GEO Protocol is an open source overlay protocol that enables creation and interoperability of value transfer networks in a lightweight, cost - efficient, and scalable way.

1. Creating a Universal
Ecosystem for Value
Transfer Networks

2. Problem
In the world of siloed networks the competitive spirit
results either in formation of harmful monopolies or in a
multitude of small-scale solutions that do not achieve
significant network effect.
However, the global reduction of marginal costs and the
demand for financial inclusion and fairness increasingly
require financial networks to become part of a global
ecosystem.
In such an ecosystem users would benefit from
interoperability, reduced costs, and unfettered access.
Different value transfer networks need a universal solution
that would build bridges instead of walls.
02

3. Problem
03
Lack of interoperability
between financial networks
Current distributed networks are
slow, not scalable, and expensive
Blockchain and traditional
finance are fragmented into silos

4. Solution
GEO is an open-source overlay protocol that enables the
creation and interoperability of value transfer networks in
a lightweight, cost-efficient, and scalable way.
04

5. Solution: Features
05
Distributed network with
no common ledger
01
There is no single database; all the
data is stored locally on the user
nodes.
Double-spend-proof due
to local consensus
03
Transactions are executed between the
nodes involved, and require outside
parties to intervene only in the rare
case of a dispute or a connectivity
issue.
Blockchain-compatible
as an off-chain scaling solution
02
The protocol is autonomous and can
be connected to any ledger.
Post-quantum cryptography
06
Protocol architecture allows the use
of Lamport signatures. This protects
the participants from quantum
computing attacks and makes the GEO
protocol future-proof.
Full transaction atomicity
05
Each participant can be assured that
a transfer is successfully completed
and that in case of network issues no
money is lost.
Lightweight nodes
04
Since there is no need to store the
data of the whole network, nodes can
run on lightweight devices, including
smartphones.

6. 06
GEO Ecosystem: A Macro View
O B S E R V E R S
Role: To ensure the safety of the network by resolving
disputed transactions
Played by: Any entity who receives enough delegated
tokens
Incentives:
- Emission of Token Certificates
- Payment for the service by users
V a l u e t r a n s f e R
P a r t i c i p a n t
a c t i o n s
Adding/checking
an asset equivalent
Traditional
financial
institutions
Other
registries
Blockchain #2
Blockchain #1
Blockchain #3
GEO Network
Observer chain
Ledgers outside
of the GEO
ecosystem
Keeping state
of user’s node Providing
IP
services
Registering
as
a
service
provider H U B S
Role: To provide sufficient liquidity for transaction
completion
Played by: Any node that has a sufficient number of
connections to other nodes
Incentives: Receiving transaction fees
N O D E
Role: To keep history of transactions in which the node
is involved and to facilitate transactions as part of
a multihop network
Played by: Any user is a node
Key features: Lightweight, easily deployable
S T A T E K E E P E R S
Role: Тo provide nodes with backup for better network
security
Played by: Аny entity with sufficient stake
Incentives: Receiving user subscription fees
I P P R O V I D E R S
Role: To provide IP addresses to nodes with no static IP
Played by: Аny entity with sufficient stake
Incentives: Receiving user subscription fees
Participant registry
Goal: to store identifiers (names,
usage time, public key, etc.) to
ensure the safety of the network
Asset equivalent registry
Goal: To register and keep track
of all asset equivalents within
the GEO Protocol network
Directories of service providers
Goal: To maintain a list of service
providers, along with accompanying
information such as ratings and their
stake

7. ETH
USD
BTC
GEO Ecosystem: A Micro View
T R U S T L I N E ( I O U )
Role: To perform transactions between the nodes that
trust each other
Key features:
– Increases liquidity
– Enables higher throughput
– Multi-asset transactions
C O M P O S I T E C H A N N E L
Mix of trustline and state channel with partial asset
lockup
S T A T E C H A N N E L
(A.k.a. an IOU mirrored on the blockchain)
Role: To enable trustless cryptocurrency-based
transactions
Key features:
– Scalability solution for existing blockchains
– Transactions with existing asset classesN O D E
Role: To keep history of transactions in which the node
is involved and to facilitate transactions as part of
a multihop network
Played by: Any user is a node
Key features: Lightweight, easily deployable
Traditional
financial
institutions
Other
registries
Blockchain #2
Blockchain #1
Blockchain #3
GEO Network
Observer chain
Ledgers outside
of the GEO
ecosystem
Bird’s-eye
view:01
Zooming in
(types of node02 connections):
Zooming in further
(multi-asset03 interactions):
07

