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C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,               IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Concrete- composite construction material ,[object Object],CementCoarse Aggregate       Fine Aggregate,[object Object],Water         Chemical Admixtures,[object Object],In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. ,[object Object],The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus" (meaning compact or condensed).,[object Object],Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and ,[object Object],placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. ,[object Object],The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone-like material. ,[object Object],Concrete is used more than any other man-made material in the world. As of 2006, about 7.5 cubic kms of concrete are made each year—more than one cubic meter for every person on Earth.,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],D,[object Object],U,[object Object],C,[object Object],T,[object Object],I,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Depending on the quality and proportions of the ingredients used in the mix, the properties of concrete vary almost as widely as different kinds of stones.   ,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],AGGREGATES,[object Object],Aggregate is the general term applied to those inert or chemically  inactive materials which, when bonded together by cement, form concrete.,[object Object],Most of the aggregates used are naturally occurring aggregates such as crushed rock, gravel and sand. ,[object Object],Artificial and processed aggregates may be broken brick or crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
AGGREGATES,[object Object],Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories.,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Aggregate processing consists of crushing, screening, and washing the aggregate to obtain proper cleanliness and gradation. ,[object Object],Once processed, the aggregates are handled and stored in a way that minimizes segregation and degradation and prevents contamination. ,[object Object],Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy. ,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
SUITABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR AGGREGATES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Aggregate used for concrete construction is required to comply with the norms laid down in ,[object Object],IS: 383-1970 ‘Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete’.,[object Object],Some of the important characters of the aggregates are:,[object Object],Strength,[object Object],   Size,[object Object],   Particle shape,[object Object],   Surface texture,[object Object],   Grading,[object Object],   Impermeability,[object Object],   Cleanliness ,[object Object],   Chemical inertness,[object Object],   Physical and Chemical Stability at high temperatures,[object Object],   Co-efficient of thermal expansion,[object Object],   Cost	,[object Object],To summarize, the aggregate should be composed of inert mineral matter, should have high resistance to attrition, should be clean, free from any adhering coating, dense, durable and sufficiently strong to enable the full strength of the cement matrix to be developed.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
COARSE AGGREGATES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],The material retained on 4.75mm sieve is termed as coarse aggregate.,[object Object],Natural gravels can be quarried from pits where they have been deposited by alluvial or glacial action and are normally composed of flint, quartz, schist and igneous rocks.,[object Object],Coarse aggregates are obtained by crushing various types of  granites, hard lime stone and good quality sand stones.,[object Object],When very high strength concrete is required, a very fine-grained granite is perhaps the best aggregate.,[object Object],Coarse grained rocks make harsh concrete, and need high proportion of sand and high water/cement ratio to get reasonable degree of workability.,[object Object],Hard and closed-grained crystalline lime stones are very suitable for aggregate, is cheap, but should be used only in plain concrete.,[object Object],The bricks should be clean, hard, well-burnt and free from mortar and should not contain more than half percent of soluble sulphates. It should not be used for reinforced concrete work, since it is porous and may corrode the reinforcement.,[object Object],Blast furnace slag, coal ashes, coke-breeze etc. may also be used as aggregates to obtain light weight and insulating concrete of low strength.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
FINE AGGREGATES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],The material smaller than 4.75mm size is called fine aggregate.,[object Object],Natural sands are generally used as fine aggregate.,[object Object],Sand may be obtained from pits, river, lake or sea-shore.,[object Object],When obtained from pits, it should be washed to free it from clean and silt.,[object Object],Sea shore sand may contain chlorides which may cause efflorescence, and may cause corrosion of reinforcement. Hence it should be thoroughly washed before use.,[object Object],Angular grained sand produces good and strong concrete, because it has good interlocking property, while round grained particles of sand do not afford such interlocking.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
GRADING OF AGGREGATES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate. ,[object Object],Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because ,[object Object],grading and size affect the amount of aggregate used as well as,[object Object],cement and water requirements, workability, pumpability, and ,[object Object],durability of concrete. ,[object Object],In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen correctly, a wide ,[object Object],range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. ,[object Object],When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size continuum. ,[object Object],Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate concrete. ,[object Object],Close control of mix proportions is necessary to ,[object Object],avoid segregation. ,[object Object],The grading of the aggregate has a marked effect on ,[object Object],the workability, uniformity, and finishing qualities of ,[object Object],concrete.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
WATER,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Water acts as lubricant for the fine and coarse aggregates and acts chemically with the cement to form the binding paste for the aggregate and reinforcement. ,[object Object],Water is also used for curing the concrete after it has been cast into the forms.,[object Object],Water used for both mixing and curing should be free from injurious amount of deleterious materials.,[object Object],Portable waters are generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of concrete.,[object Object],Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more durable concrete; more water will give an freer-flowing concrete with a higher slump. ,[object Object],Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.,[object Object],Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. ,[object Object],As the reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the individual sand and gravel particles and other components of the concrete, to form a solid mass.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
WATER - CEMENT RATIO,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Water-Cement ratio is the ratio of volume of water mixed in concrete to volume of cement used.,[object Object],The strength and workability of concrete depend to a great extent on the amount of water used.,[object Object],For a given proportion of the materials, there is an amount of water which gives the greatest strength.,[object Object],Amount of water less than this  optimum water decreases the strength and about 10 percent less may be insufficient to ensure complete setting of cement.,[object Object],More, than optimum water increases the workability but decrease the strength. An increase in 10% above the optimum may decrease the strength approximately by 15% while an increase in 50% may decrease the strength to one-half.,[object Object],The use of an excessive amount of water not only produces low strength but increases shrinking, and decreases density and durability.,[object Object],According to Abram’s Water-Cement Ratio law, lesser the water-cement ratio in a workable mix, greater will be its strength.,[object Object],According to Powers, cement does not combine chemically with more than half the quantity of water in the mix.,[object Object],Water-cement ratio needs to be about 0.25 to complete the hydration reaction. ,[object Object],Typical values of w/c are between 0.35 and 0.40 because they give a good amount of workability without sacrificing a lot of strength.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
ADMIXTURES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in concrete other than portland cement, water, and aggregate that are added to the mix immediately before or during mixing. ,[object Object],Producers use admixtures primarily ,[object Object],To reduce the cost of concrete construction; ,[object Object],	To modify the properties of hardened concrete; ,[object Object],	To ensure the quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing, and curing; and ,[object Object],	To overcome certain emergencies during concrete operations. ,[object Object],Most admixtures are supplied in ready-to-use liquid form and are added to the concrete at the plant or at the jobsite. ,[object Object],Certain admixtures, such as pigments, expansive agents, and pumping aids are used only in extremely small amounts and are usually batched by hand from premeasured containers.,[object Object],The effectiveness of an admixture depends on several factors including: ,[object Object],Type and amount of cement, ,[object Object],	Water content, ,[object Object],	Mixing time, ,[object Object],	Slump, and ,[object Object],	Temperatures of the concrete and air. ,[object Object],Sometimes, effects similar to those achieved through the addition of admixtures can be achieved by altering the concrete mixture-reducing the water-cement ratio, adding additional cement, using a different type of cement, or changing the aggregate and aggregate gradation. ,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
ADMIXTURES,[object Object],Five Functions,[object Object],Admixtures are classed according to function. There are five distinct classes of chemical admixtures: ,[object Object],air-entraining, water-reducing, retarding, accelerating, and plasticizers (super plasticizers). ,[object Object],All other varieties of admixtures fall into the specialty category whose functions include corrosion inhibition, shrinkage reduction, alkali-silica reactivity reduction, workability enhancement, bonding, damp proofing, and coloring. ,[object Object],Air-entraining admixtures, which are used to purposely place microscopic air bubbles into the concrete, are discussed more fully in "Air-Entrained Concrete.“,[object Object],Water-reducing admixtures usually reduce the required water content for a concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent. ,[object Object],Consequently, concrete containing a water-reducing admixture needs less water to reach a required slump than untreated concrete. ,[object Object],The treated concrete can have a lower water-cement ratio. This usually indicates that a higher strength concrete can be produced without increasing the amount of cement. ,[object Object],Recent advancements in admixture technology have led to the development of mid-range water reducers. ,[object Object],These admixtures reduce water content by at least 8 percent and tend to be more stable over a wider range of temperatures. Mid-range water reducers provide more consistent setting times than standard water reducers. ,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
