Poverty, hunger, starvation and diseases were the major challenges facing the developing nations while the developed economies seemed to be enjoying the benefits of development including human rights, democracy, and good governance.

1. Presentation by D. Tola Winjobi (PhD)
Principal Coordinator, CAFSO-WRAG for Development
Convener, Civil Society Coalition on Sustainable
Development

2. FROM MDGs TO SDGs:
UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL
AGENDA ON SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

3. Presentation Outline
* Pre-2000 MDGs
* 15 years of MDGs: Millennium Declaration; 8 Goals; 21
targets and 60 indicators; Characteristics – People-
centred, smart, development partners involvement.
* Challenges of MDGs (inherent in and
implementation)
* Post-2015 Development Agenda (2010 UN-Sec Report,
studies, all inclusive deliberations, HLF 2015 released
Global Agenda 2030; 17 Goals, 169 targets, 230
indicators; 3 dimensions of SDGs)
* SDGs Implementation: Challenges and Opportunities

4. Situation Pre-2000 MDGs
Poverty, hunger, starvation and diseases were the major
challenges facing the developing nations while the developed
economies seemed to be enjoying the benefits of
development including human rights, democracy, and good
governance.
Commonplace sloganeering included:
“health for all by the year 2000”,
“education for all by the year 2000”,
“food sufficiency for all by the year 2000”,
“shelter for all by the year 2000”,
“prosperity for all by the year 2000”
and several other slogans.

5. Millennium Declaration and Goals
The United Nations indeed felt concerned about the
plight of common people especially in the global south.
In order to address the problem of poverty and promote
sustainable developments, the eight millennium goals
were adopted in September 2000 at the largest
gathering of 189 Heads of States committing both rich
and poor countries to do all they could to eradicate
poverty, promote human dignity and equality, and
achieve peace, democracy and environmental stability.

6. Targets; Indicators; Xteristics
The MDGs and related targets and indicators serve as
benchmarks of progress towards the shared vision of
where the world wants to go and commitment to work
together to get there. There are 21 targets and 60
indicators set to achieve the 8 goals by 2015. Three distinct
characteristics of MDGs are that: it is people-centred; it is
adaptable to SMART test; and it involves the development
partners, among others.
MDGs were a rallying point, and brought to the limelight
in a general sense keeping some specific stakeholders
busy more than ever before by supporting the efforts of
the UN and governments.

7. Challenges of MDGs
The challenges facing MDGs can be categorized into
two:
1.the challenges inherent in the Millennium Declaration
leading to setting up of the eight goals of the MDGs
and;
2.2. the challenges facing the implementation of MDGs
in various countries.

8. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
• 189 heads of government indeed signed the
Millennium Declaration only a few of them were
conversant with the content of MDGs they signed for.
• Late implementation in most African countries ( 2006
Debt relief in Nigeria)
• process leading to crafting of MDGs up to the signing
stage was devoid of inclusion of critical stakeholders
in many countries.
• institutional stakeholders such as ministries,
departments, agencies, including the parliament,
CSOs and private sector were excluded.

9. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
In most cases, it was only at the point of annual
appropriation that the parliaments were involved
while MDG line ministries were involved at the point
of implementation.
lack of institutional capacity to implement MDGs
coupled with paucity of funds as many countries did
not prepare for MDGs at the time it came.
Misplaced priorities: Many countries were enacting
institutional policies rather than people-centred
policies. Structures were built but to the detriment of
human capital development.

10. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
Though the MDGs are people-centred and development
focused, lacking are the essential ingredients which are
the bedrocks of development such as human rights,
peace and justice. The issues of democracy, good
governance, and human rights, are not expressly
articulated in the Millennium Declaration let alone the
MDGs though they can be linked in some way. However
justice, peace, and security especially global terrorism
(vis a vis emergence of Al Queda, Al Shabab, Boko
Haram and the likes) are difficult to situate within the
purview of all the eight goals.

11. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
MDG is fraught with myriads of lacuna as there are
some emerging developmental challenges that were not
captured. One of these is governance and
accountability. Thus evidently absent in the MDG
framework are issues bordering on youth involvement
in governance, tackling corruption and inequality,
insecurity and conflict management, uneven
distribution of resources, support for local technologies,
institutional strengthening, and inadequate social
welfare policies.

12. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
Population dynamics not captured. Many developing
countries have population policies which might not be
known to the generality of the people while the policies do
not address current dynamics, for example, of the upsurge
in the youth population or inclement living conditions of
people in the arid region. Similarly, the migration policies
of some countries are inhumane, anti-people and gender
irresponsive while respect for human rights and dignity of
migrants are relegated to the micro dot of plans and
programmes. Management of population data in some
countries is very poor while the data are inconsistent in
some countries. Consequently for lack of reliable data,
there is lack of adequate planning in an attempt to address
the underlying issues dispassionately and appropriately.

13. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
Even in education sector in most developing countries,
MDG 3 faced the challenges of implementation in the
area of recruitment of qualified teachers, lack of
professionalism, inadequate incentive and motivation for
teachers, low budgetary allocation, poor infrastructural
and facilities, shortage of teachers in schools, lack of
community participation, insecurity in schools and
dearth of technical and vocational schools where students
could be trained on skills acquisition. However, it should
be quickly pointed out that some ministries, department
and agencies of governments in some developing
countries lack the absorptive capacity to manage their
budget prudently as unspent funds sometimes are
returned to the treasury while some are shared as booty

14. Challenges of MDGs (contd)
MDG 7 focused on ensuring environmental
sustainability; but then it emphasizedmore on water
and sanitation and less on climate change issues.
Environmental issues such as flooding, erosion,
desertification did not attract much attention despite
the fact that MDG 7 is connected to all the other goals.
Most African countries could not attain MDGs in 2015
because by 2014 results of performance, many of them
had not only derailed but also failed woefully. Ten
African countries are presented over leaf for illustration.

15. Example of Ten African Countries that have Achieved None of the MDGs by
August 2014
No African
Country
MDG
Off Track
MDG
Achieve
d
Key to MDGs
1. Cameroun 3,4,5 0 Goals 1-8
2. Chad 3,4,5,6,7 0 Goal 1:Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower
women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for
development
Data source:
http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress,
accessed online on Friday 29th
August 2014, 10:30
a.m.
3. Gambia 1,3,4,6,8 0
4. Ghana 3,4,5,6 0
5. Lesotho 1,3,4,5,6 0
6. Malawi 1,5,7 0
7 Mozambique 2,3,6,7 0
8. Niger 1,2,3,5,7 0
9 Nigeria 1,4,5 0
10 Togo 3,4,5 0

16. POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
The need for all to look beyond 2015 MDGs is
emphasised in the 2010 Annual report of the
Secretary-General (11 July 2011) titled, “Accelerating
progress towards the Millennium Development Goals:
options for sustained and inclusive growth and issues
for advancing the United Nations development
agenda beyond 2015”. The Millennium Development
Goal summit requested the Secretary-General to
make recommendations in his annual reports, as
appropriate, for further steps to advance the United
Nations development agenda beyond 2015.

17. Development Partners’ Roles
* UNMC coordinating CSOs deliberations and dialogue with
UN Systems
* UNDP and UNDESA lead the work on the post-2015
framework.
* A Task Team of senior technical experts from UNDP and
DESA, chaired by Olav Kjorven (UNDP) and Jomo Kwame
Sundaram (DESA), and supported by the full UN system,
was set up in January 2012 to define a system-wide vision for
the post-2015 agenda.
* High Level Panel (HLP) a think tank group as adviser to
The UN Secretary-General and to whom the reports on
various consultations were submitted.
* UN Development Group (UNDG) led by UNDP, supported
consultations at the national level in up to 50 countries

18. POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
The UN Millennium Campaign acted as one of the
outreach mechanisms to civil society to gather inputs
and feedback on the post-2015 agenda and facilitate
dialogue with the UN system. The UN Development
Programme (UNDP) and the UN Department for
Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) were mandated by
the Secretary-General to lead the work on the post-2015
framework. A Task Team of senior technical experts
from UNDP and DESA, chaired by Olav Kjorven
(UNDP) and Jomo Kwame Sundaram (DESA), and
supported by the full UN system, was set up in January
2012 to define a system-wide vision for the post-2015
agenda.

19. POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
The UN Secretary-General also set up a think tank group
called High Level Panel (HLP) to whom the reports on
various consultations were submitted. The HLP’s role is
purely advisory reporting to the UN Sec-Gen on various
issues and outcomes of post-2015 framework. The Task
Team was mandated to produce a study which would
serve as a roadmap for the work of a High-Level Panel
that the UN Secretary General appointed third quarter of
2012. The study critically appraised the expiring MDG
framework, mapped on-going activities inside and
outside of the UN on defining a post-2015 agenda, and
assessed challenges that had become more prominent in
the last decade.

20. POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
As part of this work, UNDP, working with other UN
Development Group (UNDG) agencies, supported
consultations at the national level in up to 50 countries
and produced and distributed guidance notes to the UN
Country Teams to facilitate these exercises. UNDP also
facilitated eight regional/global consultations to discuss
thematic and cross-cutting issues in post- 2015 global
agenda, such as inequality, sustainability, population
and governance. As a general principle, civil society
organisations were invited to participate in all levels of
the consultations. This did not preclude various
grassroots deliberations organized by civil society across
the globe.


21. POST-2015: CIVIL SOCIETY’S ROLE
From September 2012 through 2013, many organizations
including Beyond 2015 International, the Global Call to
Action against Poverty (GCAP), the International Forum of
National NGO Platforms (IFP) etc convened national,
regional, and community civil society deliberations in 40
countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
Representatives from thousands of CSOs took part.
Nigeria’s Campaign2015+ International was appointed by
Beyond 2015 International as the Lead Agency to
coordinate grassroots deliberations in Nigeria
Campaign2015+ was also part of the UNDP-led national
deliberations
Was also part of UNMC/OSSAP deliberations and MDGs
review

22. DELIBERATIONS OUTCOMES
Some of the national deliberations raised an urgent need
to work collectively to find new ways of organizing
society, man’s relationship to the planet, and the logic of
the economy. Contributions were received from people
around the world echoing the same demands.
Civil society was concerned about rising inequality.
People acknowledge that social protection is decreasing,
leaving more people vulnerable to vagaries like climate
change and fluctuating food prices. Those who already
lived in poverty were being further marginalized,
systemically being thrown into further poverty.

23. HIGHLIGHTS OF OUTCOMES
The CSOs during their deliberations believed that a
post-2015 framework needs to meaningfully integrate
the following emerging themes:
Equality – gender equality, social inclusion, and just
global governance are essential for achieving
transformation.
Environmental Sustainability – all development must
happen within planetary boundaries, and
corporations must be held responsible for the
environmental destruction they cause.

24. HIGHLIGHTS (contd)
Human Rights – rights must be at the core of a post-
2015 framework, ensuring no one is left behind.
Eradication of Poverty and Hunger – there is no
excuse for hunger. The time to end poverty is now.
We need to redefine poverty to be a more holistic
measure of inclusive development.
Transformative Framework: Many countries
presented a vision of how they saw the realization of
true development after 2015. People are calling for a
framework that is transformative.

25. The Roadmap to the SDGs and the
Paris Climate Agreement
March 2016 Footer text her SOURCE: David Dodds 25
• Earth Summit 1992*
• Millennium Development
Goals 2000
• World Summit on
Sustainable Development
2002*
• Financial Crisis 2008
• Copenhagen Climate
Summit and Rio+20 2009
• Rio+20 2012
• Sustainable Development
Goals and the Paris
Climate Agreement 2015
• Challenges for the UK

26. Rio Earth Summit 1992
March 2016 Footer text here 26
1992 Earth Summit agreed:
•Agenda 21 – 40 chapters – a
blueprint for the 21st
century
•United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change
•United Nations Convention
on Biological Diversity
•The Forestry Principles
And
An increased role for
‘stakeholders’ in policy
development and
implementation
Footer text her SOURCE: David Dodds

