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Respiratory examination - OSCE guide
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In any encounter you may be given a short history or have taken a short history yourself.
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Respiratory examination - OSCE guide
1.
One Minute Revision
Guides Respiratory Exam © Copyright Medical Educator Limited www.medicaleducator.co.uk
2.
Respiratory Exam In any
encounter you may be given a short history or have taken a short history yourself. Introduction Use 2 names e.g. James Bateman / Mr Bateman not James. It can be seen as unprofessional to use your first name only and is not acceptable for clinical use. Seek permission for the examination and be polite to the patient. “Stop me at any time if it becomes uncomfortable or I cause you any discomfort.” Positioning and inspection Position the patient correctly - at 45 degrees and with chest fully exposed but be guided by the examiners and the clinical setting. For example: 60 y male: consider exposing thorax immediately 35 y female: take into account the clinical situation / examiners etc. Firstly inspect the patient from the end of the bed. Note peripheral signs and clues around the bed: Stand with your hands behind your back and take time to inspect only. Patient - General appearance • SOB? • Pursed lips • Cachexia • Cyanosis • Using accessory muscles of respiration • Wheezing • Prolonged expiratory phase seen in COPD • Oedema • Respiratory rate: Count this and demonstrate it confidently. • Features of SVCO • Cough: is it dry/ productive. Is there a sputum pot? If so, look in it. Around the bed • Inhalers/ flutter devices (bronchiectasis/ cystic fibrosis) • Oxygen • CPAP machine (Obstructive sleep apnoea - 2% population) • Sputum Pots © Copyright Medical Educator Limited www.medicaleducator.co.uk
3.
Examination of the
hands • Nicotine staining • Clubbing - lung cancer/ chronic suppurative lung diseases (bronchiectasis/CF/lung abscess/empyema), pulmonary fibrosis, mesothelioma • CO2 retention flap • Bruising/ thin skin: steroid therapy • Peripheral cyanosis • Other conditions: e.g. Yellow Nails/ RA hands/ Scleroderma/ Wasting of the intrinsic muscles of the hands (cachexia/ pancoast tumour) • Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA) associated with lung malignancy Pulse • Pulse: palpate rate, rhythm, character. • Tachycardia: e.g. AF associated with pulmonary disease. Tachycardia associated with beta 2 agonists (nebulised salbutamol) Face • Horner’s Syndrome (MEAP! Myosis, enophthalmos, anhydrosis, ptosis) • Central Cyanosis (4g of Hb has to be deoxygenated) • Acneform eruptions associated with immunosuppressive therapy • Cushingoid appearance with long-term steroid use – fibrosis etc. The Neck • Position of the trachea • Lymph node enlargement (tuberculosis, lymphoma, malignancy, sarcoidosis) • Scars (phrenic nerve crush for old TB) • Tracheostomy scar previous ventilation in COPD etc. Central line scars • Scar from LN biopsy • JVP - ? right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale as a result of chronic lung disease) Chest Inspection Scars • Pneumonectomy • Lobectomy • Transplant • VATS • Chest Drains • Thoracocentesis • Radiation Tattoo’s (previous radiotherapy) © Copyright Medical Educator Limited www.medicaleducator.co.uk
4.
•
Chest wall deformity – pectus excavatum / carinatum Size • Hyper-inflated? Movements • Expansion. Equal or reduced on one side? Palpation • Chest expansion – upper and lower chest expansion Key Clinical Fact Percussion Always describe the chest in terms of anterior and • Technique posterior. • Look slick Then describe the lungs • Simple as zones NOT lobes • Compare like with like I.e. Upper/ Middle/ Lower Zones • Normal distribution but don’t forget the axillae • Hyper resonant/ normal/ dull or stony dull. Nothing else. Remember the Left lung Compare both sides has 2 lobes (upper lower& • Hyper = pneumothorax/ COPD lower lobe with the upper Dull = Consolidation/collapse lobe being anterior / LL Stony Dull = Fluid posterior) Right lung has 3 lobes upper middle and lower, Auscultation and it’s difficult to locate chest signs specifically to each lobe. Instead use Comparing two sides: ZONE. Breath sounds This goes the same for Louder chest radiographs: Normal however on X-rays there Reduced: Reduced air entry/ perceiving less air entry due to are clues as to where the fluid/ consolidation/ collapse/ fat consolidation is. e.g. if the right heart border is How do you know which side is abnormal? obscured by the consolidation on a chest You don’t unless there are other features present you have x-ray then this implies it’s to hypothesise a middle lobe pathology. e.g. one side sounds to have “louder” air entry than the other? It is probably the quiet side that has the pathology due to …….. If the consolidation sits above the horizontal • Inspiration fissure then it must be in • Expiration the RUL. • Added sounds and their timing e.g. inspiratory / expiratory/ pan inspiratory Do not say “x-ray” in the o Wheeze exam, say radiograph o Crackles. They are not creps or crepitations, they are crackles © Copyright Medical Educator Limited www.medicaleducator.co.uk
5.
