Basic terminologies in pathology

Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine
1

Basic
Terminologies
in Pathology2

Definition3
Patho means” suffering “ and logos means "study”
The” scientific study of disease is called
pathology”. or the alterations that occur when
abnormal influences
(bacteria, viruses, etc.) affect cells, tissues, or body
systems.
It involves the investigation of the causes of
disease and the associated changes at the level of
cells, tissue and organ
.

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1. Disease
A disease may be defined as a "state in
which an individual exhibits an
physiological, or biochemical deviation
the normal.” or “any deviation from or
interruption of the normal structure or
function of any part.

Classification;5
Inflammatory disease e.g tuberclusis , appendicitis
Degenerative disease e.g rheumatoid arthiritis
Neoplastic disease e.g lung cancer
Traumatic disease e.g fracture of bone.

Wound
and Injury
6
 A wound is a type of injury which
happens relatively quickly in which skin is
torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound),
or where blunt force trauma causes a
contusion (a closed wound). In pathology,
it specifically refers to a sharp injury which
damages the dermis of the skin.

Etiology
7
 The term "etiology" refers to a "study of
the cause of a disease." An etiologic
agent is the factor (bacterium, virus, etc.)
responsible for lesions or a disease state.
 Genetic
 Abnormality in Genetic makeup
 Acquired
 Physical Agents
 Chemical Poisons
 Nutritionals Deficiency
 Infectious
 Abnormality immunological reactions
 Psychological factors

8 Prognosis
The term "prognosis" refers to the probably outcome of a disease
in a living individual. It is the clinician's estimate of the severity and
possible result of a disease.
A forecasting of the probable course and outcome of
a disease, especially of the chances of recovery.
Diagnosis
The term "diagnosis" refers to the "determination of the nature
of a disease expressed in a concise manner.“

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Pathogenesis
The term "pathogenesis" refers to
the "progressive development
(sequence of events) of a disease from
the time it is initiated to its final
conclusion in recovery or death.“
The pathogenesis of a disease is
the biological mechanism (or
mechanisms) that leads to the diseased
state. The term can also describe the
origin and development of the disease,
and whether it is acute, chronic
Pathogenesis

Types of
disease10
Acute
Characteriesed by a sudden onset or rapid
course
Commonly know these acute diseases as
colds, flu, bronchitis, childhood illnesses,
tonsillitis, appendicitis, ear aches, most
headaches, most infectious disease, etc
With a short (often less than 1 month) cli
nical course.
Usually respond to therapy and
return to a state of complete normal or
pre morbid stage.

Chronic11
Slow onset or long duration . Chronic
diseases are those which have a
prolonged duration and pain perception
may not be severe e.g.
 Asthma
 Bronchiectasis
 Cardiac failure
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Chronic kidney disease
 Coronary artery disease
 Diabetes
 Rheumatoid arthritis

Idiopathic
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Disease with unknown cause.
Idiopathic: Of unknown cause.
Any disease that is of uncertain or unknown
origin may be termed idiopathic.
For example, acute idiopathic
polyneuritis, ,idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis, idiopathic scoliosis,

Course of a disease
The course of a disease, also called its
natural history, refers to the
development of the disease in a
patient, including the sequence and
speed of the stages and forms they
take.
13

syndrome
 A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms and
collection of diseases which are not correlated with each
other and often associated with a particular disease or
disorder.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_syndromes
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Teratogenic
Disease that are caused by drugs that cross the placenta barrier
and harm to fetus.
 There are many different examples of teratogens that cause
birth defects. Listed in the directory below are some, for
which we have
 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
 Phenytoin (Dilantin)
 Varicella
 Toxoplasmosis
15

TORCH
 is a cluster of symptoms caused by
congenital infection with toxoplasmosis,
rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex,
and other organisms including syphilis,
parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. Zika
virus is considered the most recent member
of TORCH infections.
16

Venereal
17
.
Transmitted by sexual contact.
 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are
infections that are passed from one person
to another through sexual contact. The
causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites, yeast,
and viruses. There are more than 20 types of
STDs, including
 Chlamydia
 Genital herpes
 Gonorrhea
 HIV/AIDS
 HPV
 Syphilis
 Trichomoniasis

Infectious
Caused by pathogenic microorganism.’
a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms
(as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, or viruses) which grow and
multiply there,,,
http://www.health.ri.gov/diseases/infectious/
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the kissing disease.”
 Mono, or infectious mononucleosis, refers to a group of
symptoms usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
It typically occurs in teenagers, but you can get it at any
age. The virus is spread through saliva, which is why some
people refer to it as “the kissing disease.”
 Headache
 fatigue
 muscle weakness
 a rash consisting of flat pink or purple spots on your skin or in
your mouth
 swollen tonsils
 night sweats
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Incubation period
 The incubation period of the virus is the time between when
you contract the infection and when you start to have
symptoms. It lasts for 4 to 6 weeks. The signs and symptoms
of mono typically last for 1 to 2 months.
 The incubation period may be shorter in young children.
 Some symptoms, like sore throat and fever, typically lessen
after 1 or 2 weeks. Other symptoms such as swollen lymph
nodes, fatigue, and an enlarged spleen may last a few weeks
longer.

