History of afghanistan.ppt

Prepared By: HazratBilal Mujadadi

Afghanistan has been an area wrapped in violence,
religion and turmoil from its earliest days. We hope to to
provide a brief history of this region from its earliest days
until the Taliban take power. This presentation is only
meant to be a brief survey of Afghanistan history.

50,000 BCE – 1500 BCE
– Historians have found early human settlement.
– One of the first areas to have farming.
– This area was a crossroad between Mesopotamia and
other civilizations.
– Aryan tribes invade and settle.
– The city of Kabul was created in this period.
– Rig Veda created here. It was a collection of over 1,000
hymns, which contain the mythology of the Hindu gods
and the origins of Hinduism.

600 BCE – 652 BCE
– Zoroaster introduces religion of Zoroastrianism.
– Darius of Persia conquers part of Afghanistan.
– Many wars between Persians and
tribal groups for control.
 Alexander the Great invades. Many tribal revolts
against his empire.
 Various other invasions and tribal wars for control of
Afghanistan, such as, Parthians, Kushans, White Huns
and Yaftalee.
 Each invader brought new religious beliefs to be
forced on the Afghanistan tribes.
Zoroaster
AlexanderPrepared By: HazratBilal Mujadadi

652 - 1774
Arabs introduce religion to Afghanistan and Afghanistan became the center of Islamic power and civilization.
Genghis Khan invades Afghanistan, he destroyed the irrigation systems turning the fertile soils into permanent deserts.
Marco Polo crosses Afghanistan on his way to China.
Various dynasties control Afghanistan with frequent wars for political control.
Many wars between Afghanistan and Persia as each takes a turn controlling this region.
Afghans retake Kandahar from the Persians and establish modern Afghanistan, 1774.
Marco Polo

1774 - 1921
Capital of Afghanistan transferred from Kandahar to Kabul because of tribal fighting.
Constant internal fighting inside Afghanistan.
First Anglo-Afghan War. The British in India try to control Afghanistan, this war ended with the British
force of 16,500 wiped out with only one survivor making it alive to a British fort in Jalalabad.
Afghanistan is independent but the British take Baluchistan making Afghanistan a landlocked country.
Second Anglo-Afghan War. The British take some territories from Afghanistan and allows them to run
their internal affairs but Britain handled Afghan Foreign Affairs.
Russia takes Afghan territory in the north.
Third Anglo-Afghan War. Afghanistan wins and gains full control of her Foreign Affairs.

1921 - 1950
– Many power struggles as tribes try to obtain political
power.
– 1929 Muhammad Khan became King and tried to
reform the country but was assassinated.
– United States formally recognizes Afghanistan, 1934.
– Many tribal leaders tried to unite Afghanistan but
violence prevailed.
– Attempts at democracy failed.
– Britain withdraws from India, Pakistan is carved out
of Indian and Afghan lands.

1950 - 1979
Pakistan and Afghanistan come close to war over disputed lands.
Government instability leads to frequent riots and overthrows.
Dawood Khan and the Communist Afghan Party seize power and the Republic of
Afghanistan is born in 1973. Internal problems with this party cause Dawood to be
killed.
Mass arrests, tortures and violence become common place in Afghanistan.
The Afghan guerrilla group (Mujahedeen) formed to fight and resist government that
was backed by Communist Russia.
Mass killings and the murder of the U.S. Ambassador. Many human rights violations.
Mujahedeen Freedom Fighters

1980 - 1994
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan with thousands of troops to support the government in
its struggle with the holy warriors called Mujahideen.
Five million Afghan refugees flee to Pakistan and Iran.
The Soviets with superior weapons could not defeat the guerrilla tactics of the rebels.
In 1988 the Soviets began withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan.
Fighting between the government and the Mujahideen continued until 1992 when the
rebels overthrew the government.
Fighting among the factions prevented the formation of a stable government.
By the late 1990’s a Islamic group known as the Taliban had taken control of most of
Afghanistan and set up a Council of Ministers to rule the country.

1994 - 1999
The Taliban movement was formed in Kandahar in 1994 by Islamic students who take a radical approach to
interpreting Islam.
The Taliban captured Kabul in September 1996 from Mujaheedin regime. The government of Burhan-ul Din Rabani
ousted. The Taliban government in Kabul has been recognized only by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and United Arab
Republic.
The Taliban regime strongly have been supported by Pakistani military regime.
Anti-Taliban factions still hold about 15 percent of the country in the northern parts of Afghanistan.
The United Nations and other international communities condemn the Taliban regime because of its violation of
human rights, particularly restrictions of women from outside work and freedom.
On October 10, 1999, the United States government declare political and economical sanctions against the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan because of holding and supporting Saudi billionaire Bin Laden.
October 25, 1999, Taliban offer talks between Afghanistan and the US Government including the future of Osma Bin
Laden.
October 28, 1999. Saudi Millionaire declared his desire to leave Afghanistan
November, 5, 1999: Bin Laden likely stay in Afghanistan

Taliban Rule
Between fighting, refugees
have returned to homes
burned and destroyed by
the Taliban.
The United
Nations has
accused the
Taliban of burning
homes and crops
to keep Afghan
refugees from
returning home.
Taliban isolated
Afghanistan from the
world
The Taliban
Taliban JusticePrepared By: HazratBilal Mujadadi

2000 - Today
Mohammed Omar, Taliban leader, continues to give aid and comfort to the
terrorist Bin Lauden.
September 11, 2001. Al Qaeda forces of Bin Laden attack
the United States.
United States and her allies declare war on terrorism.
Taliban Government driven into hiding, many Taliban and Al Quaeda forces
killed or captured by the United States and her allies.
The Taliban grip on Afghanistan and support for Bin Laden has ended.
The War on Terrorism continues.

