Global food systems and zoonoses
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Presentation by Delia Grace at the virtual 22nd Annual Harvard Nutrition and Obesity Symposium, 15 June 2021.
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Global food systems and zoonoses
- 1. Global food systems and zoonoses Delia Grace Professor Food Safety Systems, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB. UK Joint appointed scientist, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya 22nd Annual Harvard Nutrition and Obesity Symposium Global Food Systems and Sustainable Nutrition in the 21st Century 15 June 2021
- 2. Animal source food (ASF) demand driven revolutions: livestock products > fish FAOSTAT
- 3. HLPE 2017 Food Systems and Nutrition Report Food systems for health and nutrition CGIAR
- 4. Where do we get our diseases? • Few are Legacies • Paleolithic baseline: yaws, staph, pinworms, lice, typhoid, human TB • Most are “Earned”/ associated human behaviour • Degenerative diseases: heart failure, stroke, diabetes, cancer • Allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases • Sexually transmitted infections such as HSV-2, gonorrhea • Many are Souvenirs • Around 60% of human diseases shared with animals • 75% of emerging infectious disease zoonotic
- 5. Zoonoses •Neglected zoonoses: brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis, Rift Valley fever •Emerging zoonoses: mad cow, bird flu, SARS, MERS, COVID-19
- 6. Secondary Host (livestock) Secondary Host (human) Vec tor Sylvatic cycle Sustained transmission: - peri-domestic or urban cycle - sub-clinical, epidemic, pandemic Type of pathogen: mutation, heterogeneity, host specificity Habitat change Biodiversity Host density Vector density Spillover! •Increasing human population and density •Human behaviour •Expansion of agriculture •Intensification of livestock production Pathogen flow Spill-over Spill-over Spill-over Reservoir Host (wildlife)
- 7. 7 Warning! Increasing frequency of pandemics Graphics: Annabel Slater, ILRI; adapted fromUnited Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
- 8. 8 Costs of emerging zoonoses and pandemics Graphics: Annabel Slater, ILRI
- 9. Economic costs Young girl presenting her pet chicken to culling team during a mass cull, Indramayu District January 2006. Photo by Peter Roeder.
- 10. Timely responses to reduce impacts • Surveillance and response in animal hosts can reduce costs by 90% Adapted from IOM 2009
- 11. 11 Pandemics and endemics: One Health approach needed Prepare – detect – prevent – respond
- 12. Food Safety
- 13. Growing concern about food safety In low and middle income countries: • Many/most reported concern over food safety (40-97%) • Willing to pay 5-10% premium for food safety • Buy 20-40% less during animal health scares • Younger, wealthier, town-residing, supermarket-shoppers willing to pay most for safety Grace (2015), IJERPH
- 14. Years of life lost annually for FBD FERG: Havelaar et al., 2015; Gibb et al., 2019 Health impact of FBD comparable to that of malaria, HIV/AIDs or TB USA – 1 in 6 Greece 1 in 3 Africa 1 in 10?? zoonoses non zoonoses
- 15. Food safety & nutrition • Diarrhoea a risk factor for stunting – perhaps 10-20%? • Ingestion of faecal material on food or in the environment may contribute to environmental enteric dysfunction • Regulations aimed to improve food safety may decrease the availability and accessibility of foods • Associations between aflatoxins and stunting • Food-scares decrease consumption Grace et al., 2018
- 16. Problem: fresh foods in wet markets Painter et al., 2013, Sudershan et al., 2014, Mangan et al., 2014; Tam et al., 2014; Sang et al., 2014 ; ILRI, 2016 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% UK Netherlands India Vietnam USA China Animal source food Produce Other
- 17. Most ASF sold in wet markets: risky for FBD but important for livelihoods & nutrition Benefits of wet markets Cheap, Fresh, Local breeds, Accessible, Small amounts Sellers are trusted, Credit may be provided (results from PRAs with consumers in Safe Food, Fair Food project) Wet market milk Supermarket milk Most common price /litre 56 cents One dollar Infants consume daily 67% 65% Boil milk 99% 79% Survey in supermarkets and wet markets in Nairobi in 2014
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- 24. 24 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Poor total bacteria Unacceptable total bacteria Unacceptable faecal bacteria Unaccpetable Staph Unacceptable listeria Any unacceptable Supermarket Wet market Village Formal worse than informal Fahrion et al., 2016
- 25. 25 Risk Assessment Risk Management Risk Communication Solution: Risk analysis a tool for decision-making under uncertainty
- 26. 26 Hazard identification Hazard characterization Exposure assessment Risk characterization Risk communication What harm does it cause? How does harm depend on dose? Can it be present in food? Can it cause harm? How and to what extent does it get from source to victim? What is the harm? What is its likelihood? Participatory methods fit well Risk assessment and risk communication
- 27. • Branding & certification of milk vendors in Kenya & Guwahti, Assam led to improved milk safety. • It benefited the national economy by $33 million per year in Kenya and $6 million in Assam • 70% of traders in Assam and 24% in Kenya are currently registered • 6 million consumers in Kenya and 1.5 million in Assam are benefiting from safer milk Kaitibie et al., 2010; Lapar et al., 2014
- 28. Take home messages • Food systems to achieve nutrition, food safety and health outcomes are complex, changing and challenging • Informal / wet markers play an important role in food security and safety in low and middle income countries • Zoonoses are ever-present and emerging zoonoses and foodborne zoonoses increasing • What you worry about and what makes you sick and kills you are not the same • Control & command approaches don’t work but solutions based on working with the informal sector more promising: One Health and Participatory Risk Analysis.
- 29. Acknowledgement Photos not attributed taken by ILRI staff
- 30. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. better lives through livestock ilri.org ILRI thanks all donors and organizations which globally support its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund