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如何在臨床工作中找到實證解答?
臺大醫院藥師 陳建豪
2015.07.23
2015 Micromedex
使用者分享大會
自我介紹-Who Am I?
1
 台大臨床藥學研究所
 Ohio State University
海外交換計畫
 台大醫院藥劑部藥師
 住院藥局
 門診藥局
 急診藥局
 每日一冷
 Mr. Thursday Jr.
2
病人
同事
醫療
團隊
電話
諮詢
醫師
學生自己
病人
家屬
Outline
 Find an evidence-based answer
 FDA & Non-FDA Uses
 Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics
 Comparative Efficacy
 Place In Therapy
 Interpret drug Interactions
 mobile Micromedex®
 Discussion
3
What we’ve known….
4
 Case-oriented
user experiences
 Clinical pharmacists
 General pharmacists
 Drug information
 藥師周刊記者
 Integrate Micromedex®
into clinical decision
supporting system (CDSS)
 Formulary
 Drug interaction detecting
system
 IV Compatibility
information
Case 1
5
 65歲男性,懷疑因MRSA造成腦膜炎而住院,病
人過去住院有vancomycin過敏紀錄(skin rash)。
 醫師詢問:對vancomycin過敏的病人是否可以改
用teicoplanin進行治療?
 Adverse Effects
 Teicoplanin是否可用來治療MRSA造成的腦膜炎?
 FDA uses/Non-FDA uses
 Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
 Search in Full Document
* MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aeruginosa
Case 2
13
 65歲男性,有心衰竭病史,本次因懷疑因MRSA
造成骨髓炎而住院。
 醫師詢問使用vancomycin或teicoplanin治療
MRSA造成的骨髓炎是否有實證上的差異?
 Comparative Efficacy
 Place In Therapy
14
Teicoplanin vs. Vancomycin
15
 Comparative efficacy
 Less nephrotoxicity
 Less CNS penetration
 Once-daily dosing (for outpatient)
 IV/IM administration (for water-restriction)
 TDM not warranted in NTUH
 Higher cost
 Teicoplanin 200 mg/vial : NTD 728/vial;
 10 mg/kg daily for a 60 kg patient : NTD 2184/day
 Vancomycin 500 mg/vial : NTD 101/vial
 15 mg/kg Q12H for a 60 kg patient : NTD 404/day
Other instances
 Ticagrelor (Brilinta®)
 Comparative efficacy: acute coronary syndrome
 Doripenem (Finibax®)
 Place in therapy: nosocomial pneumonia
 Tranexamic acid (Transamin®)
 Non-FDA uses: postoperative bleeding
 Sulcrafate (Sucrate®)
 Non-FDA uses: Hyperphosphatemia
16
Drug Interactions
 User friendly
 Index by drug name / brand name
 Various contents
 – Food, – Tobacco, – Ethanol,
– Lab, – Allergy, – Pregnancy, – Lactation
 Evidence-based drug interaction
 Illustrated by icons
17
1) Warfarin – Benzbromarone
2) Warfarin – Cefmetazole
3) Warfarin – Cyclosporine
4) Warfarin – Valproic acid
5) Levothyroxine – Digoxin
6) Levothyroxine – Theophylline




Which drug combinations have interactions?
(A)- 2) 3) 4) 5)
(B)- 3) 4) 5)
(C)- 1) 2) 4) 6)
(D)- 4) 6)
19
 Correct answer (B)- 3) 4) 5)
20
 Correct answer: (D)- 4) 6)
Drug Interactions
 Variable results within Micromedex® database
 Warfarin – Benzbromarone
 Warfarin – Cefmetazole
 Variable results between different databases
 Thyroxin – Digoxin
 Thyroxin – Theophylline
 Cyclosporine – Warfarin
 Variable degrees between different databases
 Warfarin – Valproic acid : different significance level
21
Discrepancies between database
32
 Evidence-based interactions
 More applicable in clinical setting
 With stronger evidence level & more clinical
significance
 Pharmacokinetics- & pharmacodynamics-
proposed interactions
 Class effects warrant close monitoring
 Especially not yet American-approved medications
 Exploring under-reporting interactions
33

clinical observation
pharmacological knowledge
mobile Micromedex
 Free Micromedex® Drug Reference
for Internet Subscribers
 Micromedex ® Drug Interactions
 Micromedex ® IV Compatibility
34
溫故知新….
35
Other Clinical Questions
 Drug dosing in extremes of body weight
 Drug Dosing in Extremes of Body Weight (UKCPA)
 Medication Dosing Guidelines in Obese Adults
(RQHR)
 Quick index of drug-disease interaction
 Myasthenia gravis (MG)
 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defect (G-6PD)
 Discrepancy of American references with other
nations’
 Infusion rate of fluconazole (Diflucan®)
 Infusion rate of albumin 20% “國血製劑益康”
36
如何在臨床工作中找到實證解答?臺大醫院藥師分享經驗

