Can renewable energy save the world? Panel discussion held by University of California, Santa Cruz February 11 2009. Peter Borden, Awais Khan, Ali Shakouri.
2. Area Required for a PV Power Plant to Supply
U.S. Annual Electricity Demand
Nevada
120 miles x 120 miles
= 0.4% of total U.S. land area
= 1/3 of U.S. land covered by roadways
= 2.5 times the area of all single-family residential rooftops
= 400 times 2008 display glass demand (100 km2)
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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3. Solar America volume-driven predictions
PG&E E1 tiered residential rate/kWhr
>3.0X
2-3.0X
1.3-2.0X
1-1.3X
Baseline
(F) (F) (F)
3
3
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4. PV growing rapidly, but small compared to demand
60% growth!
Module shortage
due to silicon supply
Source: Greentech Media
California annual usage is 240,000 kWhr (Cal ISO).
Equals 150 GW of PV assuming mean insolation of 1600 kWhr/kW.
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5. Domestic rooftops – a great early market
2.7 kW PV array
(14 SunPower
panels, ~18%),
$6/watt after
rebates,
-$50 electric bill
last year)
Planned tower for
2,700 kW wind
turbine
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10. The two mainstream types of PV
Wafer-based Crystal Silicon Thin Film
Lower efficiency for cost constrained markets
Higher efficiency for area constrained markets
(Sufficient area available to meet generation
(Greater revenue compensates for
needs gives advantage to lower installed $/watt)
higher installed $/watt)
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11. 2007 Module Efficiency – c-Si and Thin Film
Photon International Survey
Advanced silicon
19.3
20
CZ and MC silicon
18
16.7
16 15.1
14.4 14.4 14.4
Thin film
14.3
14.2 14.0 13.8
13.7 13.7 13.5
13.3 13.3
14 13.1 12.8
Efficiency (%)
12 11.1 11.0
10
8.5
7.6
8
6.6
6
4
2
0
r
TF
o
o
o
o
S
a
o
ar
JA
BC
G
ti
Si
BP
ti
ti
ti
i
G
we
ti
sh
on
on
on
ny
ul
ul
ul
er
on
ul
ul
CI
CS
ol
a-
EF
p
M
M
M
ub
LG
M
M
o
oc
M
Sa
M
tS
M
M
ar
np
er
p
h
he
Ky
h
tt
its
tt
h
he
p
Sh
h
rs
th
BP
ar
ec
ec
ho
Su
ho
ec
ar
ec
M
sc
Fi
O
sc
Sh
ot
Sc
nt
Sh
Sc
nt
ot
ut
ut
M
Su
Su
M
De
De
Thin Film suppliers need higher module efficiency with low manufacturing costs
Silicon suppliers need incremental efficiency and cost gains to stay ahead of TF
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12. Summary
PV is one of many players in the energy picture. Flexible system
size, low maintenance enable it to effectively serve many markets
Today, supply is small, but growing rapidly
Scaling and competition between PV technologies is driving down
cost per watt.
As costs come down, PV will penetrate larger markets
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