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Sanskrit intro retroflex
1. Retroflex Consonants
Sanskrit recognizes two types of sounds similar
to the English “t” and “d”.
First, understand that “t” and “d” are a
pair of sounds formed from the same
tongue position. The “d” sound has
vibration in the throat. It is “voiced”.
In English, the tongue is at the position
marked with a star.
2. Retroflex Consonants
The two Sanskrit “t”/“d” pairs have the tongue
either at the teeth (“dental”) or
tucked up behind the palate
(“retroflex” or “cerebral”).
The retroflex letters are written
with a dot under them: ṭ ḍ
3. T & D: Eight letters
So the “t” (unvoiced) and “d” (voiced) sounds can be dental
or retroflex, and can also be aspirated or unaspirated.
This is a total of eight
letters to describe
Sanskrit’s “t” and “d”
sounds!
4. Sanskrit consonants are traditionally laid out on
a grid to show their relationship to each other.
voiced unvoiced
unasp. aspirated unasp. aspirated
guttural
(in the back of the throat)
palatal
(tongue against hard palate)
retroflex/cerebral
(tongue up at soft palate)
dental
(tongue at the teeth)
labial
(with the lips)