lpg content

LPG REFRIGERATOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KLS VDRIT, HALIYAL Page 1
CHAPTER 1
REFRIGERATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The term ‘refrigeration’ in a broad sense is used for the process of removing heat
(i.e. cooling) from a substance. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining
the temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. In other
words, the refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat from a body, whose
temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings. For example, if some
space (say in cold storage) is to be kept at - from cold body and delivers to a hot body.
The substance which works in a heat pump to extract heat from a cold body and to
deliver it to a hot body is called refrigerant. When people hear the word refrigeration they
immediately think of the refrigerator in their kitchen. However there are actually quite a
few 2 ºC, we must continuously extract heat which flows into it due to leakage through
the walls and also the heat, which is brought into it with the articles stored after the
temperature is one reduced to -2 ºC. Thus in a refrigerator, heat is virtually being pumped
from a lower temperature to a higher temperature. According to second law of
thermodynamics, this process can only be performed with the aid of some external work.
It is thus obvious, that supply of power (say electrical motor) is regularly required to
drive a refrigerator. Theoretically, the refrigerator is a reversed heat engine, or a heat
pump which pumps heat different kinds of refrigeration out three and they each have their
own methods of functioning. One particular type of refrigeration is industrial
refrigeration. This type of refrigeration is typically used for cold storage, food processing,
and chemical processing. The equipment is very large and made of industrial stainless
that must maintain a constant and steady temperature at all times. Temperatures that are
too high or too low may spoil certain goods or ruin them. As a result industrial
refrigeration is especially important maintaining temperature is as well. Since
temperature is so important into industrial refrigeration companies offering this service
must pay attention at all times to the temperature of the industrial refrigerators.steel.
Industrial refrigeration, which frequently uses ammonia refrigeration to maintain