20

Mutagenic
may be of physical, chemical or
biological origin. They may act
directly on the DNA, causing direct
damage to the DNA, and most often
result in replication error, or
mutations
21

Non-Communicable
A non-communicable disease or NCD is a disease which is not
infectious.
Such diseases may result from genetic or lifestyle factors. A
non-communicable disease is an illness that is caused by
something other than a pathogen. It might result from
hereditary factors, improper diet, smoking, or other factors.
.. Examples include hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, cancer, and mental health problems, asthma,,allergy
etc..
22

Communicable
disease:
23
 an infectious disease transmissible (as from
person to person) by direct contact with an
affected individual or the individual's discharges
or by indirect means (as by a vector).
 Transmitted by agents fomites , vector.
Contagious
Transmitted by direct or intimate or contact with skin
 Ebola ,Flu, HepatitisB, MRSA
 hepatitis, Rabies,Shigellosis
 HIV/AIDS,Measles,
 Sexually Transmitted Disease,
 Tuberculosis
 Zika

What is a
bruise?24
 A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a
traumatic injury to the skin or the tissues
underneath the skin. Bruises may occur
after an accident, such as a fall, or from
bumping into or being struck by a blunt
object. Because the outer skin is not cut
or broken, there is no external bleeding.
However, damage occurs to blood vessels
underneath the skin, causing them to
rupture and leak blood. This blood
collects or pools underneath the skin.

 After a blood vessel is injured, platelets in
the blood collect at the site of the injury to
form a plug. The platelets combine with
certain proteins called clotting factors to
form a fibrin clot. This clot helps to prevent
blood from leaking from the blood vessel
and holds the platelets together so that
healing can begin.
25

What causes bruises?
 Certain bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia
and Von Willebrand’s disease, can cause a
person to bruise more easily. These conditions
are caused by an absence of certain clotting
factors (proteins) in the blood. Hemophilia is a
relatively rare condition that is usually inherited
and mostly affects males. Von Willebrand’s
disease is the most common type of bleeding
disorder in the United States and affects both
males and females.
26

Splenomegaly27
 An enlarged spleen can be caused by
infections, cirrhosis and other liver
diseases, blood diseases characterized
by abnormal blood cells, problems with
the lymph system, or other conditions.
Here are some common infections that
can cause an enlarged spleen: Viral
infections, such as mononucleosis.
 The spleen typically weighs 150 grams
(5.3 oz) in a typical adult and spans
about 11 cm (4.3 inches) vertically in its
longest dimension.

Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly is the condition of having
an enlarged liver. It is a non-specific
medical sign having many causes, which
can broadly be broken down into
infection, hepatic tumours, or metabolic
disorder.
 The normal liver weighs 1.4 to 1.5 kg in men and 1.2 to 1.4 kg in
women
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Lymphadenopathy
 Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is disease
of the lymph nodes, in which they are
abnormal in size or
consistency. Lymphadenopathy of an
inflammatory type (the most common type)
is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or
enlarged lymph nodes.
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30 Tanveer Tara Lecturer Medical Laboratory Medicine

Fine Needle
Aspiration
Cytology (FNAC)
31
 Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
is a technique whereby cells are obtained
from a lesion using a thin bore needle
and smears are made for
cytopathological diagnosis. This
technique is based on the fact that tumor
cells are less cohesive and are easily
aspirated. Used in the diagnosis of breast
lumps, thyroid nodules, liver disease,
subcutaneous soft tissue mass, salivary
gland diseases and oral diseases.

Biopsy32
Biopsy refers to the removal and examination
of tissue obtained from the living body.
If you're experiencing certain signs and
symptoms or if your doctor has identified an
area of concern, you may undergo a biopsy to
determine whether you have cancer or some
other condition.

Types of
Biopsy
33
 Bone marrow biopsy
 Trephine biopsy
 Endoscopic biopsy
 Needle biopsy
 Skin biopsy
 Surgical biopsy
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/cancer/in-depth/biopsy/art-
20043922

Autopsy
 A post-mortem examination, also known as
an autopsy, is the examination of a body after
death.
 An autopsy (also known as a post-mortem
examination or necropsy) is the examination of
the body of a dead person and is performed
primarily to determine the cause of death, to
identify or characterize the extent of disease
states that the person may have had.
34

Signs and symptoms
 Signs and symptoms are abnormalities that can
indicate a potential medical condition. Whereas
a symptom is subjective, that is, apparent only
to the patient (for example back pain or
fatigue), a sign is any objective evidence of a
disease that can be observed by others (for
example a skin rash or lump).

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Seizures36
 Seizures are symptoms of a brain
problem. They happen because of
sudden, abnormal electrical activity in
the brain. When people think
of seizures, they often think of
convulsions in which a person's body
shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. Not
all seizures cause convulsions

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Appetite is the
desire to eat food,
sometimes due to
hunger.
Anemia :It is
diagnosed when a
blood test shows a
hemoglobin value of
less than 13.5 gm/dl
in a man or less than
12.0 gm/dl in a
woman. Normal
values for children
vary with age.
Chills is a feeling
of coldness
occurring during
a high fever, but
sometimes is also
a common
symptom which
occurs alone in
specific people.
Lipoma is a benign
tumor made of fat
tissue. They are
generally soft to the
touch, movable, and
painless. They
usually occur just
under the skin, but
occasionally may be
deeper. Most are
less than 5 cm in
size. Common
locations include
upper back,
shoulders, and
abdomen.

38
MORTALITY DEATH RATIO IN A
COMMUNITY.
MORBIDITY DISEASE RATIO IN
A COMMUNITY.

THANK YOU
39

Basic terminologies in pathology

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