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如何在臨床工作中找到實證解答?臺大醫院藥師分享經驗

  • 2. 自我介紹-Who Am I? 1  台大臨床藥學研究所  Ohio State University 海外交換計畫  台大醫院藥劑部藥師  住院藥局  門診藥局  急診藥局  每日一冷  Mr. Thursday Jr.
  • 4. Outline  Find an evidence-based answer  FDA & Non-FDA Uses  Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics  Comparative Efficacy  Place In Therapy  Interpret drug Interactions  mobile Micromedex®  Discussion 3
  • 5. What we’ve known…. 4  Case-oriented user experiences  Clinical pharmacists  General pharmacists  Drug information  藥師周刊記者  Integrate Micromedex® into clinical decision supporting system (CDSS)  Formulary  Drug interaction detecting system  IV Compatibility information
  • 6. Case 1 5  65歲男性,懷疑因MRSA造成腦膜炎而住院,病 人過去住院有vancomycin過敏紀錄(skin rash)。  醫師詢問:對vancomycin過敏的病人是否可以改 用teicoplanin進行治療?  Adverse Effects  Teicoplanin是否可用來治療MRSA造成的腦膜炎?  FDA uses/Non-FDA uses  Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics  Search in Full Document * MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aeruginosa
  • 7. Case 2 13  65歲男性,有心衰竭病史,本次因懷疑因MRSA 造成骨髓炎而住院。  醫師詢問使用vancomycin或teicoplanin治療 MRSA造成的骨髓炎是否有實證上的差異?  Comparative Efficacy  Place In Therapy
  • 8. 14
  • 9. Teicoplanin vs. Vancomycin 15  Comparative efficacy  Less nephrotoxicity  Less CNS penetration  Once-daily dosing (for outpatient)  IV/IM administration (for water-restriction)  TDM not warranted in NTUH  Higher cost  Teicoplanin 200 mg/vial : NTD 728/vial;  10 mg/kg daily for a 60 kg patient : NTD 2184/day  Vancomycin 500 mg/vial : NTD 101/vial  15 mg/kg Q12H for a 60 kg patient : NTD 404/day
  • 10. Other instances  Ticagrelor (Brilinta®)  Comparative efficacy: acute coronary syndrome  Doripenem (Finibax®)  Place in therapy: nosocomial pneumonia  Tranexamic acid (Transamin®)  Non-FDA uses: postoperative bleeding  Sulcrafate (Sucrate®)  Non-FDA uses: Hyperphosphatemia 16
  • 11. Drug Interactions  User friendly  Index by drug name / brand name  Various contents  – Food, – Tobacco, – Ethanol, – Lab, – Allergy, – Pregnancy, – Lactation  Evidence-based drug interaction  Illustrated by icons 17
  • 12. 1) Warfarin – Benzbromarone 2) Warfarin – Cefmetazole 3) Warfarin – Cyclosporine 4) Warfarin – Valproic acid 5) Levothyroxine – Digoxin 6) Levothyroxine – Theophylline     Which drug combinations have interactions? (A)- 2) 3) 4) 5) (B)- 3) 4) 5) (C)- 1) 2) 4) 6) (D)- 4) 6)
  • 13. 19  Correct answer (B)- 3) 4) 5)
  • 15. Drug Interactions  Variable results within Micromedex® database  Warfarin – Benzbromarone  Warfarin – Cefmetazole  Variable results between different databases  Thyroxin – Digoxin  Thyroxin – Theophylline  Cyclosporine – Warfarin  Variable degrees between different databases  Warfarin – Valproic acid : different significance level 21
  • 16. Discrepancies between database 32  Evidence-based interactions  More applicable in clinical setting  With stronger evidence level & more clinical significance  Pharmacokinetics- & pharmacodynamics- proposed interactions  Class effects warrant close monitoring  Especially not yet American-approved medications  Exploring under-reporting interactions
  • 18. mobile Micromedex  Free Micromedex® Drug Reference for Internet Subscribers  Micromedex ® Drug Interactions  Micromedex ® IV Compatibility 34
  • 20. Other Clinical Questions  Drug dosing in extremes of body weight  Drug Dosing in Extremes of Body Weight (UKCPA)  Medication Dosing Guidelines in Obese Adults (RQHR)  Quick index of drug-disease interaction  Myasthenia gravis (MG)  Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defect (G-6PD)  Discrepancy of American references with other nations’  Infusion rate of fluconazole (Diflucan®)  Infusion rate of albumin 20% “國血製劑益康” 36