27. World Summit on Sustainable Dvlpmt
July 22, 2012 SOURCE: David Dodds 27

28. Sustainable
Development and
Environment
conferences
• Stockholm (1972), Rio
(1992) and
Johannesburg summits
(2002) on the
environment and
sustainable
development
• World Commission on
Environment and
Development (The
Brundtland Report),
1987
• UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
• UN Commission on
UN Social
Conferences in the
90s
• Cairo Population
Conference
• Beijing Women
Conference
• Copenhagen
conference on social
development
• Vienna Conference
on Human Rights
• Outcome
Document
• High Level
Political Forum
on Sustainable
Development
• Open Working
Group on
Sustainable
Development
UN Conference on
Sustainable
Development – Rio
+20 (2012)
“Sustainable development is
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs“
- Brundtland Report, 1987

29. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2015
March 2016 Footer text hereSOURCE: David Dodds 29
To replace the MDGs:
•100 National Consultations
•11 Thematic Consultations
•Two High Level Panel
Reports (2011 and 2013)
•Two Secretary General’s
Reports
•Rio+20
•13 sessions of the
Sustainable Development
Goals Open Working Group
•8 Intergovernmental
Negotiations Sessions

30. MDGs/SDGs as a Development Tool
MDGs/SDGs are a veritable development tool that
could transform the society by impacting positively
on the generality of the people provided the operators
are committed and focused. The MDGs/SDGs’ focus
of human development coupled with the time-bound
target makes them amenable to evaluation thus easily
subjecting them to SMART test within the time
frame. Since both the governments of the developed
and developing countries are committed to
MDGs/SDGs achievement by 2030, then SDGs
become a tool that members of the civil society could
constantly use to ask their respective governments to
account to since they did not sign the 17 SDGs under
duress.

31. MDGs AND MAIN TARGETS
The eight goals and their main targets are:
G1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - Halve between
1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is
less than one dollar a day.
G2: Achieve universal primary education - Ensure that, by
2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able
to complete a full course of primary schooling.
G3: Promote gender equality and empower women –
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015.
G4: Reduce child mortality – Reduce by two-thirds,
between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

32. MDGS AND MAIN TARGETS (CONTD.)
G5: Improve maternal health – Reduce by three-
quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio.
G6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases –
Halt by 2015 and begin to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS.
G7: Ensure environmental sustainability – Integrate
the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programmes and reverse the loss
of environmental resources.
G8: Develop a global partnership for development –
develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
discriminatory trading and financial system

33. Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being
for all at all ages.
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.

34. SDGs (Contd.)
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all.
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all.
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.

35. SDGs (Contd.)
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation.
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among
countries.
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts*.

36. SDGs (Concld.)
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources for sustainable development.
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for
all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels.
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development.

37. SDGs @ A Glance

38. DIFFERENCES BWT MDGs & SDGs
July 22, 2012 Footer text here 38
The MDGs just applied to
developing countries
The SDGs apply to ALL countries
The MDGs address the problems
The SDGs address the symptoms
and causes
The MDGs was people-centred
The SDGs are much more people-
centred
The MDGs were addressing
development
The SDGs are addressing
sustainable development

40. SDGS = GG of PPP
Sustainable Development Goals =
Global Goals of Prosperity for People
and Planet
How/Why?
Prosperity = 5 Goals
People = 3 Goals
Planet = 5 Goals

41. Analysis of the SDGs
 New set of goals
 Hunger, water and sanitation, inclusive economic growth, climate change,
human settlements, livelihoods and employment, inequalities, energy,
infrastructure and industrialisation.
 Development enablers: Justice, accountability, peace and security
 Expansion of existing MDGs goals and targets
 Health goals inclusive of non-communicable diseases, health systems
 Education has included institutional issues of quality, equity and expanded to
adult literacy, vocational and technical education
 Specific goal on development enablers
 Justice, peace, accountable and inclusive institutions
 Specific goal on Means of implementation
 Financing
 Capacity building
 Systemic issues (Data, accountability, multi-stakeholders’ partnerships)
 Technology