ADMIXTURES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Retarding admixtures, which slow the setting rate of concrete, are used to counteract the accelerating effect of hot weather on concrete setting. ,[object Object],High temperatures often cause an increased rate of hardening which makes placing and finishing difficult. ,[object Object],Retarders keep concrete workable during placement and delay the initial set of concrete. ,[object Object],Most retarders also function as water reducers and may entrain some air in concrete.,[object Object],Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early strength development, reduce the time required for proper curing and protection, and speed up the start of finishing operations. ,[object Object],Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying the properties of concrete in cold weather. Superplasticizers, also known as plasticizers or high-range water reducers (HRWR), reduce water content by 12 to 30 percent and can be added to concrete with a low-to-normal slump and water-cement ratio to make high-slump flowing concrete. ,[object Object],Flowing concrete is a highly fluid but workable concrete that can be placed with little or no vibration or compaction. ,[object Object],The effect of superplasticizers lasts only 30 to 60 minutes, depending on the brand and dosage rate, and is followed by a rapid loss in workability. As a result of the slump loss, superplasticizers are usually added to concrete at the jobsite.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
ADMIXTURES,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category and are used to slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. ,[object Object],Corrosion inhibitors can be used as a defensive strategy for concrete structures, such as marine facilities, highway bridges, and parking garages, that will be exposed to high concentrations of chloride. ,[object Object],Other specialty admixtures include shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors. ,[object Object],The shrinkage reducers are used to control drying shrinkage and minimize cracking, while ASR inhibitors control durability problems associated with alkali-silica reactivity.,[object Object],Use of unsound cement, which due to some delayed chemical reactions, undergo volume changes after the concrete has hardened.,[object Object],Use of less durable aggregate, which may either react with cement, or may be reacted upon by atmospheric gases.,[object Object],Entry of harmful gases and salts through excessive pores and voids present in unsound concrete, causing its  disintegration.,[object Object],Freezing and thawing of water sucked through the cracks or crevices, by capillary action causing its disintegration.,[object Object],Expansion and contraction resulting from temperature changes or alternate wetting drying.,[object Object],DISINTEGRATION AND DECAY OF CONCRETE,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
The important properties of concrete, which govern the design of a concrete mix are,[object Object],Strength,[object Object],	Durability,[object Object],	Workability,[object Object],	Economy.,[object Object],Capable of resisting its disintegration and decay.,[object Object],The concrete should be durable with regard to the various weathering conditions such as action of atmospheric gases, moisture changes, temperature variations.,[object Object],For durable concrete, water-cement ratio should be as small as possible to get a workable mix.,[object Object],A well – compacted concrete has less voids and pores and has more durability.,[object Object],To entrap innumerable minute air bubble in concrete, Vinsol resin, is sometimes mixed with concrete.,[object Object],To Prevent Vinsol resin reacting chemically with the cement, and to make it soluble in water, it is first neutralised by the addition of sodium hydroxide.,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],P,[object Object],E,[object Object],R,[object Object],T,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],S,[object Object],DURABILITY,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
It is difficult to properly define and measure the ‘workability’ of concrete, despite its being the most important property.,[object Object],In its simplest form, the term ‘workability’ may be defined as the ease with which concrete may be mixed, handled, transported, placed in position and compacted.,[object Object],According to Indian Standards, Workability of concrete is that property of concrete which determines the amount of internal work necessary to produce full compaction.,[object Object],The greatest single factor affecting the workability is the amount to water in the mix.,[object Object],A workable concrete does not show any bleeding or segregation.,[object Object],Bleeding of concrete takes place when excess of water in the mix comes up at the surface, causing small pores through the mass of the concrete. ,[object Object],Segregation is caused when coarse aggregate separate out from the finer materials, resulting in large voids, less durability and less strength.,[object Object],WORKABILITY,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],P,[object Object],E,[object Object],R,[object Object],T,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],S,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength,  but much lower tensile strength. ,[object Object],For this reason is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). ,[object Object],The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. ,[object Object],Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. ,[object Object],All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. ,[object Object],Concrete that is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep.,[object Object],Tests can be made to ensure the properties of concrete correspond to specifications for the application.,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],P,[object Object],E,[object Object],R,[object Object],T,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],S,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