LPG REFRIGERATOR
temperature, is necessary for computer, foodstuffs, blood, vaccines, and quite a few other
goods.
1.2 HISTORY OF REFRIGERATION
The refrigeration system is known to the man, since the middle nineteenth
century. The scientist, of the time, developed a few stray machines to achieve some
pleasure. But it paved the way by inviting the attention ohine by the end of nineteenth
century for the refrigeration jobs. But with the advent of efficient rotary f scientist for
proper studies and research. They were able to build a reasonably reliable mac
compressors and gas turbines, the science of refrigeration reached its present height.
Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans placed large amounts of snow into storage pits dug into
the ground and insulated with wood and straw. The ancient Egyptians filled earthen jars
with boiled water and put them their roofs, thus exposing the jars to the night’s cool air.
In India, evaporating cooling was employed. When a liquid vaporises rapidly, it expands
quickly. The rising molecules of vapour abruptly increase their kinetic energy and this
increase is drawn from the immediate surroundings of the vapour. These surroundings are
therefore cooled. The intermediate stage in the history of cooling foods was to add
chemicals like sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate to water causing the temperature to
fall. Cooling wine via above method was recorded in 1550, as were the words “to
refrigerate”.
Cooling drinks came into vogue by 1600 in France. Instead of cooling water at
night, people rotate long-necked bottles in water in which saltpetre had been dissolved.
This solution could be used to temperature. Brewing was the first activity in the northern
states to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, beginning with an absorption machine
used by S. Liebmann’s Sons Brewing Company in Brooklyn, New York in 1870.
commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries in the 1870 and 1891,
nearly every brewery was equipped with refrigerating machines. Natural ice supply
became an industry unto itself. By 1879, there were 35 commercial ice plants in America,
more than 200 a decade later, and 2,000 by 1909.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
No pond was safe from scraping for ice production, not even Thoreau’s Walden
Pond, where 1,000 tons of ice was extracted each day in 1847. However, as time went on,
ice, as a refrigeration agent, became health problem. Says Bern Nagengast, co-author of
Heat and Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors (published by the American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers), “Good sources were harder and
harder to find. By the 1890’s, natural ice became a problem because of produce very low
temperature and to make ice. By the end of the 17th century, iced liquors and frozen
juices were popular in French society. The first known artificial refrigeration was
demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasow in 1748. Beginning in the
1840, refrigerated cars were used to transport milk and butter. By 1860, refrigerated
transport was limited to mostly seafood and dairy products. The refrigerated railroad car
was patented by J.B.Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan in 1867. He designed an insulated
car with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and
circulated through the car by gravity, controlled by the use of hanging flaps that created
differences in airpollution and sewage dumping.” Signs of a problem were first evident in
the brewing industry. Soon provided the solution: ice, mechanically manufactured, and
giving birth to mechanical refrigeration. Carl (Paul Gottfried) von Linde in 1895 set up a
large scale plant for the production of liquid air. Six years later the meatpacking and dairy
industries followed with their complaints. Refrigeration technology he developed a
method for liquid air separating pure liquid oxygen from that resulted in widespread
industrial conversion to processes utilizing oxygen (e.g. in steel manufacture).
1.3 TYPES OF REFRIGERATION
The difference types of refrigeration systems are given below.
 Cyclic Refrigeration
In the cyclic process of refrigeration the heat is removed from the low temperature
reservoir and is thrown to high temperature. As per the second law of thermodynamics
the natural flow of heat is from the high temperature to low temperature reservoir. In the
cyclic refrigeration process since the flow of heat is reversed, the external work has to be
done on the system.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
The cyclic process of refrigeration is also reverse of the thermodynamic power cycle or
Carnot cycle in which the heat flows from high temperature reservoir to low temperature
reservoir; hence the cycle of refrigeration is also called as Reversed Carnot Cycle.
There are two types of cyclic process of refrigeration:
 Vapour cycle and
 Gas cycle.
The vapour cycle is classified into
Vapour compression cycle and vapour absorption cycle.
 Vapour Compression Cycle
In a vapour compression system, an evaporator and a gas-liquid separator are received in
a common casing, so that the gas-liquid separator and the of the liquid phase refrigerant
from the atmosphere to reduce the heat evaporator are placed close to each other. Thus, it
is possible to limit heart absorption loss upon discharge of the refrigerant from the gas-
liquid separator. Also, it is possible to reduce pressure loss in refrigerant passage between
the gas-liquid separator and the evaporator.
 Vapour Absorption Cycle Before the development of the vapour compression
system of refrigeration, vapour absorption system was very widely used. The vapour
compression system replaced vapour absorption system because it has high coefficient
performance (COP). The vapour absorption system requires very less amount of
electricity but large amount of heat; hence it can be used very effectively in industries
where very large stocks of excessive stem are available. In such cases there is not only
effective utilization of steam, but also lots of savings in electricity costs.
 Gas Cycle Just as the vapour are used for cooling in the vapour compression cycle
and vapour absorption cycle, the gas is used cooling in gas refrigeration cycle. When the
gas is throttled from very high pressure to lower pressure in throttling valve, its
temperature reduces suddenly while its enthalpy remains constant. This principle is in gas
refrigeration system. In the system instead of using Freon or ammonia as the refrigerant,
the gas is used as the refrigerant.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Throughout the cycle there are no phase changes of the gas, which are observed in the
liquid refrigerant. Air is the most commonly used gas, also called as refrigerant in this
case, in the gas refrigeration cycles.
 Non Cyclic Refrigeration
In these methods, refrigeration can be accomplished by melting ice or by dry ice. These
methods are used for small-scale refrigeration such as in laboratories and workshops, or
in portable coolers.
 Thermoelectric Refrigeration
A refrigeration effect can also be achieved without using any moving parts by simply
passing a small current through a closed circuit made up of two dissimilar materials. This
effect is called Peltier effect, and a refrigerator that works on this principle is called a
thermoelectric refrigerator.
 Magnetic Refrigeration
Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect. This
technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures (well below 1K), as well as
the ranges used in common refrigerators, depending on the design of the system.
 Other Methods
Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle machine used in aircraft; the vortex
tube used for spot cooling, when compressed air is available; and thermo acoustic
refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurised gas to drive heat transfer and heat
exchange.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
1.4 UNITS OF REFRIGERATION
Domestic and commercial refrigerators may be rated in kj/s, or Btu/h of cooling.
Commercial refrigerators in the US are in tons of refrigeration, but elsewhere in kw. One
ton of refrigeration capacity can freeze one short ton of water at 0 ºC (32 ºF) in 24 hours.
Latent heat of ice (i.e. heat of fusion) = 333.55 kj/kg ≈ 144 Btu/lb One short ton = 2000lb
Heat extracted = (2000)*(144)/24 hr = 288000 Btu/24 hr = 12000 Btu/hr = 200 Btu/min 1 tonne
of refrigeration = 200 Btu/min = 3.517 kj/s = 3.517 kwThe practical unit of refrigeration is
expressed in terms of ‘tonne of refrigeration’ (briefly written as TR). A tonne of
refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform
melting of one tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and 0 ºC in 24 hours. Since the latent heat of
ice is 335 kj/kg, therefore one tonne of refrigeration, 1 TR = 1000 * 335 kj in 24 hours =
(1000) * (335) / (24) * (60) = 232.6 kj/min In actual practice, one tonne of refrigeration is
taken as equivalent to 210 kj/min or 3.5 kw (i.e. 3.5 kj/s).
1.5 COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE OF A REFRIGERATOR
The coefficient of performance (briefly written as C.O.P.) is the ratio of heat
extracted in the refrigerator to the work done on the refrigerant. It is also known as
theoretical coefficient of performance. Mathematically, Theoretically C.O.P. = Q/W
Where Q = Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator ( or the amount of refrigeration
effect produced, or the capacity of a refrigerator), and W = Amount of work done.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
1.6 APPLICATIONS
 Food processing, preservation and distribution
 Storage of Raw Fruits and Vegetables
 Fish
 poultry
 Dairy Products
o Ice cream
o Butter
o Cheese
o Buttermilk
o Beverages
o Candy
o Processing and distribution of frozen food
 Chemical and process industries
 Separating of gases
 Condensation of gases
 Dehumidification of Air
 Storage as liquid at low pressure
 Cooling for preservation
 Special application of refrigeration
 Cold Treatment of Metals
 Medical
 Ice Skating Rinks
 Construction
 Desalination of water
 Ice manufacturer
 It is also widely used for the cooling of storage chambers in which perishable
food, drinks and medicines are stored.
 The refrigeration also has wide applications in sub-marine ships, rockets and
aircrafts.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
CHAPTER 2
REFRIGERATION PROCESS
2.1 REFRIGERATOR
Refrigerator keeps things cold because of the nature of the heat. Thermodynamics
essentially starts that if a cold object is placed to a next to a hot object, the cold object
will become warmer and the hot object will become cooler. A refrigerator does not cool
items by lowering their original temperature; instead, an evaporating gas called a
refrigerant draws heat away, leaving the surrounding area much colder. Refrigerators and
air conditioners both work on the principle of cooling through evaporation. A
refrigerator consists of two storage compartment – one for frozen items and the other for
items through the entire system is pure ammonia, which evaporates at -27 ºF. this system
is closed, which means nothing is lost or added while it is operating. Because liquid
ammonia is a powerful chemical, a leaking refrigerator should be repaired or replaced
immediately. The refrigeration process begins requiring refrigeration but no freezing.
These compartments are surrounded by a series of heat-exchanging pipes. Near the
bottom of the refrigerator unit is a heavy metal device called a compressor. The
compressor is powered by an electric motor. More heat-exchanging pipes are coiled
behind the refrigerator. Running with the compressor. Ammonia compressed until it
becomes very hot from the increased pressure. This heated gas flows through the coils
behind the refrigerator, which allows excess heat to be released into the surrounding air.
This is why users sometimes fill warm air circulating around the fridge. Eventually the
ammonia cools down to the point where it becomes a liquid. This liquid form of ammonia
is then forced through a device called an expansion valve or capillary tube. Essentially,
the expansion valve has a small opening or the capillary tube has a very small diameter of
copper tube that the liquid ammonia is turned into a very cold, fast-moving mist,
evaporating as it travels through the coils in the freezer. As the evaporating ammonia gas
absorbs more heat, its temperature rises. Coils surroundings the lower refrigerator
compartment are not as compact. The cool ammonia still draws heat from the warmer
objects in the fridge, but not as much as the freezer section. The ammonia gas is drawn

LPG REFRIGERATOR
back into the compressor, where the entire cycle of pressurization, cooling and
evaporation begins anew.
2.2 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The refrigeration cycle uses a fluid, a called a refrigerant, to move heat from one
place to other. We will begin with the cool, liquid refrigerant entering the indoor coil,
operating as the evaporating during cooling. As the name implies, refrigerant in the
evaporator “evaporator”. Upon entering the evaporator, the liquid refrigerant’s
temperature is between 40 and 50 ºF and without changing its temperature, it absorbs heat
as it changes state from a liquid to a vapour. The heat comes from the warm, moist room
air blown across the evaporator coil. As it passes over the cool coil, it gives up some of
its heat and moisture may condense from it. The cooler, drier room air is re-circulated by
a blower into the space to be cooled. The vapour refrigerant now moves into the
compressor, which is basically a pump that raises the pressure so it will move through the
system. The increased pressure from the compressor causes the temperature of the
refrigerant to rise. As it leaves the compressor, the refrigerant is a hot vapour, roughly
120 to 140 º F. It now flows into the refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, operating as the
condenser during the cooling. As it condenses, it gives up heat to the loop, which is
circulated by a pumpas the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is cooler, but still under
pressure provided by the compressor. It then reaches the expansion valve or capillary
tube. That the high pressure refrigerant to “flash” through becoming a lower pressure,
cooled liquid. When pressure is reduced, as with spraying an aerosol can or a fire
extinguisher, it cools. The cycle is complete as the cool, liquid refrigerant re-enters
evaporator to pick up room heat.
2.3 HOW REFRIGERATOR WORKS
In the summertime, have you ever gotten out of a swimming pool and then felt
very cold standing in the sun? That’s because the water on your skin is evaporating. The
air carries off the water vapour, and with it being taken away from your skin. This is
similar to what happens inside older refrigerators. Instead of eater, through, the
refrigerator uses chemicals to do the cooling. There are two things that need to be known

