Politics 2

1. Understanding Politics
POL 102
BA Course (School Core undergraduate)
Fall Semester 2015
Dr. Azər Babayev
School of Public and International Affairs
(SPIA)
ADA University

2. POLITICAL IDEAS
AND IDEOLOGIES

3. • In the social-scientific sense, ideology is a coherent
set of ideas which provide a basis for organized
political action
• Central features:
1) Account of existing power relationships
2) A model of a defined future
3) An outline of how political change can and should be
brought about
• Competing definitions: Marxist, Liberal, Conservative
The nature of ideology

4. Liberalism

5. • Key ideas: individualism, freedom, reason, equality,
toleration, consent, constitutionalism
• Classical liberalism: a commitment to an extreme form of
individualism; belief in‘negative’ liberty
• Modern liberalism: characterized by a more sympathetic
attitude towards state intervention; a broader
‘positive’liberty which is linked to the personal
development and flourishing of the individual
Liberalism

6. Conservatism

7. • Key ideas: tradition, pragmatism, human imperfection,
organicism, hierarchy, authority, property
• Paternalistic conservatism: often linked to the idea of
‘compassionate conservatism’ – consistent with ideas of
hierarchy and duty > Disraeli’s One-Nation principle
• The New Right: Can be traced back to 1970s – born out of
apparent failure of Keynesian social democracy and
concern about social breakdown
- Neoliberalism > economic strand
- Neoconservatism > social strand
Conservatism

8. Socialism

9. • Key ideas: community, fraternity, social equality,
need, social class, common ownership
• Socialism developed as a reaction to industrial
capitalism and became associated with the interests of
the growing working classes. Its goal was to abolish the
capitalist market economy and replace it with a society
constructed on the basis of common ownership
• There are many strands of socialism, ranging from
Marxism through to social democracy
Socialism

10. • Fascism
• Anarchism
• Green politics
• Cosmopolitanism
• Feminism
Other Ideological Traditions

11. • Fascism
• Anarchism
• Feminism
• Green politics
• Cosmopolitanism
Feminism – the social construction
of gender

12. • Feminism > (critical) point of departure
– Politics > a male-centered and -dominated
practice and discipline
Feminism

13. Feminism: Women in Government

14. • A typical feminist concern
– Observation
• Less than 10 % of the world’s heads of state are
women
– Question
• why is this the case and how might this affect the
structure and practice of politics
– Suggestion
• If we put on gendered lenses, we get quite a
different view of politics
Feminism - II

15. • What is ‘gender’?
– A set of socially constructed characteristics
describing what men and women ought to be
– Two ‘ideal types’ of characteristics
• Masculine characteristics > Strength, rationality,
independence, protector, and public
• Feminine characteristics > Weakness,
emotionality, relational, protected, and private
Feminism - III

16. • What is ‘gender’?
– Inequality of masculine and feminine
characteristics
• Assigning more positive value to masculine
characteristics than to feminine ones
• In politics, the states > often legitimated in terms of
masculine characteristics: striving for power and
autonomy, protecting its citizens form dangers
Feminism - IV

17. • Gender dualism in society
– Dividing necessary social activities between
men and women
• E.g., since women are associated with the private
sphere, seen as ‘natural’ to be ‘caregivers’
• Men’s association with the public space makes
them naturally ‘breadwinners’
– Feminism > Questioning the naturalness of
these dichotomized distinctions
• with consequences – for women, men, and for
politics
Feminism - V

18. • Relationship between knowledge and
power
– Knowledge has been created by men, and it
is about men
– Feminist focus on social relations, particularly
gender relations
• Seeing a political system constituted by socially
constructed gender hierarchies which contribute
to gender subordination
Feminism – Gender in Politics

19. • Relationship between knowledge and
power (II)
– Gender hierarchies at the center of
examination of politics
• To understand (at the micro-level) how the lives of
individuals (especially marginalized ones) affect
and are affected by politics
Feminism: Gender in Politics - II

20. • Liberal feminism
– Focus on the subordinate position of
women in politics & investigating the causes
of this subordination within a positivist
framework
• What might a state with more women in positions
of power look like?
• Whether there is a relationship between gender
inequality and state’s use of violence?
Feminism - Theories

21. • Critical feminism
– Focus on the ideational and material
manifestations of gendered identities and
gendered power in politics
– Emancipatory – to identify existing power
relations with the intention of changing them
Feminism - Theories

22. • Feminist constructivism
– Focus on the way that ideas about gender
shape and are shaped by global politics
– Gender as an institution/construct that
codifies power at every level of global politics
Feminism – Theories

23. • Postcolonialism
• Religious fundamentalism
• Asian values
• Beyond dualism
Non-western ideological trends

24. Thank you!
• Questions & comments?

25. Up next
• Politics and the State