of numbers and the UNIVAC predicted 8-7 odds in favor of Eisenhower.  Realizing a mistake, they crunched a new set of numbers.  Again, it predicted 100-1 odds in favor of Eisenhower.  Eisenhower BEAT Stevenson by a landslide!!
  • 28. A New Journey Has Begun:  1st UNIVAC came on line for the US Census Bureau.  The 1st commercial customer was the Prudential Insurance Company.  In 1954, GE’s Appliance Division created the 1st industrial payroll application.
  • 29. 2 Generation: nd  In 1954, transistors replaced the vacuum tubes.  They were inexpensive and did not produce as much heat.  Several high level programming languages were also introduced.  For example: FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL
  • 30. 3 Generation: rd  In 1963, Integrated Circuits replaced the transistors.  This brought huge gains in computational power.
  • 31. 4 Generation: th  In 1972, Integrated Circuit Chips replaced the Integrated Circuits.  They were faster, cheaper and smaller.  This generation saw the use of Large Scale Integration and Very Large Scale Integration.  Therefore, entire processors will fit on a single chip.
  • 32. Personal Computers:  In 1977, the 1st personal computers entered the market.  They were the Commodore Pet, TRS80 and the Apple II.
  • 33. IBM:  In 1981, IBM finally entered the personal computer market.  Spending most of the 1960’s developing minicomputers, IBM finally saw the impact of home computer use.
  • 34. 5 Generation: th  In 1984, parallel processing was widely accepted.  This is the concept of 100’s of processors that all could be working on different parts of a single program.  Also, wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) developed at a rapid pace.  The scale of the semiconductors (ICC) continued at an incredible pace.
  • 35. 6 Generation: th  The 1990’s saw explosive growth in networking.  Network bandwith has expanded and T1 transmission rates are standard for regional networks, which are connected by T3 connectors.  The federal government is committing to high performance with the introduction of two bills.
  • 36. Important Legislation:  High Performance Computing Act of 1991, which establishes the High Performance Computing and Communication Program (HPCCP).  Information Infrastructure and Technology Act of 1992 which addresses high performance computing to expanding network access and making technology available to educators from Kindergarten through Graduate school.