LPG REFRIGERATOR
for refrigeration. 1. 2. A gas cools on expansion. When you have two things that are
difference temperature that touch or are near each other, the hotter surface cools and the
colder surface warms up. This is a law of physics called the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
2.4 TYPES OF DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR
There are two types of domestic refrigerator. 1. Single door fresh food refrigerator 2.
Double-door refrigerator-freezer Most domestic refrigerator are of two types – either a
single door fresh food refrigerator or a two-door refrigerator-freezer combination, with
the freezer compartment on the top portion of the cabinet, or a vertically split cabinet
(side-byside), with the freezer compartment on the left side of the cabinet. They are
completely self-contained units and are easy to install. Most refrigerators use R-22
refrigerant, normally maintaining temperatures of 0 ºF in the freezer compartment and
about 35 ºF to 45 ºF in the refrigerator compartment.
Fig. 2.4(a) Single door Fig. 2.4(b) Double door

LPG REFRIGERATOR
2.5 TEMPERATURTE ZONE AND RATING
Some refrigerators are now divided into four zones to store different types of
food: » » » » -18 ºC (0 ºF) (freezer) 0 ºC (32 ºF) (meats) 5 ºC (49 ºF) (refrigerator) 10 ºC
(50 ºF) (vegetables) The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either litres or cubic feet
(US). Typically the volume of a combined fridge-freezer is split to 100 litres (3.53 cubic
feet) for the freezer and 140 litres (4.94 cubic feet) for the refrigerator, although these
values are highly variable. Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments
are often given arbitrary numbers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest) by
manufacturers, but generally 2 to 8 ºC (36 to 46 ºF) is idle for the refrigerator
compartment and -18 ºC (0 ºF) for the freezer. Some refrigerators require a certain
external temperature 16 ºC (60 ºF) to run properly. Thus can be an issue when placing a
refrigerator in an unfinished area such as a garage.
2.6 REFRIGERANT
Refrigeration application Short description Typical HFCs usedDomestic
Refrigeration Commercial Appliances used for keeping food in dwelling units. Holding
and displaying frozen and fresh HFC-134a R 404A, R 507, Refrigeration food in retail
outlets HFC-234a Food processing and cold Equipment to preserve, process and store
R410A, storage food from its source to the wholesale and cooling Industrial Refrigeration
Large equipment, typically 25 kW to 30 MW, used for chemical processing, cold storage,
food processing and district Transport refrigeration heating and cooling Equipment to
preserve and store goods, primarily foodstuffs, during transport by road, rail, air and sea
R410A, R407C, HFC-134A R407C,R 507, HFC-134a HFC-134a, R404A, R-507.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
2.7 VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
2.7.1 Introduction
The vapour compression cycle is the mostly widely used method of refrigeration in the
modern application. Your household refrigerator, water cooler, deep freezer, air
conditioneretc. all run on vapour compression cycle. The cycle is called as vapour
compression cycle, because the vapours of refrigerant are compressed in the compressor
of the system to develop the cooling effect.
2.7.2 Working
Here are the various process of vapour compression cycle .
(1) Compression: The vapours of refrigerants enter the compressor and get compressed to
high pressure and high temperature. During this process the entropy of the refrigerant
ideally remains constant and it leaves in superheated state.
(2) Condensation: The superheated refrigerant then enters the condenser where it is
cooled either by air or water due to which its temperature reduces, but pressure remains
constant and it gets converted into liquid state.
(3) Expansion: The liquid refrigerant then enters the expansion valve or throttling valve
or capillary tube when sudden expansion of the refrigerant occurs, due to which its
temperature and pressure falls down. The refrigerant leaves expansion valve or capillary
tube in partially liquid state and partially in gaseous state.
(4) Evaporation or cooling: The partially liquid and partially gaseous refrigerant at very
low temperature enters the evaporator where the substance to be cooled is kept. It is here
where the refrigeration effect is produced. The refrigerants absorbs the heat from tge
substance to be cooled and gets converted into vapour state. Fig 2.7 : Simple VCR
System T-S diagram of VCR SystemFig 2.8 : P-V diagram of VCR System.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
2.7.3 Advantages
 Capable of large refrigerating loads at lower initial purchase and operating cost.
 Very efficient
 Very compact system for small to very large heat loads.
 Cycle can be reversed for heat pump operation.
2.7.4 Disadvantages
 Parts can wear out.
 Noise.
 Potential refrigerant leaks.
 Operates in limited orientation.
2.7.5 Application
 Household refrigerator,
 Air-conditioners,
 Water coolers,
 Ice and Ice cream maker,
 Deep freezers,
 Large industrial refrigeration and
 Air-conditioning systems,

LPG REFRIGERATOR
2.8 VAPOUR ABSORPTION CYCLE
2.8.1 Introduction
The various processes of the vapour absorption cycle are similar to the one in vapour
compression cycle, only the method of compression of the refrigerant is different. In vapour
absorption system ammonia is used as the refrigerant, which has very high affinity to dissolve in
water. Here are various processes of vapour absorption cycle;
2.8.2 Working
(1) Compression or absorption of the refrigerant: in vapour absorption system there is no
traditional compressor, instead there is absorber. The absorber consists of water, as a
absorbent, in which the refrigerant, ammonia, dissolves. This mixture of water and
ammonia is then pumped and heated thus increase in temperature and pressure of the
ammonia occurs. Ammonia leaves the absorber at high pressure and high temperature.
Some work has to be provided to the pump and heating is carried out by the steam. The
amount of electricity required by the pump is much lesser than that required by the
compressor hence there is lots of saving of electricity, however, the additional source of
heat in the form of steam has to be provided.
(2) Condensation: The refrigerant at pressure and temperature then enters condenser
where it is cooled by water and its temperature and pressure reduces.
(3) Expansion: Thereafter the expansion of refrigerant occurs in throttling valve or
capillary tube due to which the temperature and pressure of the ammonia refrigerant
reduces drastically and suddenly.
(4) Evaporation: Finally the refrigerant enters the evaporator where it produces the
cooling effect. It leaves the evaporator in vapour state and then enters absorber, where it
is absorbed by absorbent, water and compressed by the pump. This process repeats again
and cycle continues. There are different types absorbents like water and lithium bromide