8. Use Cases
GEO Protocol’s simple back-end technology enables a wide
variety of applications and tools.
08

9. Use Cases
09
Payment solutions
Global market size - $2T
Source: www.mckinsey.com
Cross-border payments
Global volume - $22T
Source: www.eservglobal.com
IoT solutions
Global market size - $1.71T
Source: www.statista.com
Loyalty programs
Global volume - $1.99B
Source: www.wiseguyreports.com
Cross-chain DEXClearing systemsVoting systemsLocal currencies

10. Case Study 1: Payment Systems
Before GEO With GEO
Implementation of a free, open-source
processing system
Local data storage, significant savings on
server costs
High transaction throughput without
increased demand on resources
Operations executed and accounted directly
on user devices
Ability to execute large number of
microtransactions and opportunity to set up
“per second” streaming payments
10
users
10,000+
trust lines
45,000
USD UAH BTCCurrently supports , ,
High cost of processing, development, and
maintenance
Slow transaction processing
Limited and expensive cross-border payments
Microtransactions and streaming payments not
possible
Existing app:

11. Case Study 2: The Internet of Things
Before GEO With GEO
Security: In many cases, cloud services may
be easy targets for attacks and data theft
Privacy: Lack of authentication,
reliability, and data confidentiality
Absence of unified standards for data
exchange
Micropayments not possible due to cost and
scalability
GEO allows users to transfer and account any
resource equivalents (energy, water, gas
units, etc.)
Charges are made instantly and automatically
Security: No common ledger; all data is
stored locally, making it impossible to
access the data on the network even in case
of a local hack
Privacy: Post-quantum cryptography and
signatures; each device only stores
information about its own interactions with
peers
11
GEO Protocol allows resource providers to communicate prices of resources (kWh, water, gas, etc.). Consumers can
make continuous streaming payments for these resources

12. Case Study 3: Cross-Border Payments
With GEO
Easily deployable open-source protocol with
low integration costs
Atomic online payments that guarantee high
speed, security and double spend protection
Using a network of market makers instead of
centralized middlemen allows users to find
the best way to exchange currencies
Highly flexible and accessible because of
atomic multi-asset transactions
Priced per transaction, not based on
notional amount
No requirement for a dedicated cross-border
currency, can use any available asset for
inter-jurisdictional transfer of value
12
Before GEO
The world of traditional finance: dominated
by middlemen, monopolized, heavily regulated
Transactions are time-consuming, costly,
inefficient
Outdated infrastructure that cannot adjust
to the changing demands of the market
Lack of integration between different
payment systems
A M E R I C A E U R O P E A S I A
User Merchant
MM
BTC
ETH
LTC
CNY
CNY
CNY
CNYMM
MM
MM
MM MM

13. GEO's simplicity and uniformity allows large players and
individual users alike to connect to the network, interact
with each other, and gain access to all of the services
available in the network.
This ability greatly contributes to the network effect that
increases the value of the network for all participants.
13
The Network Effect in GEO

14. The Network Effect in GEO
Exchange
01
Exchanges, liquidity providers, stock and commodity markets
services
value
02
Custodians
Financial institutions, banks
Blockchain networks
Providers of
Service
03
Applications (crypto and e-wallets, mobile banking, marketplaces)
Businesses (e-commerce, payment systems, energy, retail, etc.)
Any company that is involved in money/asset/value transfer
providers
Individual
04 users
14
Parties that benefit from the “Network Effect”:

15. Network Effect: Exchanges
Operating in silos
Low liquidity for exchange operations
Difficulties with new blockchain asset
integration
Limited availability of fiat rails
15
Operating on GEO Protocol
Ability to execute trades via other
exchanges
Ease of integrating new assets
Ability to trade fiat pairs
Additional revenue for executing
transactions on behalf of other exchanges
GEO Protocol allows users to connect existing crypto-exchanges into a global network

16. Active Partners: Exchanges
16

17. Tokens in GEO Ecosystem
Emission rate: depends on Observer consensus.
Used to compensate Observers for their
contribution to the GEO network
GEO Token
Type: ERC-20
Emission: Fixed
Total Supply: 100 million
Role: Voting and staking asset in GEO
Protocol
Total GEO token capitalization represents
the value of GEO Protocol.
The size of the token stake delegated to
observers and other service providers
signals the quality of their service.
Token Certificates (TCs)
Type: A native token of the Observer chain
Emission: Non-fixed (Mint-and-Burn model)
Role: Means of paying the subscription fee in
the GEO network (1 TC = 1 week of service);
incentive mechanism for the Observers
17

