Pipe Fittings and Valves for Marine Use

Pipe Fittings and
Valves
for Marine Use
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh

Various Pipe Fittings
4/12/2014
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh.
2

Nipple:
A Pipe Nipple is a short pipe (12 inches or less), with small
opening which provides way for the liquids or gases to pass
through the pipe. It has a male thread on each end and is used for
extension from a fitting.
Some of the popular usages of Pipe Nipple are :
 Used in fluid application to connect two FPT fittings.
 Used in plumbing system or for ceiling and wall supports
and extensions.
 Used for ceiling or wall supports.
 Used to extend shower riser.
We saw different types of nipples in our fluid mechanics lab.
These are:
1. Barrel nipple
2. Hexagonal nipple
Barrel Nipple:
Applications:
Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Hexagonal Nipple:
Applications:
Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
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Fig: Barrel Nipple
Fig: Hexagonal Nipple

Elbow:
A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change
of direction, usually 90° or 45°. The ends may be machined for butt welding,
threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in
size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow. Most elbows are available in
short radius or long radius of types.
We saw different types of elbows in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
1. 90 degree elbow
2. 45 degree elbow
3. Male female elbow
4. Equal elbow
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(1) 90 degree elbow:
90 degree elbow, also called "90 bends or 90 ells", are
manufactured as SR (Short Radius) elbows and LR (Long
Radius) elbows.
Applications:
The main application area of an elbow (90 degree) is to
connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck
drains.
These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or
NPT thread.
Fig: 90° Elbow4/12/2014
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(2) 45 degree elbow:
45 degree elbow, also called "45 bends or 45 ells" are
typically made as LR (Long Radius) elbows. Available
in various sizes (in mm or inches), 45 degree pipe
elbow is available with different male to female BSP
thread connections.
Fig: 45° Elbow
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Male female elbow and connectors:
Application of Male Female Connector and elbow
Male Female connectors and elbow are put to use in marine and
other industries depending on their specifications and internal and
external diameter.
Fig: Male & Female Elbow
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(4) Equal elbow:
Equal elbows are quick-connect fittings that are extremely
helpful in routing water lines that are laid in confined areas.
They are known as 'elbow fittings' because they display an
angular bent so that two pipes can be easily fixed in the
same manner.
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Union Cross:
Union cross is essentially used for piping of tube
to tube industrial fittings and connect fractional
tubes. These metal fittings offer high mechanical
connections for vacuum applications and positive
pressure in tube to tube piping systems. Union
cross are so designed, that they can be used
with orbital weld equipment, these unique fittings
have enhanced surface to prevent out gassing
and prevent corrosion. These widely used tube
fittings allow smooth flow paths and prevent any
kind of turbulence or entrapments. These tubing
connections eliminate costly, hazardous leaks in
instrumentation and process tubing and are
available in metric and inches specifications
according to various applications.
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Union and Socket:
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick
and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture
replacement. While a coupling would require either solvent welding or
being able to rotate all the pipes adjacent as with a threaded
coupling, a union provides a simple nut transition, allowing easy
release at any time.
We saw different types of unions in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
1. Male female union
2. Union joint
An opening in any fitting that matches the outside diameter of a pipe
or tube, with a further recessed through opening matching the inside
diameter of the same pipe or tube.
We saw different types of unions in our fluid mechanics lab. These are:
1. Half socket
2. Co-centric reducing socket
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Fig: Male union fig: Female Union
Fig: Half Fig: Concentric Reducing Socket
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Reducer:
A reducer normally refers to a fitting that is used to reduce the
diameter of the suction piping to fit the pump intake. It is thus used to
join two pipes of different sizes. Reducer is available in both eccentric
and concentric designs. Concentric or eccentric reducers are used to
properly reduce into and out of circulating pumps. The various
advantages include keeping big pipes and small pipes together as
well as reducing noise and vibration at the same time.
Applications:
In Marine and some other industries where they find application are
oil, gas, petrochemical, onshore and offshore sectors. They are used
in both cargo loading, discharging and transfers operations and vapor
recovery/return systems. Reducers for vapor recovery include a pin on
one flange and vapor hole on the opposite flange. Concentric reducer
save installation space and reduce costs. Piping systems must be
anchored when using concentric reducer.
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Equal Tee:
A tee is amongst the most common pipe fittings and is available with all
female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed
solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. This is a T-
shaped device which has three openings that act as an outlet for the
pipe.
Applications:
A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for
changing the direction of pipe runs.
Figure: Tee
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Long and Short bend:
Applications:
Use for small and large pipe connections between pipes.
Fig: Long bend fig: Short bend
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GASKET
A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two
objects, generally to prevent leakage between the two objects
while under compression. Gaskets save money by allowing
"less- than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts which can
use a gasket to fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly
produced by cutting from sheet materials, such as gasket paper,
rubber, silicon, metal, cork, fiberglass or a plastic polymer.
Gaskets for specific aplications may contain asbestos.
It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material
that is to some degree yielding such that it is able to deform and
tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight
irregularities. Many gaskets require an application of sealant
directly to the gasket surface to function properly.
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Various Types of Gaskets
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Various Valves
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Valve:
a valve is a mechanical device that controls the flow of
fluid and pressure within a system or process. a valve
controls system or process fluid flow and pressure by
performing any of the following functions:
i. stopping and starting fluid flow
ii. varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow
iii. controlling the direction of fluid flow
iv. regulating downstream system or process pressure
v. relieving component or piping over pressure
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STOP ( ISOLATION ) VALVES:
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REGULATING VALVES
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BACK FLOW PREVENTION VALVES
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PRESSURE RELIEF-VALVE
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TYPES OF VALVES
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1. GATE VALVES
2. GLOBE VALVES
3. PLUG VALVES
4. DIAPHRAGM VALVES
5. BALL VALVES
6. BUTTERFLY VALVES
7. NEEDLE VALVES
8. CHECK VALVES
9. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES
10. CONTROL VALVES