Crackles •
Quality Fine: Pulmonary oedema/ interstitial lung disease (fibrosis etc) Velcro: Fibrosis Course: Infection or bronchiectasis • When do they occur? Early inspiratory: COPD/Bronchitis Mid-Late inspiratory: Velcro™ like crackles of pulmonary fibrosis* Pulmonary oedema • Do they clear / change on coughing? Yes = Bronchiectasis (will not totally clear but may change) No = Pulmonary fibrosis/ Pulmonary oedema* *If you’ve got pulmonary oedema you’re generally unwell and the signs will come and go. For exams held in “out patients” with patients coming from home, they’re very unlikely to have pulmonary oedema. So Mid-late inspiratory crackles in this situation Pulmonary Fibrosis Tactile Vocal Fremitus & Vocal resonance • These techniques aim to detect the same findings • Louder if consolidated lung that transmits the sound • Quieter if there’s either o An effusion leading to an insulating layer of water outside the lung o Fat o COPD (hyperinflated lungs with holes in them!) “Normally I would like to complete my examination by reviewing the temperature and observations chart and examine for features of cor pulmonale. (inspect the JVP / look for peripheral oedema / other signs of right heart failure) I would like to check the patient’s peak flow and forced expiratory time” (see video on website). Forced expiratory time Clever stuff like this often impresses examiners. To do this, instruct the patient: I am going to ask you to take in as deep breath in as deep as you can and then hold it. On my instruction, I will then ask you breathe out as forcefully and as quickly as possible. For this to work you have to blow as hard as you can until all the air has emptied from your lungs. Then do the above and time it with your wristwatch. If you had a spirometer the air blown out in 1 second would be the FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second). If you can’t empty your lungs in 6 seconds, this suggests a degree of obstruction i.e. COPD. It’s a surrogate for bedside spirometry. © Copyright Medical Educator Limited www.medicaleducator.co.uk
6.
Condition
Expansion Air entry Percussion Auscultation Vocal resonance Pneumothorax Reduced Reduced Hyper-resonant Reduced air Reduced affected side affected entry side COPD Reduced both Reduced Hyper-resonant Wheeze+/-: Reduced sides & hyper bilaterally if predominant expiratory inflated chest emphasematou polyphonic s changes Pulmonary Reduced both Reduced Resonant Crackles-fine No change / fibrosis sides bilaterally inspiratory Reduced Mid-late DO NOT clear on coughing Bronchiectasis Reduced both Reduced No change / Crackles-fine No change / sides bilaterally Reduced inspiratory DO Reduced clear / change on coughing Asthma Reduced both ↓both sides Hyper-resonant Wheeze: No change sides during during expiratory active disease active polyphonic disease Stridor Reduced both ↓both sides No change Wheeze: No change sides inspiratory often monophonic Lobar Collapse Reduced side of Reduced Reduced Reduced air Reduced collapse(ipsilate ipsilaterally ipsilaterally entry rally), trachea pulled to that side Pneumonia Reduced side of Reduced Reduced Bronchial Increased collapse ipsilaterally ipsilaterally breathing or reduced air entry Pulmonary No change No change No change Possible pleural No change Embolism (Reduced if rub (crunching infarcted through snow) tissue) often heard over area Pulmonary Usually no Usually no Stony dull if Mid –late Reduced oedema change. change. effusions inspiratory fine bilaterally Reduced Reduced present with crackles – more only if bilaterally only if bilaterally pulmonary coarse than effusions effusions only if oedema. those of fibrosis. present with present with effusions Usually normal DO NOT clear pulmonary pulmonary present otherwise on coughing oedema oedema with pulmonary oedema Pleural Effusion Reduced side of Reduced Reduced Reduced air Reduced effusion ipsilaterally ipsilaterally, entry (ipsilaterally), stony dull trachea pushed to other side Respiratory Findings on Examination © Copyright Medical Educator Limited www.medicaleducator.co.uk
7.
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