LPG REFRIGERATOR
that can be used with refrigerant ammonia. These systems are called water absorption
system.
2.8.3 Advantages
 No moving parts.
 No vibration or noise on small system.
 Small systems can operate without electricity using only heat, large systems
require power for chemical pumps.
 Can make use of waste heat.
2.8.4 Disadvantages
 Potential refrigerant leaks.
 Operates under limited vibration and orientations.
 Complicated and difficult to service and repair.
 Stalls in a hot ambient
 Very bulky.
 Poor efficiency.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
CHAPTER 3
LPG REFRIGERATION
3.1 Introduction
Although government agencies are not able to continuously supply a major
portion of electricity in both the urban as well as in rural areas. Still the people in these
regions require refrigeration for a variety of socially relevant purposes such as cold
storage or storing medical supplies and domestic kitchens this project has the novelty of
using LPG instead of electricity for refrigeration. This solution is convenient for
refrigeration in regions having scares in electricity. It works on the principle that during
the conversion of LPG into gaseous form, expansion ofLPG takes place. Due to this
expansion there is a pressure drop and increase in volume of LPG that results in the drop
of temperature and a refrigerating effect is produced. This refrigerating effect can be used
for cooling purposes. So this work provides refrigeration for socially relevant needs as
well as replaces global warming creator refrigerants. While going through the literature
review in LPG refrigeration system, Conventional VCR (Vapour Compression
Refrigeration System) uses LPG as refrigerant and produced the refrigerating effect. But
in our proposed very simple type of refrigeration system in which the high pressure LPG
is passing through a capillary tube and expands. After expansion the phase of LPG is
changed and converted from liquid to gas and then it passes through the evaporator where
it absorbs the heat and produces the refrigerating effect. After evaporator it passes
through the gas burner where it burns.
LPG consists mainly of propane (R-290) and butane (R-600), and LPG is
available as a side product in local refineries. In Cuba for already several decades LPG is
used as a drop-in refrigerant. LPG mixtures have composition of a commercial LPG
mixture suitable as „drop-in‟ replacement for R-12 was calculated crudely as 64%
propane and 36% butane by mass. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) of 60% propane and
40% commercial butane has been tested as a drop-in suitable for R 134a in a single
evaporator domestic refrigerator with a total volume of 10 ft3. In March 1989, the
Institute of Hygiene in Dortmund Germany needed a new cold storage room. The young

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idealistic director, Dr Harry Rosin, could not consider using a CFC refrigerant and so
tried propane and iso butane. Greenpeace Australia imported a Foron refrigerator in
February 1993 and in December 1993 Email Ltd, Australia’s largest appliance
manufacturer,displayed prototype LPG refrigerators.
3.2 PROPERTIES OF LPG
 Colourless
 Odourless-(It’s normal to odorize LPG by adding an odorant prior to supply to the
user, to aid the detection of any leaks).
 Flammable.
 Heavier than air
 Approximately half the weight of water.
 Nontoxic but can cause asphyxiation.
 A good mixture: LPG is mainly Propane (C3H8),Butane (C 4H10) or a mixture of
Propane/Butane.
 Since LPG has a simple chemical structure, it is among the cleanest of any
alternative fuel.
 Boiling Point: LPG’s boiling point ranges from -42 0C to 0 0C depending on its
mixture percentage of Butane and Propane.
 Combustion: The combustion of LPG produces (CO2) and water vapour but
sufficient air must be available. Inadequate appliances fluing or ventilation can result in
the production of carbon monoxide which can be toxic.
 Vapour Pressure: LPG is stored as liquid under pressure. It iscolourless and its
weight is approximately half that of an equivalent volume of water. The pressure inside a
closed container in which LPG is stored is equal to the vapour pressure of the liquid and
corresponds to its temperature.
 Ignition Temperature: The temperature required to ignite LPG in air is around
5000C.
 Calorific Value: The calorific value of LPG is about 2.5 times higher than that of
main gas so more heat is produced from the same volume of gas.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
 Toxicity:LPG is colourless, odourless and non -toxic gas. It is supplied
commercially with an added odorant to assist detection by smell.
 LPG is excellent solvent of petroleum and rubber product and isgenerally non –
corrosive to steel and copper alloys.
3.3 APPLICATIONS
Application of LPG as refrigerant that divides in two categories:
 Processes that uses LPG
 Industries that uses LPG
 Processes that use LPG LPG’s high calorific value makes it a key gas for:
 Heating appliances: - used because of its case of combustion, portability and clean
burning characteristics and compatibility with almost all water and space heating
appliances. The best product depends the climate.
 Propane: - suitable for use in all conditions. It is the only LPG product suitable for
cold climates (such as the UK and Canada) because of its low boiling point of -43.6 ºF (-
42 ºC).
 Butane: - suitable for use in hot climate only because of its higher boiling point of
22.9 ºF (-5 ºC).
 Propane/Butane mixtures: - suitable for use in moderate climates.
Cooking: - preferred to electricity by professional chefs.
 Oxy-Fuel application: - LPG performs well in large-scale oxy-fuel burner
application. LPG’s clean burning characteristics make it a good gas for:
 Transport fuel: - for forklift and other trucks that operate inside warehouses and
factories because it provides no noxious exhaust gases and give more power than
batteries. LPG is also increasingly used as a clean automotive fuel in countries with
serious air pollution problems.
 Propane and butane’s low boiling points also give them good closed cycle
refrigerants characteristics (similar to Freon’s).
 Industries that use LPG LPG’s calorific and clean-burning characteristics are used
across many industries such as:

LPG REFRIGERATOR
 Automotive: - as a forklift truck fuel and in some countries as a private car or
public transport fuel.
 Hospitality and Leisure: - as a heating and cooking gas in restaurant, cafes and
mobile catering vans.
 Agriculture: - for crop drying, heating g reenhouses and animal sheds and for
flame weeding and pest control.
 Construction :- LPG’s portability allow its use for general space heating to enable
work on projects during winter months, and for road heating in bitumen replacement
work.
 Chemicals and petrochemicals: - LPG surplus is used as feedstock when prices
are low.
3.4 The LPG Refrigeration Cycle
LPG Gas Cylinder:
From the LPG gas cylinder of 14.5 kg, LPG flows through the pipe and reaches to
the capillary tube.LPG gas pressure is approximate 12.41 bars
Capillary Tube:
As the capillary tube, capillary tube downs thepressure up to less than 1.2 bars.
Evaporator:
In the evaporator LPG is converted into the vapor from with low pressure. After
passing through theevaporator low pressure and temperature LPG vapor absorbs heat
from the chamber system.
Gas Burner:
After performing the cooling effect, low pressure LPG gas goes into the burner
where the burns. As weknow whenever the fluid flow through the narrow pipe there is a