Gate Valves
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Gate Valve
A gate valve is a linear motion valve used to start or stop fluid flow;
however, it does not regulate or throttle flow. The name gate is derived
from the appearance of the disk in the flow stream.
The disk of a gate valve is completely removed from the flow stream
when the valve is fully open. This characteristic offers virtually no
resistance to flow when the valve is open. Hence, there is little
pressure drop across an open gate valve.
When the valve is fully closed, a disk-to-seal ring contact surface exists
for 360°, and good sealing is provided. With the proper mating of a disk
to the seal ring, very little or no leakage occurs across the disk when
the gate valve is closed.
On opening the gate valve, the flow path is enlarged in a highly
nonlinear manner with respect to percent of opening. This means that
flow rate does not change evenly with stem travel.
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Also, a partially open gate disk tends to vibrate from the fluid
flow. Most of the flow change occurs near shutoff with a
relatively high fluid velocity causing disk and seat wear and
eventual leakage if used to regulate flow. For these reasons,
gate valves are not used to regulate or throttle flow.
A gate valve can be used for a wide variety of fluids and
provides a tight seal when closed. The major disadvantages to
the use of a gate valve are:
- It is not suitable for throttling applications.
- It is prone to vibration in the partially open state.
- It is more subject to seat and disk wear than a globe valve.
- Repairs, such as lapping and grinding, are generally more
difficult to accomplish.
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Gate Valve
29
ON – Off Valve ,Used in:
1-Water.
2- Oil.
3- Gas
4- Steam and
5- Other Fluid Services.

Wedge gate valve and parallel slide valve
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TYPES OF GATE VALVES – RISING STEM GATE VALVE
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TYPES OF GATE VALVES – NON RISING
STEM GATE VALVE
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Globe Valves
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Globe Valve (High Pressure Value )
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GLOBE VALVE
A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for
regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type
element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the
two halves of the body being separated by an internal baffle.
This has an opening that forms a seat onto which a movable
plug can be screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. The plug is
also called a disc or disk. In globe valves, the plug is connected
to a stem which is operated by screw action using a handwheel
in manual valves. Typically, automated globe valves use smooth
stems rather than threaded and are opened and closed by an
actuator assembly.
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TYPES OF GLOBE VALVE – TEE PATTERN GLOBE VALVES
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TYPES OF GLOBE VALVE – ANGLE PATTERN GLOBE VALVES
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Plug Valves
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PLUG VALVES
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Plug valve (on-off) or Cock (low-pressure)
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Plug valve (on-off) or Cock
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Plug valve Applications
45
 Gas and liquid fuel
 Water.
 Extreme temperature flow
 Boiler feed water.
 Low Pressure Steam .
 Corrosive Liquids and Gases