REINFORCEMENT,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. ,[object Object],It is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. ,[object Object],Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding either steel reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads. Thereafter the concrete is reinforced to withstand the tensile loads upon it.,[object Object],For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement shall have the following properties:,[object Object],  High strength,[object Object],   High tensile strain,[object Object],  Good bond to the concrete,[object Object],  Thermal compatibility,[object Object],  Durability in the concrete environment,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
REINFORCEMENT,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],G,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],D,[object Object],I,[object Object],E,[object Object],N,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],Steel reinforcement used in reinforced concrete may be of the following types:,[object Object],(a) 1. Mild steel bars ,[object Object],	      2. Hot rolled Mild steel deformed bars,[object Object],	(b) 1. Medium tensile steel,[object Object],  	      2. Hot rolled medium tensile steel deformed bars,[object Object],	(C) 1. Hot rolled high yield strength deformed bars,[object Object],	      2. Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars,[object Object],	(d) 1. Hard drawn steel wire fabric ,[object Object],	      2. Rolled steel made from structural steel,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
CONCRETING PROCESS,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],Concreting Process involves the following Process,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
MIXING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],The operation of manufacture of concrete is called ‘mixing’. The mixing can be done by two methods:,[object Object],HAND MIXING,[object Object],Mixing is done manually on a steel plate,, 2m x 2m in size or on a clean hard surface.,[object Object],This method is resorted to when the quantity of concrete needed for the work is small.,[object Object],Sand and cement in appropriate proportions are mixed first in a dry state.,[object Object],The coarse aggregate is then added and the whole mixture is mixed thoroughly with the help of shovels.,[object Object],The predetermined amount of water is then sprinkled over the mix, till the colour of concrete obtained is homogeneous and workable mix is  obtained.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
MIXING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],MACHINE MIXING,[object Object],Concrete should normally be mixed in a mechanical mixer. The main part ,[object Object],of the mixer is a drum in which the ingredients are mixed thoroughly by ,[object Object],mechanically rotating the drum. ,[object Object],The drum is made of steel plates, with a  number of blades put in inclined ,[object Object],position in the drum.,[object Object],As the drum rotates, the materials encounter resistance to rotation from the blades and this disturbing effects helps in a good mixing of the ingredients.,[object Object],The mixers are either operated electrically or else are driven by oil engines attached to them.,[object Object],Coarse aggregate should be fed first, then sand and  lastly cement. ,[object Object],In the revolving state, when the three get thoroughly mixed, water should be added either with the help of a can or automatically through the pipe attached to the mixer.,[object Object],Mixing should be continued until there is a uniform distribution of the materials and the mass is uniform in colour and consistency, but in no case shall the mixing be done for less than two minutes.,[object Object],Concrete mixers may be of two types: ,[object Object],Batch Mixers,[object Object],	Continuous Mixers,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Batch type mixers are employed for work of relatively small magnitude.,[object Object],Batch type mixers can either be of tilting drum type or closed drum type. In the tilting drum type, drum rotates about a trunnion axis and is so arranged that it is quiet easy to rotate and tilt it when it is  empty as well as when full.,[object Object],In the close drum type, the drum remains rotating in one direction and is emptied by means of the hopper which tilts to receive the discharge.,[object Object],Continuous mixers are used in mass concreting work where a large and continuous flow of concrete is required.,[object Object],In these mixtures, processes  of feeding, mixing and emptying go on continuously without break. ,[object Object],MIXING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],TRANSPORTING,[object Object],Concrete should be handled from the place of mixing to the place of final deposit as rapidly as practical by methods which will prevent the segregation or loss of any of the ingredients.,[object Object],If the segregation does occur during transport, the concrete should be remixed before being placed.,[object Object],During hot or cold weather, concrete should be transported in deep containers, on account of their lower ration of surface area to mass, reduce the rate of loss of water by evaporating during hot weather and loss of heat during cold weather.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