LPG REFRIGERATOR
pressure drop. The amount of pressuredrop in our system is calculated. [10] From the
Darcey-Weisbach equation, thepressure drop in the refrigerant piping is calculated for 13
feet length tube is 0.23 in terms of equivalent length.
3.5 PARTS OF REFRIGERATORS
3.5.1 LPG Gas Cylinder
LPG is Liquefied Petroleum Gas. This is general description of Propane (C3H8)
and Butane (C4H10), either stored separately or together as a mix. This is because these
gases can be application of a liquefied at a normal temperature by moderate pressure
increases or at normal pressure by application of LPG using refrigeration. LPG is used as
a fuel for domestic, drying can industrial, LPG be horticultural, to agricultural, another
cooking, heating fuel or as LPG processes. Also can be used as automotive specialist
propellant foraerosal
.
Fig 3.5.1 LPG Gas Cylinder

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.5.2 Capillary Tube
The capillary tube is the commonly used throttling device in the domestic
refrigeration. The capillary of very would occupy used for the the tube is a copper tube of
very less space. The small internal of diameter. It is long length and it is coiled to
refrigeration several turns so that it the capillary tube to 2.28 mm When picture. internal
diameter tube applications varies from 0.5 is shown in (0.020 to 0.09 inch). The capillary
refrigerant enters in the capillary tube, its pressure drops down suddenly due to very
small diameter. The decrease in pressure of the refrigerant through the capillary depends
on the diameter of capillary and the length of capillary. Smaller is the diameter and more
is the length of capillary more is the drop in pressure of the refrigerant as it passes
through it.
Fig 3.5.2 Capillary Tube
3.5.3 Evaporator
The evaporators are another important parts of the refrigeration systems. It
through the evaporators that the cooling effect is produced in the refrigeration system. It
is in the evaporators when the actual cooling effect takes place in the refrigeration
systems. For many people the evaporator is the main part of the refrigeration system,
consider other part as less useful. The evaporators are heat exchanger surface that transfer
the heat from the substance to be cooled to the refrigerant, evaporators’ refrigeration thus
removing the heat from the are used for wide variety in and hence the available from of
the substance. The diverse application in wide variety of shape, sizes and they are also

LPG REFRIGERATOR
classified in different manner depending on the method of feeding the refrigerant,
construction of the evaporator, direction of air circulation around the evaporator,
application and also the
Fig 3.5.3 Evaporator
refrigerant control. In the domestic refrigerators the evaporators are commonly known as
freezers since the ice is made in these compartments. In the evaporators the refrigerant
enters at very low pressure and temperature after passing through the capillary tube. This
refrigerant absorbs the heat from the substance that is to be cooled so the refrigerant gets
heated while the substance gets cooled. Even after cooling the substance the temperature
of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator is less than the substance. In the large
refrigeration plants the evaporator is used for chilling water. In such cases shell and tube
type of heat exchanger are used as the evaporators. In such plants the evaporators are
classified as:
(1). Dry expansion type of evaporators
(2). Flooded type of the evaporators
The evaporators are classified based on the construction as:
(1). Bare tube evaporators

LPG REFRIGERATOR
(2). Plate surface evaporators
(3). Finned evaporators
(4). Shell and tube evaporator
(5). Shell and coiled evaporator, and
(6). Tube-in-tube evaporator
The evaporators are classified based on mode of heat transfer
(1). Natural convection evaporator, and
(2). Forced convection evaporator
The evaporators are classified based on operating conditions
(1). Frosting evaporator,
(2). Non-frosting evaporator,
(3). Defrosting evaporator
3.5.4 Pressure gauges
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and
vacuums. Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum
gauges. A manometer could also referring to a pressure measuring instrument, usually
limited to measuring pressures near to atmospheric. The term manometer column
hydrostatic instruments. is often used to refer specifically to liquid Stainless steel
pressure gauge Catering to the requirements of to power and allied array of stainless
Industry, we offer quality steel, weatherproof pressure gauges. Renowned for offering
control equipment, chemicals and petrochemicals and resistance in corrosive
environments and modes, these find wide application in power generation, pollution also
exploration.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
These gauges are available in 63mm, 100mm, and 150mm sizes and can be
customized as per client. Bourdon gauge A Bourdon gauge uses a coiled tube, which, as
it expands due to pressure increases cases a rotation of an arm connected to the tube.
Fig 3.5.4 Pressure Gauges
3.5.5 High Pressure pipes
The range of high pressure pipes covers most steel ball fitted these to both
application where there is a nipples press thus sealing requirement to transfer gas at high
pressure. They consist of a steel pipe with an ends. Two swiveling connection balls
against the seating of the connectinghole and against gas leakage.» » Wide range of
pipes. All pipes are pressure tested to 100 M Pa (14,500 psi) over recommended working
pressure.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.6 Basic Experimental Setup of LPG refrigeration system
The basic components in this system are shown in set up diagram and the changes
in thermodynamicsproperties of the fluid flowing (LPG) is shown in the systems line
diagram.
Fig 3.6 Experimental Setup of Basic LPG Refrigeration System

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.7 Design of LPG Refrigeration System
There are main four parts in this system
1. Copper Tubes (For carrying LPG cylinder to filter before capillary)
2. Capillary tube
3. Valves (Gas supply control valves)
4. Evaporator
3.7.1 Copper Tubes
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems—Copper is the preferred material
for use with most refrigerants. Because of its good heat transfer capacity as well as
corrosion resistance and cheaperin cost. As for all materials, the allowable internal
pressure for any copper tube in service is based onthe formula used in the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers Code for Pressure Piping (ASME B31)
P = 2S (tmin – C)/ Dmax – 0.8 (tmin – C)
Where:
P = allowable pressure, bar
S = maximum allowable stress in tension, bar
tmin = wall thickness (min.), in mm
Dmax = outside diameter (max.), in mm
C = a constant for copper tube, because of copper’s superior corrosion resistance, the B31
code permitsthe factor C to be zero. Thus the formula becomes:
P = 2Stmin /Dma – 0.8tmin
According to the pressure 100 psi the tube outside diameter is become = 7 mm and the
thickness of thetube is = 1.5 mm.
3.7.2 Capillary tube
An analytical computation of length of capillary tube The fundamental equations
applicable to the controlvolume bounded by points 1and 2 in fig. are