Diaphargm Valves
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DIAPHRAGM VALVES
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Ball Valves
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Ball Valve
A ball valve is a rotational motion valve that uses a ball-shaped disk to stop or
start fluid flow. The ball, shown in Figure 12, performs the same function as the
disk in the globe valve. When the valve handle is turned to open the valve, the
ball rotates to a point where the hole through the ball is in line with the valve
body inlet and outlet. When the valve is shut, the ball is rotated so that the hole
is perpendicular to the flow openings of the valve body and the flow is stopped.
Most ball valve actuators are of the quick-acting type, which require a 90° turn
of the valve handle to operate the valve. Other ball valve actuators are
planetary gear-operated. This type of gearing allows the use of a relatively small
handwheel and operating force to operate a fairly large valve.
Some ball valves have been developed with a spherical surface coated plug
that is off to one side in the open position and rotates into the flow passage until
it blocks the flowpath completely. Seating is accomplished by the eccentric
movement of the plug. The valve requires no lubrication and can be used for
throttling service.
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Advantages
A ball valve is generally the least expensive of any valve
configuration and has low maintenance costs. In addition to
quick, quarter turn on-off operation, ball valves are
compact, require no lubrication, and give tight sealing with
low torque.
Disadvantages
Conventional ball valves have relatively poor throttling
characteristics. In a throttling position, the partially exposed
seat rapidly erodes because of the impingement of high
velocity flow.
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TYPES OF BALL VALVES – FLANGED END BALL VALVES
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TYPES OF BALL VALVES – SCREWED END BALL VALVES
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Check Valves
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Check Valve
Check valves are designed to prevent the reversal of flow
in a piping system. These valves are activated by the
flowing material in the pipeline. The pressure of the fluid
passing through the system opens the valve, while any
reversal of flow will close the valve. Closure is
accomplished by the weight of the check mechanism, by
back pressure, by a spring, or by a combination of these
means.
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TYPES OF CHECK VALVES – BALL CHECK VALVES
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Ball Valves
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Ball check valve (for heavy fluids)
installed horizontal ,vertical & angle
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TYPES OF CHECK VALVES – SWING CHECK VALVES
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TYPES OF CHECK VALVES – LIFT CHECK VALVES
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Split disc check valve
operation
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lift check valve (Recommended for
Vapor service)
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Swing check valve (liquids)
installed horizontal & vertical
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Butterfly Valves
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Butterfly Valves
A butterfly valve, illustrated in Figure 19, is a rotary motion valve that is used to
stop, regulate, and start fluid flow. Butterfly valves are easily and quickly operated
because a 90o rotation of the handle moves the disk from a fully closed to fully
opened position. Larger butterfly valves are actuated by handwheels connected to
the stem through gears that provide mechanical advantage at the expense of
speed.
Butterfly valves possess many advantages over gate, globe, plug, and ball valves,
especially for large valve applications. Savings in weight, space, and cost are the
most obvious advantages. The maintenance costs are usually low because there
are a minimal number of moving parts and there are no pockets to trap fluids.
Butterfly valves are especially well-suited for the handling of large flows of liquids
or gases at relatively low pressures and for the handling of slurries or liquids with
large amounts of suspended solids.
Butterfly valves are built on the principle of a pipe damper. The flow control
element is a disk of approximately the same diameter as the inside diameter of the
adjoining pipe, which rotates on either a vertical or horizontal axis. When the disk
lies parallel to the piping run, the valve is fully opened. When the disk approaches
the perpendicular position, the valve is shut. Intermediate positions, for throttling
purposes, can be secured in place by handle-locking devices.
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19
Butterfly Valve
 Flow Control
 Low Speed
 Both Side flow

Butterfly Valve
A Butterfly Valve is used for
isolating or regulating flow. The
Closing mechanism takes the
form of a disk. Operation is
similar to that of a ball valve,
which allows for quick shut off.
Butterfly valves are generally
lower in cost , lighter in weight
and meaning less support is
required.

TYPES OF BUTTERFLY VALVES – FLANGED-END BUTTERFLY VALVES
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TYPES OF BUTTERFLY VALVES – FLANGED-END BUTTERFLY VALVES
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Needle Valves
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Needle Valves
A needle valve, as shown in Figure 20, is used to make relatively fine
adjustments in the amount of fluid flow. The distinguishing
characteristic of a needle valve is the long, tapered, needlelike point on
the end of the valve stem. This "needle" acts as a disk. The longer part
of the needle is smaller than the orifice in the valve seat and passes
through the orifice before the needle seats. This arrangement permits a
very gradual increase or decrease in the size of the opening. Needle
valves are often used as component parts of other, more complicated
valves. For example, they are used in some types of reducing valves.
Needle Valve Applications
Most constant pressure pump governors have needle valves to
minimize the effects of fluctuations in pump discharge pressure. Needle
valves are also used in some components of automatic combustion
control systems where very precise flow regulation is necessary
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18
Needle Valve
 Fine accurate flow Cont.