18. Token Flow Model 01
The voting process: Token Holders (TH)
delegate GEO tokens to Service Providers
(Observers, IP Providers, Hubs, State
Keepers, etc.)
02
Based on the voting results, the Pool of
Observers is formed
03
Audit of transactions and emission of
Token Certificates (TCs) by Observers
04
GEO Network nodes buy TCs
05
Registration of TCs; only users who have
registered their TCs can use Observers
services
06
Appeal to the Observers in case of
suspicious transactions
07
Remuneration of the Token Holders by the
Service Providers (Observers, IP
Providers, Hubs, State Keepers, etc.)
Goal: To register and keep track
of all asset equivalents within
the GEO Protocol network
Asset equivalents registry
Participant registry
Goal: to store identifiers (names,
usage time, public key. etc.) to
ensure the safety of the network
Directories of service providers
Goal: To maintain a list of service
providers, along with accompanying
information such as ratings and their
stake
Token
holder
01
Traditional
financial
institutions
Other
registries
Blockchain #2
Blockchain #1
Blockchain #3
GEO Network
Observer chain
Ledgers outside
of the GEO
ecosystem
03
04 06
07
02
05
Token
holder
Token
holder
18

19. Other Solutions
Feature GEO Protocol
Blockchain-agnostic
Trustlines, state
channels
Full atomicity and
time-predictable finality
due to Observers Chain
Distributed routing; each
node only tracks its
immediate peers
Beta
Lightning
BTC and BTC - compatible
blockchains
Payment channels
HTLC
Each node has to have a
global view of the
network
Beta
Celer Network
Any ledger (focus on
Ethereum)
Generalized state
channels
HTLR
Nodes only know their
first level
MVP
Interledger
Any ledger
Payment channels, trust
lines
HTLA
Routing is done by
Connectors using routing
tables
Beta
Blockchain
compatibility
Channel types
Atomicity
Routing
Development stage
19

20. The Team: Founders
Max Demyan
Founder and CEO
More than 20 years of entrepreneurial experience that spans investment and portfolio management,
corporate finance, history of money, payment systems, and decentralized technology
Focuses on P2P networks, building distributed organizations, tokenomics, off-chain technologies, and
Teal Teams
Founder of TOR-BA, a chain of supermarkets, and the accounting firm Poslike -- combined annual sales
of $50 million
Master's in Economics
Dima Chizhevsky
Co-founder, Chief System Architect
Experienced open-source activist, cryptanalyst, and systems architect
Specializes in secure decentralized and distributed systems, P2P protocols, payment processing, and
network systems
Former Head, Google Developers Group, Ukraine
Lecturer, Python and modern databases, at Ukraine National University
Master's in Computer Science
20

21. The Team: Executives
Sergey Onyshchenko
Business Development Manager
Dima Kovalchuk
Chief Business Development Officer
Entrepreneur with 10 years of experience, including
3 years of business development for a blockchain
software company
Cofounder of InCrypto, an IT development company
Founder of Savex Minerals
Master's in Finance, Master's in Construction
Engineering
Natalie Gavrilenko
Chief Marketing Officer
9 years of experience in IT marketing and event
management
Former CEO of Around B, an events & marketing
company
Former PR & Community Manager, Bitcoin Foundation
Ukraine and Blockchain Hub Kyiv
Organized bitcoin and blockchain conferences in
Eastern Europe and the Middle East, the first in
those regions
Master's in Law; marketing and management
certificates
10 years of experience as CEO managing operations
and development of Alterra Group, a real estate
company that manages more than 1 million square
feet of commercial property
Co-founder of InCrypto, a blockchain development
company
Master's in Computer Science, Master's in
Management
Nik Iiashchuk
Core Developer/System Architect
15 years of experience software development,
mathematical and computer modeling, cryptography,
numerical algorithms, machine learning/AI/neural
networks
Published author of articles on computer modeling,
and computational methods
Master's in Computer Science
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22. The Roadmap
22
Q 1 2 0 1 9 Q 2 2 0 1 9 Q 3 2 0 1 9 Q 4 2 0 1 9 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 1
Finalized
cryptography
End-point
platform libraries
Specifications
IPv4 Addressing
State
Keepers
Cross-chain
transactions
Addressing
(IP/Traversing/NAT)
Observer
chain testnet
Network
modeling
Cross-border
payments
BTC/ETH/EOS
support
Routing/max.
flow enhancement
Asset
equivalent registry
GSR smart-contract
Beta
State channels
IoT
Multi-asset
transactions
Release candidate
Infrastructure
for service providers
GEO Intelligence
Improvements to
Observer Chain
Mainnet

23. Contacts geoprotocol.io
info@geoprotocol.io
23