PLACING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],The concrete should be placed and compacted before setting commences and,[object Object],Should not subsequently be disturbed.,[object Object],Method of placing should be such as to preclude segregation.,[object Object],Before concrete is placed, it should be ensured that the forms are rigid, in their correct position, well cleaned and oiled.,[object Object],Oiling of these forms will prevent the concrete from sticking to it, and it will then be easier to remove the forms when they are no longer required.,[object Object],Concrete should not be poured  into the forms  only at one point, but should be uniformly spread on all the sides for better compaction.,[object Object],When the work has to be resumed on a surface which has hardened, such surface should be roughened.,[object Object],It should then be swept clean, thoroughly wetted and covered with a 13mm layer of mortar composed of cement and sand in the same ratio as the cement and sand in the concrete mix.,[object Object],This 13mm layer of mortar should be freshly mixed and placed immediately before the placing of the concrete. ,[object Object],Where the concrete has not fully hardened, all lattance should be removed by scrubbing the wet surface with wire or bristle brushes, care being taken to avoid dislodgement of particles of aggregate.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
PLACING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],The Surface should be thoroughly wetted and all free water removed.,[object Object],The surface should then be coated with neat cement grout.,[object Object],The first layer of concrete to be placed on this surface should not exceed 150mm in thickness, and should be well –rammed against old work, particular attention being paid to corners and close spots.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
The removal of entrapped air during production of concrete and the uniform,,[object Object],dense arrangement of the constituents of concrete are effected during the ,[object Object],compacting of corners.,[object Object],The density and consequently, the strength and durability of concrete depend upon this operation.,[object Object],Concrete should be thoroughly compacted during the operation of placing and thoroughly worked around the reinforcement, around embedded fixtures and into corners of the form work.,[object Object],Concrete is compacted by vibration, during which the vibrator communicates rapid vibrations of low amplitude to the particles, as a result of which the concrete becomes fluid, that is to say, its mobility is increased, and the particles, in movement, under the force of gravity occupy a more stable position, which volume of concrete is least.,[object Object],Vibrators are of three general types:,[object Object],Internal Vibrators,,[object Object],	External Vibrators,,[object Object],	Surface Vibrators.,[object Object],Internal or immersion vibrators consists of a vibrating element enclosed in a casing which is immersed in fresh concrete and transmit vibrations through the vibrator body.,[object Object],External or form vibrators are fastened to the form work by a clamping device and transmit vibrations to the concrete through the form.,[object Object],In precast members of concrete, the vibrating tables are very helpful. These tables vibrate the entire mass of concrete uniformly. ,[object Object],COMPACTING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
COMPACTING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],Surface vibrators, set up on the concrete surface after placing, transmit vibrations to it through a working platform. They are generally employed in concrete road construction.,[object Object],Mechanical method of compacting the concrete is used only when the mix is stiff.,[object Object],Over-vibration or vibration of very wet mixes is harmful and should be avoided. Alternatively, concrete may be compacted manually by rodding, temping or hammering.,[object Object],Rodding is generally done to compact thin vertical members while temping is done for compacting concrete for slabs etc.,,[object Object],CURING,[object Object],Curing is one of the most essential operation in which concrete is kept continuously damp for some days to enable the concrete to gain more strength.,[object Object],Curing replenishes the loss of moisture from the concrete due to evaporation, absorption and heat of reactions.,[object Object],The period of curing depends upon atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity and wind velocity.,[object Object],The normal period is between 7 and 10 days.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
CURING,[object Object],P,[object Object],R,[object Object],O,[object Object],C,[object Object],E,[object Object],SS,[object Object],There are several methods of curing the concrete, the more common being the following:,[object Object],Covering the exposed surface with a layer of sacking, canvas, hessian or similar 	absorbant 	materials, and keeping them continuously wet. ,[object Object],	Thoroughly wetting the surface of concrete, and then keeping it covered with a layer of 	suitable water proof material,,[object Object],	Impounding  water in earthen or sandy bunds in squares over the flooring,,[object Object],	Curing with the help of steam or hot water, resulting in rapid development of strength.