LPG REFRIGERATOR
1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of energy
3. Conservation of momentum
The equation relating state and conditions at points 1and 2 in a very short length of
capillary tube in thefigure is written using following notions [4].
A: Cross sectional area of inside of tube, m²
D: ID of tube, m.
f: friction factor, dimensionless
h: enthalpy, kJ/kg.
hf : enthalpy of saturated liquid , kJ/kg
hg : enthalpy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg
ΔL: length of increment, m.
P: pressure, Pa
Re: Reynolds No., VD/Ʋ
v: specific volume of m³/kg
vf : specific volume of saturated liquid, m³/kg
vg: specific volume of saturated vapour, m³/kg
V: velocity of refrigerant, m/s
w: mass flow rate, kg/s
x: dryness friction
μ: Viscosity, pa×s
μf: viscosity of liquid, pa×S
μ g: viscosity of Vapour, pa×s
For calculation of length of capillary tube we haveused the following relations and find
out the length.
The equation of conservation of mass is as follows
w =V1A/ v1 = V2A/ v2... (1)
or

LPG REFRIGERATOR
w=V1/ v1 = V2/ v2 ... (2)
The conservation of energy gives
1000 h1+ V²1/ 2 =1000 h2+V²2/ 2... (3)
This assumes negligible heat transfer in and out of system. The momentum equation in
words states thatthe difference in forces applied to the elementbecause of drag and
pressure difference on opposite ends of the element equals that is needed to accelerate the
fluid [6].
[(p1-p2) - fΔ L/D V2/ 2v] A = w (V1-V2)..... (4)
As the refrigerant flows through the tube, its pressure and saturation temperature
progressively drop and thefraction of vapour .x. continuously increases. At any point
h = hf (1-x) + x hg.... (5)
v = vf (1-x) + x vg..... (6)
The quantities of equation (4) V, v and f all change as refrigerant flows from point 1 to 2.
Simplifying usingequation (2)
f ΔL/D. V2/ 2v = f ΔL/D V/ 2 w/A...... (7)
In the calculation to follow, V used in equation (7)will be mean velocity
Vm = V1+ V2 / 2..... (8)
The friction factor with turbulence is
F= 0.33/Re 0.25 = 0.33/ (VD/ μ v) 0.25... (9)
The viscosity in two phase flow is given by
μ = μf (1-x) + x μg.... (10)
The mean friction factor fm applicable to incrementallength 1-2 is
fm = f1+f2/2 = [0.33/Re1
0.25 + 0.33/Re2
0.25]/ 2... (11)
The essence of the analytical calculation is to determine the length ΔL between points 1-2
as shownin fig. for a given reduction in saturation temperature of the refrigerant. The
flow rate and other conditionsat point 1 are known and for a required selected
temperature at point 2, The Remaining conditions atpoint 2 and ΔL would be computed
in the following steps:
1. Temperature t2 selected

LPG REFRIGERATOR
2. p2, hf2, hg2, vf2, and vg2 are computed, all beingfunction of temperature (or
pressure).
3. Combination of equation (2) and (3) gives
1000 h 2+ v²2/ 2 (w/A)2 =1000 h1+ v²/ 2... (12)
Substituting equations (5) and (6) into (12)
1000 hf2 +1000(hg2- hf2) x + [{vf2+ (vg2 - vf2) x}
²(w/A) ²] = 1000 h1 + V1
2/ 2...... (13)
In equation, all quantities being knows except x,which could be solved by quadratic
equation,
X= [-b+√b2-4ac]/2a.... (14)
Where,
a = (vg2- vf2)2 (w/A) 2×1/2
b= 1000(hg2- hf2) + vf2 (vg2 - vf2) (w/A) and
c = 1000(hf2- h1) + (w/A) 2 1/2 vf2 2- V1 2/2
Properties of LPG at 10.27 bars [16]
hf1 = enthalpy of saturated liquid = 169.1kJ/kg
hg1 = enthalpy of saturated vapour = 498.0kJ/kg
vf1 = specific volume of saturated liquid = 2.050×10-3m³/kg
vg1= specific volume of saturated vapour =
0.0448m³/kg
Properties of LPG at 1.67 bars
hf2 = enthalpy of saturated liquid = 22.9kJ/kg
hg2 = enthalpy of saturated vapour = 435.0kJ/kg
vf2 = specific volume of saturated liquid = 1.763×10-3m³/kg
vg= specific volume of saturated vapour =
0.2585m³/kg
w = V/v
V= volume flow rate = 1.1liter/ hr
w =9.45×10-4 Kg/sec
From this calculation the length of capillary tube is= 2.97m

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.7.3 Valves
In this system we have used two flow control valves of globe type of 4 mm of
internal diameter.
3.7.4 Evaporator
Evaporators are heat exchangers with fairly uniform wall temperature employed
in a wide range ofHVAC-R products, spanning from household to industrial applications.
In general, they are designedaiming at accomplishing a heat transfer duty at the penalty
of pumping power. There are two well establishedmethods available for the thermal heat
exchanger design, the log-mean temperature difference (LMTD) and the
effectiveness/number of transfer units (e-Ntu) approach (Kakaç and Liu, 2002; Shah and
Sekulic, 2003). The second has been preferred to the former as the effectiveness, defined
as the ratio between the actual heat transfer rate andthe maximum amount that can be
transferred, provides a 1st-law criterion to rank the heat exchanger performance, whereas
the number of transfer units compares the thermal size of the heat exchanger with its
capacity of heating or cooling material. Furthermore, the e-Ntu approach avoids the
cumbersome iterative solution required by the LMTDfor outlet temperature calculations.
[14] In general, evaporators for refrigeration applicationsare designed considering the
coil flooded with twophase refrigerant, and also a wall temperature close tothe refrigerant
temperature (Barbosa and Hermes, 2012), so that the temperatureprofilesalong thestreams
are not constant, in these cases, the heat transfer rate if it is calculated from: [13]
Q = m.cp (To – Ti) = ɛ.m.cp (Ts − Ti)
Where m is the mass flow rate, Ti, To and Ts are the inlet, outlet and surface
temperatures, respectively,
Q=h × As (Ts-Tm) is the heat transfer rate,
Tm is themean flow temperature over the heat transfer area,As, and ɛ is the heat
exchanger effectiveness,calculated from (Kays and London, 1984):
e = 1 – exp (−NTU)