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. 各位Micromedex的使用者大家午安!我是下午第一位講者陳建豪,我今天想要跟大家分享的主題是:如何在臨床工作中找到實證解答。希望藉由今天的這個分享,讓大家知道如何利用Micromedex快速地獲得實證資料,並且了解實證資料的限制。最後,我也會提出我對於Micromedex未來的期許。
  2. 容我自我介紹一下:我畢業於台灣大學臨床藥學研究所,在求學期間也曾經到美國OSU大學進行短期的觀摩交換。我畢業後就在台大醫院藥劑部服務,經歷過住院、門診以及急診藥局的訓練,目前回到住院藥局服務。 我自大學時代就開始使用Micromedex,工作後也曾經擔任過實習學生的講師,向學生講解常見資料庫的使用。使用Micromedex的經驗約6年,不長;但也不算短。 題外話,由於我非常喜歡分享一些冷門的小知識,目前也在FB粉絲團每日一冷擔任客座編輯。
  3. 在日常工作中,身為藥師,我們是常常被問問題的。這些問題可能來自病人、病人的家屬、同事、醫師、醫療團隊裡的其他專業人員、學生、或是我們自己。這些問題五花八門,如何快速,而且有證據地回答這些問題是非常重要的。
  4. 這是我今天的outline。 第一部分我會用兩個案例來分享如何使用Micromedex進行檢索並獲得實證解答;我常用的部分包括FDA, non-FDA uses,PK/PD,comparative efficacy還有place in therapy。 第二部份我想藉由查詢藥品交互作用跟大家分享應用資料庫的檢索結果與臨床判斷的重要性。 第三部分則想跟大家分享如何在手機中下載Micromedex以應付臨床上需要快速查詢資料的時刻。 最後一部分則是討論與展望。
  5. 老實說,在準備演講時我並不清楚我可以跟大家分享什麼,於是我先參考了前三年Micromedex使用者大會其他講者分享了什麼。我發現部分講者會舉出一些臨床案例,並藉由Micromedex來解決這些問題。這些前輩們有一些是專科藥師、有些是一般藥師,也有像早上的講者一樣是藥物諮詢藥師、或是藥師周刊的記者。另一些講者會分享醫院利用Micromedex建置臨床決策支援系統(CDSS)的經驗,例如台大就曾利用這些資料庫建置了藥品交互作用檢核系統、肝腎功能調整查詢功能或藥品相容性的查詢。我今天會舉出兩個例子分享我的使用經驗。
  6. 對vancomycin過敏的病人可能也會對teicoplanin過敏,但對vancomycin過敏的病人改用teicoplanin進行治療的案例也是有的。目前對於vancomycin過敏是否也會對teicoplanin過敏目前仍無定論,使用上可能要格外小心。 Micromedex在敘述案例報告時,常會描述報告的內容。這些敘述對於臨床判斷其實很有幫助。
  7. 我會直覺地由是否有這項適應症來思考這個問題。 Micromedex會針對臨床上藥品使用的適應症給出建議,這個建議會依照證據多寡、強弱、是否有效而具有不同建議強度。
  8. 建議強度:綜觀來看是否建議這項適應症。 Inconclusive: 目前的證據仍無法達到一致性的結論。 以Facebook的概念來解釋。
  9. Category A: 在臨床試驗的meta-analysis中得到的結論一致性高,且RCT中病人數多,證據強度較高。 Category B: 在臨床試驗的meta-analysis中得到的結論一致性較低,或RCT中病人數較少,或僅有非隨機試驗的研究,例如世代研究cohort studies, case-control studies, 以及觀察性研究observational studies。 Category C: 專家意見、協會共識或僅有案例報告,證據力較弱。
  10. 除了是否建議這項適應症、證據強度外,另一項重點就是治療是否有效。
  11. 另一個搜尋的方法是藉由PK/PD的資料來回答這個問題。
  12. 在深度檢索的頁面中可以在右上角找到full document。由full document來檢索資料比較繁瑣,像是在大海裡掏金沙。這樣的檢索方法跟早期的Micromedex比較接近。如果關鍵字下得精準,這種檢索方法可能可以找到更多原本不預期會發現的資料,但也比較耗時。
  13. Comparative efficacy可以提供不同藥品間的效果比較,我們可以了解藥品在不同適應症下的優缺點。身為藥師,如何選擇一個最適合目前病人狀況的藥品是很重要的。Place in therapy則可以提供我們了解藥品在整體治療上的地位。某些藥品的place in therapy甚至會有這個藥品是否應存在於處方集的說明,以提供醫療單位作為進藥與否的參考。
  14. 由Micromedex提供的資訊,我們可以這麼回答醫師的問題。 不過有些資訊需要一些臨床經驗才能回答,例如藍字的部分。
  15. 像這樣利用各種不同的搜尋策略來回答一個臨床問題,藉由Micromedex提供的實證資料,讓我能夠快速地找到問題的解答,提供病人更好的臨床服務。
  16. Micromedex中查詢藥品交互作用有兩種方法,一種是由藥品個論中的交互作用列表來查詢,另一種則是由交互作用查詢功能來進行檢索。 在檢索頁面,除了蒐尋藥品外,也可以輸入已知的過敏史來檢核藥物過敏。
  17. 我想在座的各位應該都使用過Micromedex的藥品交互作用查詢,那我就舉這個例子來跟大家分享吧。 Correct answer: (B) by Micromedex Correct answer: (D) by UpToDate
  18. Correct answer (B)
  19. 學習科學的第一天,我們所獲得的第一條信律就是大膽假設、小心求證。這句話我一直記在心裡。作為藥師,當我們拿起通往未知領域的大門鑰匙時,請鼓起勇氣,大膽假設,小心求證,謹慎利用手邊的工具,才能為病人獲得最大的好處。謝謝大家!