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN,[object Object],INTRODUCTION,[object Object],The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. ,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],The proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. ,[object Object],If the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, becomes of vital importance.,[object Object],PROPORTIONING,[object Object],The key to achieving a strong, durable ,[object Object],concrete rests in the careful proportioning ,[object Object],and mixing of the ingredients. ,[object Object],A concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. ,[object Object],A mixture with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth surface; however, the resulting concrete is likely to shrink more and be uneconomical.,[object Object],A properly designed concrete mixture will possess the desired workability for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete. ,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Typically, a mix is about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. ,[object Object],Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS,[object Object],The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an index of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing, compaction and curing. ,[object Object],CEMENT -  Preferable to measure cement in terms of its weight, and not in terms of volume.,[object Object],FINE AGGREGATES  - May be measured by weight for accurate works and by volume for ordinary works. When dry sand absorbs water from atmosphere, or when water is mixed to it artificially, its volume increases.,[object Object],This increases in volume due to moisture in sand is known as bulking of sand. Hence, for accurate and large scale works, sand is always measured by weight and necessary allowance is made for the hygroscropic moisture in the sand.,[object Object],COARSE AGGREGATE – No problem of bulking in coarse aggregate, and hence it may be measured either by volume or by weight. But, for accurate and large scale works, measurement should be done by weight.,[object Object],WATER – Normally measured by volume, and specified as so many litres per bag of cement.,[object Object],For a given quantity of water to be mixed in concrete, adjustments should be made for the amount of water present in sand and aggregate.,[object Object],However, if the aggregate is dry and found to absorb water, extra water should be added to account for this. ,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
The mix design methods being followed in different countries are mostly based on empirical relationships, charts and graphs developed from extensive experimental investigations.,[object Object],Following methods are in practice,[object Object],1. ACI Mix design method,[object Object],2. USBR Mix design method,[object Object],3. British Mix design method,[object Object],4. Mix design method according to Indian standard,[object Object],Since ACI Mix design method is an originator for all other methods, including Indian standard method, wherein every table and charts are fully borrowed from ACI, so we follow the ACI Mix design method in practice,[object Object],The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are : ,[object Object],a ) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration,[object Object],b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment available. ,[object Object],c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate durability for the particular site conditions,[object Object],d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in mass concrete. ,[object Object],METHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
FACTORS IN CONCRETE MIX DESIGN,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],The design of concrete mix will be based on the following factors.,[object Object],Grade of concrete: ,[object Object],This gives the characteristic strength requirements of concrete. ,[object Object],Depending upon the level of quality control available at the site, the concrete mix has to be designed ,[object Object],for a target mean strength which is higher than the characteristic strength.,[object Object],(b) Type of cement: ,[object Object],The type of cement is important mainly through its influence on the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete as well as durability under aggressive environments ordinary Portland cement(OPC) and Portland Pozzolona cement (PPC) are permitted to use in reinforced concrete construction.,[object Object],(c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate: ,[object Object],It is found that larger the size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a particular water cement ratio. Aggregates having a maximum nominal size of 20mm or smaller are generally considered satisfactory.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
FACTORS IN CONCRETE MIX DESIGN,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],(d) Minimum water cement ratio: ,[object Object],The minimum w/c ratio for a specified strength depends on the type of cement.,[object Object],(e) Workability: ,[object Object],The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size and shape of the section to be concreted.,[object Object],TYPES OF MIXES,[object Object],Nominal Mixes,[object Object],In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate strength are termed nominal mixes. ,[object Object],These offer simplicity and under normal circumstances, have a margin of strength above that specified. ,[object Object],However, due to the variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely in strength.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
TYPES OF MIXES,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],2. Standard mixes,[object Object],The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength and may result in under- or over-rich mixes. ,[object Object],For this reason, the minimum compressive strength has been included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.,[object Object],IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. ,[object Object],In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. ,[object Object],The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.,[object Object],3. Designed Mixes,[object Object],In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mix proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement content can be laid down. ,[object Object],This is most rational approach to the selection of mix proportions with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics. ,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