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Where NTU is the number of transfer units. We have selected the plate and tube type
evaporator because itprovides a gentle type of evaporation with low residence time. It
also preserves the food and otherproducts from bacterial attack. It requires low
installation cost.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.8 Design calculations for evaporator
The evaporator has following dimensions:
Length = 325 mm, Breadth = 265 mm and
Height = 135 mm
The evaporator is made from six plywood sheets of 3mm thickness which enclose six
thermocol sheets of10mm thickness.
The areas for these sheets are as follows:
Area1 = 265×135 = 0.03578 m2,
Area2 = 265×325 = 0.08612m2,
Area3 = 265×135 = 0.03578m2,
Area4 = 265×325 = 0.08612m2,
Area5 = 325×135 = 0.04388 m2,
Area6 = 325×135 = 0.04388 m2,
Thermal conductivity of plywood kp = 0.12 W/m.k
Thermal conductivity of thermo coal kt = 0.02 W/m.k
Thickness of plywood = 3 mm
Thickness of thermo coal = 10 mm
Temperature of atmosphere = 35 0C = 298 K
Temperature of evaporator = 16 0C = 289 K
Heat flow from area 1 due to conduction
Q1 = (Ta-Te)/ (Rthp + Rtht)
= (Ta-Te)/ ((Lp/KP.A) + (Lt/Kt.A))
= (294-289)/ (0.698+13.97)
= 2.317W
Heat flow from area 2 due to conduction
Q2 = 5.58 W, Q3 = 2.32 W, Q4 = 5.58 W, Q5 = 2.84 W
Q6 = 2.84 W
Total heat flow from all areas due to conduction =
21.47 W

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Heat flow from evaporator due to convection
Inside heat transfer coefficient = 30 W/m2.K
Outside heat transfer coefficient = 10 W/m2.K
Rate of heat transfer Q [12]
Q =U.A. (Ta-Te)
The overall heat transfer coefficient
1/U = (1/Uo) + (Lp/kp) + (Lt/kt) + (1/Ui)
1/U = 0.649
U = 1.54 W/m2.K
Rate of heat transfer from area 1
Q1 = 1.54×0.03578(298-264)= 1.873W
Q2 = 4.50 W, Q3 = 1.873 W, Q4 = 4.50 W, Q5 = 2.29W
Q6 = 2.29 W
Total heat flow from all areas due to convection =17.326 W
Heat transfer due to radiation Q
Q = σT4
= 5.67× 10-8(35-(16)) 4
= 0.21W
Total heat flow from evaporator due to conduction, convection and radiation
Qt = 21.47+17.326+0.21
=39.006W

LPG REFRIGERATOR
The experiment of this project was done on 8 May, 2015 at 11:00 a.m. and readings were
taken at 10 minute's interval, for 1 hour which is as shown in table 1 below:
Table 3.8.1: Experimental Readings
Sr
No
Inlet
Pressure
(Bar)
Outlet
Pressure
(Bar)
Time
(min)
Capillary
Temp 0C
Evaporator
Temp 0C
Water
Temp 0C
1 5.745 3.009 10 32 32 32
2 5.745 2.941 20 28 30 31
3 5.745 2.804 30 26 26 29
4 5.745 2.530 40 25 21 29
5 5.745 2.530 50 24 18 27
6 5.745 2.462 60 22 16 26
Again we were taken reading on this project on same day on at 3:30 p.m. and readings
were taken at 10 minute's interval, with same cylinder for 1 hour which is as shown in
table 2 below:
Table 3.8.2: Experimental Readings
Sr
No
Inlet
Pressure
(Bar)
Outlet
Pressure
(Bar)
Time
(min)
Capillary
Temp 0C
Evaporator
Temp 0C
Water
Temp 0C
1 5.608 2.941 10 30 31 32
2 5.608 2.872 20 28 29 31
3 5.608 2.736 30 27 26 29
4 5.608 2.599 40 25 23 28
5 5.608 2.462 50 24 19 27
6 5.608 2.394 60 22 17 27

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Chart.1:Water Temperature v/s Time (min)
Chart.2:Evaporator Temperaturevs Time(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 20 30 40 50 60
Water Temperature
Water Temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 20 30 40 50 60
Evaporator temperature
Evaporator temperature

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Fig. p-h diagram of LPG Refrigerator
Size of refrigerator: - 335×265×135 mm³
Initial temperature of water: - 30⁰C
Initial temperature of evaporator: - 33⁰C
Specific heat of LPG vapor is 1.495kJ/KgK

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Refrigerating effect
The properties of LPG at 5.516 bars are
Enthalpy h1 = 430.3 kJ/Kg
Temp. t1= 4 ⁰C
The properties of LPG at 1.316 bars are
Enthalpy h3 = 107.3 kJ/Kg
Temp. t3= -30 ⁰C
Heat extracted from evaporator in 1 hour (Qeva) = Heat gained by LPG (QLPG)
(Qeva) = Heat extracted from (water + surrounding air inside of evaporator +container +
leakage)
mw = mass of water =6.5kg
cpw = specific heat of water=4180J/kg.K
(ΔT)W =28.3 0C
mc =mass of container =1.30kg
cpc= specific heat of aluminium container = 903J/kg.K
(ΔT)c =28.3 0C
xLPG = Dryness fraction of LPG from graph =0.5
(Qeva) = Qevap + Qair +Qcont +QL
= mwcpw(ΔT) + macpa(ΔT) + mccpc(ΔT) +QL
We have taken 6.5 kg of water in an aluminiumcontainer of weight 1.30 kg.
Since there is very less amount of air so it is neglected.
= 6.5×4180×28.7 + 0 + 1.3007×903×28.7
= 0.81348 MJ
Heat gained by LPG (QLPG) = Latent heat gain(QL)LPG +Sensible heat gain(QSen)LPG
= mLPG .xLPG .hfg + mLPG .cpLPG. (Tsup-Tsat)
=9.45×10-4×0.5×375×103×3600+9.45×10-4×1.67× (- 9.3-30)
= 861151.662J/hr = 0.862MJ/hr
So the refrigerating effect is = h3-h2
= 630.3-307.3
= 323kJ/Kg

LPG REFRIGERATOR
For work input we have a LPG cylinder of 14.5 Kg. so the work input is amount
of energy required for filling of 1 cylinder. A typical LPG bottling plant has the following
major energy consuming [8].
Equipment:-
1. LPG pumps
2. LPG compressors
3. Conveyors
4. Blowers
5. Cold repair facilities including painting
6. Air compressors and air drying units.
7. Transformer, MCC & DG sets
8. Firefighting facilities
9. Loading and unloading facilities
Some of the LPG bottling plants use a comprehensive monitoring technique for
Keeping track of energy / fuel Consumption on per ton basis. PCRA Energy Audit [8]
1. Consumption = 40×4200=168000kWh
2. For lighting energy consumption= 227340kWh
3. LPG compressor consumption= 153360 kWh
1. Total consumption for LPG pumps
One pump having 40 kW motor and 96 m head or 150cubic meter /hour discharge
Annual operating = 4200 hrs
Annual energy 6 hrs /day in 350 days
= 168000+227340+153360
= 548700kWh
Per day consumption
= 548700/350
=1567.71 kWh
500 cylinders are refilled every day, so per cylinder electricity consumption.
=1567.71/500
=3.1354kWh