NEEDLE VALVES
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Pressure Relief Valves
(Relief Valve & Safety Valve)
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Relief and Safety Valves
Relief and safety valves prevent equipment damage by relieving
accidental over-pressurization of fluid systems. The main difference
between a relief valve and a safety valve is the extent of opening at the
setpoint pressure.
A relief valve, illustrated in Figure 28, gradually opens as the inlet
pressure increases above the setpoint. A relief valve opens only as
necessary to relieve the over-pressure condition. A safety valve,
illustrated in Figure 29, rapidly pops fully open as soon as the pressure
setting is reached.
A safety valve will stay fully open until the pressure drops below a reset
pressure. The reset pressure is lower than the actuating pressure
setpoint. The difference between the actuating pressure setpoint and
the pressure at which the safety valve resets is called blowdown.
Blowdown is expressed as a percentage of the actuating pressure
setpoint.
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Relief valves are typically used for incompressible fluids such as water or oil.
Safety valves are typically used for compressible fluids such as steam or other
gases. Safety valves can often be distinguished by the presence of an external
lever at the top of the valve body, which is used as an operational check.
As indicated in Figure 29, system pressure provides a force that is attempting
to push the disk of the safety valve off its seat. Spring pressure on the stem is
forcing the disk onto the seat. At the pressure determined by spring
compression, system pressure overcomes spring pressure and the relief valve
opens. As system pressure is relieved, the valve closes when spring pressure
again overcomes system pressure. Most relief and safety valves open against
the force of a compression spring. The pressure setpoint is adjusted by turning
the adjusting nuts on top of the yoke to increase or decrease the spring
compression.
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safety valves and relief valves
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 Safety valves are primarily used with
compressible gases and in particular for
steam and air services .
 Relief valves are commonly used in liquid
systems

Pressure Relief Valves
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 Releases excess pressure to protect system.
 Use with Gases & Vapors & liquid.
 Open Full at once at set pressure.
 Outlet port larger than inlet port.
 Never adjust whilst in service.

TYPES OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE – SAFETY VALVE
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TYPES OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE – RELIEF VALVE
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Type of Pressure Relief Valve
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 Safety valve :Used with compressible gases .steam and air services .
 Relief valve : Used in liquid systems. as pressure overspill devices .
 Safety relief valve : used either for liquid or compressible fluid.

Pressure Relieve valve (safety
valve) for clean air
 Releases excess pressure (clean air)
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Safety valve - liquid applications,
opens in proportion to the
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Typical examples of safety valves
used on steam & Air systems
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Control System & Control Valves
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pneumatic pressure reducing
System
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 Control system would normally consist of the
following components:
 Control valves.
 Actuators.
 Controllers.
 Sensors.
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CONTROL VALVES
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Control Valves
Control Valves are valves used
to control conditions such as
flow, Pressure, Temperature
and level by fully or partially
opening or closing in
response to signals received
from controllers that
compare a set point to a
process variable. Control
Valve belongs to the category
of Final Control Element.

The Major three elements of Control Valve:
1. Valve Body
2. Actuator
3. Bonnet Assembly

Control Valve Accessories
• Positioner
• I/P Converter
• Limit Switch
• Solenoid Valve
• Air Filter Regulator
• Pneumatic Lock up system

Solenoid Valve
A solenoid valve is an
electromechanical device used
for controlling liquid or gas flow.
The solenoid valve is controlled
by electrical current , which is run
through a coil. When the coil is
energized, a magnetic field is
created, causing a plunger inside
the coil to move. Depending on
the design of the valve, the
plunger will either open or close
the valve. When electrical current
is removed form the coil, the
valve will return to its de-
energized state.

Steam Traps
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TYPES OF STEAM TRAPS – FLOAT STEAM TRAP
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TYPES OF STEAM TRAPS –THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAP
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TYPES OF STEAM TRAPS –THERMODYNAMIC STEAM TRAP
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TYPES OF STEAM TRAPS – INVERTED BUCK STEAM TRAP
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Strainers and Filters
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TYPES OF STRAINERS – WYE STRAINER
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TYPES OF STRAINERS – BASKET STRAINER
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Strainers & Filters
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Any Question?
Thank You!
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Pipe Fittings and Valves for Marine Use

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