42. SDGs: Core Principles and
Key Messages
Continuing with the ‘unfinished
business’ of the MDGs
Universality and inclusiveness
Integrating the 3 Dimensions of
Sustainable Development

44. • Goal 1: End poverty
• Goal 2: End hunger
• Goal 3: Good Health
• Goal 4: Quality
Education
• Goal 5: Gender Equality
• Goal 10: Reduced
Inequalities
• Goal 7: Access to Energy
• Goal 8: Good Jobs &
Inclusive Economic
Growth
• Goal 9: Industry,
Innovation &
Infrastructure
• Goal 11: Sustainable Cities
& Communities
• Goal 12: Sustainable
consumption and
• Goal 6: Water and
Sanitation
• Goal 12: Su stainable
consumption and
production patterns
• Goal 13: Climate Action
• Goal 14: Conserve Water
and Marine Resources
• Goal 15: Sustainable use
of Land Resources
3 Dimensions of the SDGs

45. IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SDGs
Poverty and hunger:
Over 100 million Nigerians still live in abject poverty and hunger
Sustainable food production remains a huge challenge
Climate change is looming large and upon us (ozone depletion,
rain, floods etc
Inequalities: SDGs have the opportunity to address inequalities
(the rich/the poor; north/south; gender; global north/south.
The health and education goals are embracing of the larger
institutional issues (but questionable are physical
infrastructure/human infrastructure)
Water and sanitation still a major problem with over a billion
lacking access to sanitation including toilets.

46. CHALLENGES (contd)
Stakeholders (CSOs, civil servants and politicians) are
not informed enough about SDGs though it is not
late. Capacity building needed
The economic recessions and general low
commitments may impact on financing (unpaid
salaries, debts to contractors, uncompleted projects).
Political climate beclouding political will as
mainstreaming SDGs into national/state plans and
programmes is not visible
Absorptive capacity and increase in budgetary
allocations to key SDG lines (education, health, agric)
Inclusive participation in implementation is lacking
(against leaving-no-one-behind mantra)

47. Opportunities for Successful
Implementation of SDGs
It has often been said that the development of a nation
hinges not only on the government but also on individuals
and organizations. In other words, in the face of current
global economic recession, governments alone cannot be
solely saddled with the development of a nation because
of the scarce resources at their disposal. Opportunities
arise from an array of the availability of stakeholders such
as the governments at all levels (with political will), the
media, private sector, the development partners, donors,
academia, politicians (with the interest of electorate), and
civil society (NGOs, CBOs, FBOs, professional
associations etc)

48. Civil Society’s Role (Contd.)
Complementary role to government’s (projects
implementation and service delivery).
Engagement with other stakeholders (private sector, donor)
Early monitoring and structured evaluation of the SDGs.
Public policy influencers/lobbyists: constitutional &
electoral reform, health (C&MH, HIV/AIDS), agric,
education, child’s rights, gender equality etc.
Ombudsmanship (advocacy) and whistle blowing role (in
collaboration with anti-corruption agencies like EFCC &
ICPC).
Citizens’ empowerment (voice-giving, information, training,
livelihoods).
Holding stakeholders accountable to SDGs (push for
horizontal accountability)

49. CSO’s Role (Contd.)
Guided by a Social Charter, embracing accountability,
transparency and legitimacy in their operations.
Conducting policy-informed research into SDGs
implementation.
Conducting shadow reports and periodic assessment to
ensure we are on track to achieve the SDGs.
Community Based Budget monitoring mechanisms be
established at the local level by the CSOs.
Campaigning and mobilization on critical SDGs and for
enabling environment , bill, policies(via coalition/networking
e.g. CSCSD/AWG/Together 2030/TAPN).

50. Thank you
Any question or comment?
D. Tola Winjobi (PhD)
Principal Coordinator, CAFSO-WRAG for Development
Convener, Civil Society Coalition on Sustainable
Development
+234 803 0618 326 tolawinjobi58@yahoo.com