LPG REFRIGERATOR
For filling of 1 LPG cylinder of 14.5 kg the power input is
= 3.1354kWh
So 1 kg of LPG is
= 3.1354/14.5
=0.2162 kWh
We run the set up for 1 hr
= 0.2162×1000/ (9.45/10000) ×3600
= 63.55W
COP OF THE LPG REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
COP = (h3-h2)/w
= (630.3-307.3)/63.55
= 5.08
After finding out the COP of the LPG refrigerator we found out the heat librated by LPG
after burning in the burner with the burner efficiency of 92 %.
Heat liberated by LPG QL= m×cv
We have the volume flow rate of LPG is 0.1 liter per minand the specific volume of LPG
at 1.56 bar pressure is 1.763×10-3 m3/Kg.
So mass flow rate of LPG is = 0.0001/1.763×10-3= 0.0567 Kg/min
m = 9.45×10-4 Kg/sec
cv = 46.1 MJ/Kg
QL= 9.45×10-4× 46.1×103
= 43.56 W

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.9 CostEstimation of LPG Refrigeration
TOTAL COST: Rs 5375/-
COST SHEET NO COMPONENT COMPONENT PRICE
1 EVAPORATER BOX 500
2 GAS PIPE 175
3 CAPILLARY TUBE 150
4 ACCUMULATOR 450
5 COPPER TUBE 300
6 INSULATOR THERMOCOL 50
7 BRAZING MATERIAL 200
8 SUCTION PIPE 175
9 C U ‘T’ CONNECTOR 350
10 BRASS NUT 175
11 HAND SUT VALVE 175
12 PRESSURE GAUGE 500
13 STRAIGHT CONNECTOR 175
14 SCREW, NUT,BOLT 300
15 BRAZING GAS CYLINDER 150
16 HIGH PRESSURE VALVE 200
17 BURNER 450
18 GAS COST 900

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.10 Advantages
 It eliminates the blocking problem.
 It is efficient to save fuel.
 Low Weight.
 The fridge works when electricity off. It is efficient to save fuel.
 No Pollution.
 Running cost is zero.
 Eliminates the compressor and condenser.
 Noiseless
3.11 Disadvantages
 LPG is explosive in nature.
 Do not maintain constant pressure in LPG cylinder.
 Put the LPG cylinder is inverted position.
 After the refrigeration processes, the exhaust of LPG is burn into burner. Because
of the exhausted vapour LPG can not converted again liquid phase , because the
problem in LPG refrigeration system. Because of the LPG is highly flammable.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
3.11 APPILICATIONS
 Food processing, preservation and distribution
1. Storage
2. Fish
3. Meat and Poultry
4. Dairy Products
(a). Ice cream
(b). Butter
(c). Cheese
(d). Butter milk
5. Beverage
6. Candy
7. Medical

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Conclusion
The aim of the LPG refrigerator was to useLPG as a refrigerant and utilising the
energy of the high pressure in the cylinder for producing the refrigerating effect. We have
the LPG at a pressure of 12.41 bar in Domestic 14.5 kg cylinder equipped with a high
pressure regulator and this pressure has reduced up to 1.41 bar with the help of capillary
tube. But if we use a low pressure regulator as is the practice in conventional domestic
LPG gas stove, the pressure of LPG after the expansion device and before the burner
would be different. So we have calculated the refrigerating effect with the help of
changes in properties of LPG (pressure, temperature, and enthalpy) before and after the
evaporator using high pressure regulator and the amount ofrefrigerating effect is
323kJ/Kg.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
Future Scope
Positive result of experimentation pushes me to go ahead with this normal product
and introduce new product range in the field of refrigeration. Which focus on the
restaurant and Community hall, and mid-day meal of school and college to decrease the
product and cost and for preserving vegetables ,milk etc.at small lair and snacks shop by
increase the portability of the refrigerator by reducing the weight and eliminating the
compressor with no cost of refrigerating and light weight and light maintenance free
product.
 It may very useful for the desert, research and mines area and many other area of
under developed country, where electricity not easily available.
 It can be apply for the system as an air conditioning in LPG cars.
 This system most suitable for hotel, industries, refinery, chemical industries
where consumption of LPG is very high.

LPG REFRIGERATOR
References
1. Shank K. Wang, Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration” Edition.
2. A. Baskaran, P. Koshy Mathews, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications”, Volume 2, Issue 9, 1 ISSN 2250- 3153, September 2012
3. B. O. Bolaji, Investigating the performance of some environment-friendly refrigerants
a alternative to R12 in vapour compression refrigeration system”, PhD Thesis in the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure,
Nigeria (2008).
4. Prashant Sharma, Rahul Sharma, “International Journal of Latest Research in and
Technology” ISSN (Online):2278- 5299 Vol.1,Issue 1 :45-48,May-June(2012)
5. ASHRAE, “Thermo physical Properties of Refrigerants”, Chapter 20, ASHRAE
Fundamental, Inc. Atlanta 20 (2001) 1-67.
6. W. F Stoecker., and J. W. Jones, “Refrigeration and Air conditioning”, TATA
McGraw-Hill pub.
Co. Ltd.pp. 264.
7. ASHRAE, 2002, “Adiabatic capillary tube selection”, Refrigeration Handbook,
chapter. 45, pp.45.26-45.30, ASHRAE.
8. “PCRA energy audit report”, HPCL LPG bottling plant AsaudaBahadurgarh (Haryana)
Dec. 2006.
9. “Basic statics on Indian petroleum and natural gas” 2006-07.
10. Shank K. Wang, “Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration” page no. 11.14
chapter 11.
11. ASHRAE handbook 1998.
12. C.P. ARORA, “Hand book of Refrigeration and air conditioning”, by page no. 425
13. A. Bejan, “The thermodynamic design of heat and mass transfer processes and
devices”, Heat and Fluid Flow pp.258-276, 1987
14. Hermes CJL, “Conflation of e-Ntu and EGM design methods for heat exchangers
withuniform wall Temperature”, Int. J. Heat andMass Transfer, pp.3812-3817, 2012.
15. J R Barbosa, C Melo, CJL Hermes, PJ Waltrich, “A Study of the Air-Side Heat
Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Tube-Fin ‘No-Frost’ Evaporators”,
Applied Energy 86, pp.1484-1491, 2009.

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