2. Outline
1. Types of Mining (and why we use
them)
2. Beneficiation
3. Smelting
4. Environmental Concerns of 1 through 3
3. What determines the type of
mining?
Underground v.s. Surface Mining v.s.
Solution
– Depth of below surface
– Size of the ore body
– Shape of the ore body
– Grade
– Type of Ore
31. What does it entail?
Crushing and Grinding
– Ball mill or rod mill
Separation
– Density (e.g. diamonds with a jig)
– Magnetic properties
– Electric properties
– Surface properties
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. Refining the Ore
Smelting
removes the metal from the ore mineral by a
variety of ways
Heap Leaching
removes metal from the ore by solution
37. Iron in review
Blast Furnace
3CO + Fe2O3 2 Fe + 3CO2 (gas)
4CO + Fe3O4 3Fe + 4CO2 (gas)
38. Sulphide Minerals
Are sometimes roasted
– Heated in air without melting to transform
sulphides to oxides
– Gives off H2S and SO2
– Then oxides processed like Fe
39. Sulphides cont’d
Process of roasting and smelting together
creates a matte
– Sulfides are melted into a matte and air is
blown through. S is converted to sulfur
dioxide and Fe to iron oxide, and Cu and Ni
stay in melt
42. Sulphides cont’d
Solvent extraction/electroplating
– Used where rock contains Cu but in too little
amounts to be recovered by classical methods
43.
44. Heap Leaching
In this process, typically done for Au, the
ore is not ground, but rather, crushed and
piled on the surface.
Weak solutions of NaCN (0.05%)
percolate through the material leaching
out the desired metals.
The solutions are collected and the metals
are precipitated
45. Potential Environmental Problems
A. Mining operation itself
– Disposal of a large amount of rock and waste
– Noise
– Dust
Beneficiation
Smelting and refining
54. Other problems with open pits
Very large holes
Pit slopes steep and not stable. Cannot be
maintained
May fill with water
Strip coal mines –loss of top soil in past
– Now smoothed out and top soil added
55. Disposal of Waste Rock
More problematic for open pit than
underground
Waste rock piles have steep angle of
repose and thus may not be stable
Bingham in its hay day produced 400,000
tons of waste rock per DAY!
56. Tailings ponds
From concentrating usually have high pH
– At Bingham acid waters mixed with tailings
water to neutralize
Different metals have different problems
57. Problems with Smelting/Roasting
Air: SO2 and CO2 and particulate matter
Noranda Quebec used to have the highest
single point source of SO2 in the world. It
may have been surpassed.
CN (Au); NaOH and F (Al); solvents
(electrotwinning); heavy metals; oil and
grease