PROPERTIES,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],1. Compressive strength,[object Object],It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other describable properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required at a specific age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix. ,[object Object],The other factor affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed temperature is the degree of compaction. ,[object Object],According to Abraham’s law the strength of fully compacted concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio.,[object Object],2. Workability,[object Object],The degree of workability required depends on three factors. ,[object Object],These are the size of the section to be concreted, the amount of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be used. ,[object Object],For the narrow and complicated section with numerous corners or inaccessible parts, the concrete must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a reasonable amount of effort. ,[object Object],This also applies to the embedded steel sections. The desired workability depends on the compacting equipment available at the site.,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
PROPERTIES,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],3. Durability,[object Object],The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental conditions. ,[object Object],High strength concrete is generally more durable than low strength concrete. ,[object Object],In the situations when the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such that high durability is vital, the durability requirement will determine the water-cement ratio to be used.,[object Object],4. Maximum nominal size of aggregate,[object Object],In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a particular water-cement ratio, because the workability of concrete increases with increase in maximum size of the aggregate. ,[object Object],However, the compressive strength tends to increase with the decrease in size of aggregate.,[object Object],IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of the aggregate should be as large as possible.,[object Object],5. Grading and type of aggregate,[object Object],The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and water-cement ratio. ,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
PROPERTIES,[object Object],C,[object Object],O,[object Object],N,[object Object],C,[object Object],R,[object Object],E,[object Object],TE,[object Object],M,[object Object],I,[object Object],X,[object Object],Coarser the grading leaner will be mix which can be used. ,[object Object],Very lean mix is not desirable since it does not contain enough finer material to make the concrete cohesive.,[object Object],The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for the desired workability and stipulated water cement ratio. ,[object Object],An important feature of a satisfactory aggregate is the uniformity of the grading which can be achieved by mixing different size fractions.,[object Object],6. Quality Control,[object Object],The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the variations in test results. ,[object Object],The variation in strength results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients and lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. ,[object Object],The lower the difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be the cement-content required. The factor controlling this difference is termed as quality control.,[object Object],Mix Proportion designations,[object Object],The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement ratio is usually expressed in mass,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
The slump tests are conducted to determine the workability of fresh concrete. ,[object Object],The apparatus used for doing slump test are Slump cone and Tamping rod.,[object Object],i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil.,[object Object],ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and nonabsorbent surface.,[object Object],iii) The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to one-fourth of the height of the mould.,[object Object],iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly over the cross section).,[object Object],The strokes for the second and subsequent layers should be penetrate into the underlying  layer.,[object Object],Bottom layer should be tamped through out its depth,[object Object],After the top layer is rodded, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel or the tamping rod.,[object Object],The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical direction.,[object Object],This allows the concrete to subside and the slump is measured immediately by determining the difference between the highest of the mould and that of the highest point of the slumped specimen.,[object Object],T,[object Object],E,[object Object],S,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Three forms of slumps may occur. The first is a true slump, the second is known as a shear slump and the third a collapse slump which is obtained with lean harsh or very wet mixes.,[object Object],Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect results and if this occurs the test should be repeated with another sample.,[object Object],If in the repeat test also, the specimen should shear, the slump shall be measured and the fact that the specimen sheared, shall be recorded. ,[object Object],Generally, if shear and collapse slumps are obtained the concrete will be unsatisfactory for placing.,[object Object],T,[object Object],E,[object Object],S,[object Object],T,[object Object],S,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Concrete is used to make,[object Object],Pavements, ,[object Object],	Pipe, ,[object Object],	Architectural structures, ,[object Object],	Foundations, ,[object Object],	Motorways/Roads, ,[object Object],	Bridges/Overpasses, ,[object Object],	Parking structures, ,[object Object],	Brick/Block walls and ,[object Object],	Footings for gates, fences and poles.,[object Object],Reinforced concrete, ,[object Object],prestressed concrete and ,[object Object],precast concrete are the most widely used types of concrete functional extensions in modern days.,[object Object],U,[object Object],S,[object Object],E,[object Object],S,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