Afghanistan -- An overview:
Physical & Political
Developed by Joe Naumann
From a lesson plan by
Steve Pierce
North Carolina Geographic
Alliance

Background
– Afghanistan has had a long history of internal and external conflicts,
including two wars with the United Kingdom in the 1800s and an invasion
by the Soviet Union in 1979. Since the Soviets left in 1989, Afghanistan
has experienced many internal conflicts over control of the country.

Background
– In 1996 a group called the Taliban seized control of most of the country.
The Taliban was accused of supporting the terrorists that attacked the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. U.S. and
allied military forces began conducting air strikes on Taliban facilities in
Afghanistan on October 7, 2001.

Political Map

Afghanistan in Spatial Terms
– Absolute Location: 33ºN, 65ºE
– Relative Location: Landlocked country in southwest Asia
– Neighbors: North and west of Pakistan; east of Iran; South
of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan
– China shares a border with Afghanistan on the east along the
Wakhan Corridor
– The disputed region of Kashmir lies south of the Wakhan
Corridor
– Area: 251,825 sq. mi. (about size of Texas)

Places & Regions
– Afghanistan lies at the crossroads of three major regions.
– South Asia - Pakistan and India lie to the east
– Southwest Asia/Middle East - Iran, Iraq, and the Persian gulf lie to
the west.
– Central Asia - five republics of the former Soviet Union lie to the
north: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgystsan, and
Kazakstan.

Kashmir
– Kashmir, a region occupied by Pakistan
and India, lies south of the Wakhan
Corridor of Afghanistan. This disputed
territory is the scene of sporadic fighting
between the armies of Pakistan and
India. China also occupies a part of
Kashmir.

Physical Systems
– Afghanistan has a wide variety of natural features including
high mountains, large areas of desert and plains, and fertile
valleys. The country has three main land regions
– The Northern Plains is the northernmost region in Afghanistan.
– The Central Highlands cover about two-thirds of the country. This
region includes the Hindu Kush. Most of the people of Afghanistan
live in the narrow valleys of the Hindu Kush.
– The Southwestern Lowlands mainly consist of deserts or semi-deserts.

Climate
– Afghanistan has a harsh continental climate. Harsh winters are
accentuated by high elevation. Summers are warm, except at the
highest elevations. Much of the country is arid or semi- arid.
Precipitation is light, falling mostly in the spring and winter.
Almost no precipitation falls from June to October.

Generalized Climate Zones
– Only about 12% of the land is arable.

Dry as well as
Cold Climate
in
Afghanistan
– Southern desert above
– Village in arid valley

More Climate
– The climate graphs show the pattern of temperature and
precipitation. January lows in Kabul can reach in the teens, while
July highs can reach the low 90’s. In the south average high
temperatures can reach the low hundreds in the summer.
Precipitation ranges from about 13 inches per year in Kabul, and
about 6 inches in Kandahar in the south

Harsh Winter
– Nearly half of Afghanistan has 100 or more days of snow cover
per year

Taliban brought order and
fundamental Rule at a price!
– The Taliban imposed their harsh brand of Islamic law in the 90 percent of
Afghanistan under their control. The Taliban say their version of Islam is a pure
one that follows a literal interpretation of the Muslim holy book, The Koran.
– Under Taliban laws, murderers were publicly executed by the relatives of their
victims. Adulterers are stoned to death and the limbs of thieves were
amputated. Lesser crimes were punished by public beatings.

Executions by the Taliban
– Taliban executing a rebel on the
spot
– Dead bodies left in the street to
rot by Taliban in Heart. People
forbidden to bury the bodies.

Public amputations & executions
– There were almost weekly executions or amputations of criminals in
the Kabul stadium before November 1999, when a woman was killed
for hacking to death her abusive husband. The hiatus in public
executions after that was attributed to a decline in crime in the
capital.

Anti-Taliban war against terrorism
– Original objective to capture Osama Bin Laden
– Taliban government seemed to be harboring Osama Bin Laden and his
terrorist associates
– U.S. gave the Taliban opportunities to turn over Bin Laden or cooperate
in capturing him
– When the Taliban did not comply, the U.S. objective expanded to also
removing the Taliban from power in Afghanistan.
– U.S. assisted the Northern Alliance rebels (who sometimes fight among
themselves)

Osama
Bin
Laden
– "I am not afraid of death. I came here to die. Some of my supporters
followed me here just to die for the cause of Islam. They are ready
to defend me and to kill anyone who thinks of attacking our
positions or sites." Osama Bin Laden

President & Female Ministers
– Prime Minister Hamid Karzai (left)
– Deputy Premier Dr. Sima Samar (right) – one of two women in
the government

American interest began when . .
– Terrorist attack on the World
Trade Center in New York on
September 11, 2001
– Osama Bin Laden was
identified as being the leader of
a terrorist organization with
headquarters in Afghanistan
that planned the attack

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