The FORM WORK or shuttering is a temporary construction used as a mould for the structure in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures.,[object Object],The cost of form work may be upto 20 to 25% of the cost of structure in building work and even higher in bridges.,[object Object],The operation of removing the formwork is commonly known as stripping.,[object Object],The components of formwork are removed and then reused for the forms of another part of the structure.,[object Object],Such forms, whose components can be reused several times are known as panel forms.,[object Object],Forms are classified as wooden, plywood, steel, combined wood-steel, reinforced concrete and plain concrete.,[object Object],Timber is the most common material used for form work.,[object Object],The disadvantages of the wooden form work is the possibility of warping, swelling and shrinkage of the timber.,[object Object],However those defects can be overcome by applying to the shuttering water impermeable coatings.,[object Object],This coating also prevents the shuttering from adhering to concrete and hence makes the stripping easier. ,[object Object],F,[object Object],O,[object Object],R,[object Object],M,[object Object],W,[object Object],O,[object Object],R,[object Object],K,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Steel shuttering is used for major work where every thing is mechanised. Steel form work has many advantages, such as follows:,[object Object],	It can be put to high number of uses,[object Object],	It provides ease of stripping,[object Object],	It ensures an even and smooth concrete surface,[object Object],	It possesses greater rigidity,[object Object],	It is not liable to shrinkage or distortion. However, steel form work is comparatively more costly.,[object Object],A good form work should satisfy the following requirements:,[object Object],	The material of the form work should be cheap and it should be suitable for re-use several times,[object Object],	It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete. Also, its shrinkage and swelling should be minimum,[object Object],	It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it, such as dead load of concrete and live load during its pouring, compaction and curing,[object Object],	It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum,[object Object],	It should be as light as possible,[object Object],	The surface of the form work should be smooth, and it should afford easy stripping,[object Object],	All joints of the form works should be stiff so that lateral deformation under loads is min.,[object Object],	The form work should rest on non-yielding supports.,[object Object],F,[object Object],O,[object Object],R,[object Object],M,[object Object],W,[object Object],O,[object Object],R,[object Object],K,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
Concrete expands and shrinks with changes in moisture and temperature.,[object Object],The over all tendency is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early stage.,[object Object],Irregular cracks are unsightly and difficult to maintain but generally do not affect the integrity of the concrete.,[object Object],Joints are simply pre planned cracks.,[object Object],Joints can be created by forming, tooling, sawing and placement of joint formers.,[object Object],There are 3 common types of Concrete Joints:,[object Object],CONTRACTION JOINTS,[object Object],Contraction joints are purposely installed joints designed to regulate cracking that might otherwise occur due to the unavoidable, often unpredictable contraction of concrete.,[object Object],These joints are often called control joints because they are intended to control crack locations.,[object Object],The necessary plane of weakness may be formed by reducing the concrete cross-section by tooling or saw cutting a joint within 24 hours of placing.,[object Object],Contraction joint movement is supposed to be small.,[object Object],J,[object Object],O,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],TS,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS,[object Object],Construction joints are made before and after interruptions in the placement of concrete or through the positioning of precast units.,[object Object],Locations are usually predetermined so as to limit the work that can be done at one time to a convenient size, with least impairment of the finished structure, though they may also be necessitated by unforeseen interruptions in concreting operations.,[object Object],Depending on the structural design, they may be required to function later as expansion or contraction joints or they may be required to be soundly bonded to the first so as to maintain complete structural integrity.,[object Object],Construction joints may run horizontally or vertically depending on the placing sequence prescribed by the design of the structure. ,[object Object],EXPANSION JOINTS,[object Object],Expansion joints are designed to prevent the crushing and distortion of the absorbing concrete structural units that might otherwise occur due to the transmission of compressive forces that may be developed by expansion, applied loads, or differential  movements arising from the configuration of the structure or its settlement.,[object Object],Expansion joints are made by providing a space over the entire cross section between abutting structural units.,[object Object],J,[object Object],O,[object Object],I,[object Object],N,[object Object],TS,[object Object],C  O  N  C  R  E  T  E,  IT’S INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES,[object Object]
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