COVID 19 nidhikakaundalyahoo.com

1. Presented by :- Nidhika Kaundal
M. Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutics
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2.  At the end of 2019, a series of pneumonia cases of unknown
cause emerged in Wuhan (Hubei, China) .
 A few weeks later, in January 2020, deep sequencing analysis
from lower respiratory tract samples identified a novel virus
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) as causative agent for that observed pneumonia cluster .
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3.  On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization
(WHO) Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus,
named the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 as “COVID-
19”.
 March 11th , 2020 when the number of countries involved was
114, with more than 118,000 cases and over 4000 deaths, the
WHO declared the pandemic status.
 Worldwide, as many as 23,463,870 cases have been confirmed
till 25th August, 2020.
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4.  There have been two event since the past two decades
where in crossover of animal beta corona viruses to
humans has resulted in severe disease.
 First such instance was in 2002– 2003 when a new
corona virus of the β genera and with origin in bats
crossed over to humans via the intermediary host of
palm civet cats in the Guangdong province of China.
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5.  Second In 2012, the Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), also of bat
origin, emerged in Saudi Arabia with dromedary
camels as the intermediate host and affected 2494
people and caused 858 deaths (mortality rate 34%).
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7. • For confirmed COVID-19 cases,
reported illnesses have ranged
from people with little to no
symptoms to people being
severely ill and dying.
• Fever (>80% of the patients) •
• Cough (>80%) •
• Shortness of breath (31%)
• Muscle ache (11%)
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8.  Day 1
• Patient suffers from fever along with fatigue, muscle
pain, and a dry cough.
• Nausea and diarrhoea may be experienced a few days
before the arousal of symptoms.
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9.  Day 5
 Breathing problem starts especially if they are elderly
or have some pre-existing health condition.
 Day 7
 According to the Wuhan University study, these are the
symptoms of the patient that lead the patient to be
admitted in the hospital.
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10.  Day 8
 According to the Chinese CDC 15% patients develop
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
 ARDS is a condition where the fluid fills up in the
lungs and this is mostly fatal. This usually happens in
severe cases.
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11.  Day 10
 Symptoms starts get worsen at this point so, patient is
shifted to ICU.
 Only a small fraction die.
 Day 17
 On average, after two-and-a-half weeks patients who
recover are discharged from the hospital.
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12.  Doctor or health practitioner may take samples,
including a sample of saliva (sputum), a nasal swab and
a throat swab, to send to a lab for testing or follow the
directions of your local health authority.
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13. Currently, there is no specific medicine or vaccine for
COVID-19 and no medicines or vaccines have been
fully tested for safety and efficacy.
 Clinical treatment medicines
 Convalescent plasma therapy
 Advances in vaccines development for the treatment of
COVID-1
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14.  Antiviral therapy is mainly used, as well as symptomatic and
supportive treatment based on the clinical condition of the
patient.
 Supportive treatments include oxygen therapy, hydration,
fever/pain control, and antibiotics in the presence of bacterial
co-infection.
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15.  Antiviral drugs like αInterferon (aerosol inhalation therapy),
lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine phosphate,
umifenovir and others.
Lopinavir : Cap 200mg,
Ritonavir : 50mg
Ribavirin: Injection: 1ml: 0.1g
 The management of symptoms may involve the use of
antipyretics and/or anti inflammatory medicines for fever and
mild pain.
Ibuprofen Tablet, granules: 0.1g,0.2g ;
Capsule: 0.2g ; Slow release (tablet, capsule): 0.3g;
Suspension: 60ml:1.2g, 100ml:2g
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16.  Corticosteroids are not routinely recommended for
viral pneumonia or ARDS because of the potential
for prolonging viral replication as observed in
MERS-CoV patient.
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17.  CPT utilises a certain titre of virus-specific antibodies
in the plasma of the convalescent individual to enable
the patient receiving the infusion to obtain passive
immunity and remove pathogens from the blood
circulation.
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18.  Some vaccines have entered the research stage for
safety and effectiveness in experimental animals.
 Seven experimental coronavirus vaccines are in final
phase of clinical testing
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19.  The WHO’s standard recommendations for the general public
to reduce exposure to and transmission of this and other
respiratory illnesses are as follows, which include hand and
respiratory hygiene, and safe food practices:
1. Frequently clean hands by using alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
2. When coughing and sneezing cover the mouth and nose with a flexed
elbow or tissue throw the tissue away immediately and wash hands.
3. Avoid close contact with anyone who has fever and cough.
4. If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing seek medical care early
and share previous travel history with your healthcare provider.
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20. 5.When visiting live markets in areas currently experiencing
cases of novel coronavirus’
6.Avoid direct unprotected contact with live animals and
surfaces in contact with animals.
7. The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products
should be avoided. Raw meat, milk or animal organs should be
handled with care, to avoid cross contamination with
uncooked foods, as per good food safety practices. (World
Health Organization, 2020)
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22.  Hand washing should be performed by applying the correct
technique recommended by the WHO and using either soap
and running water or an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.
 The WHO recommends that handrub formulations should
have an alcohol content of 80% ethanol or 75% isopropyl
alcohol.
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23.  It can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to
nine days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection
procedures with ethanol (even at 62–71%), 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or
0.1% sodium hypochlorite within one minute.
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Type of surface Viability Half life
Aerosols Upto 3 hours 1.1-1.2 hours
Stainless steel Upto 48- 72 hours 5.6 hours
Cardboard/Paper Upto 24 hours 3.46 hours
Plastic Upto 72 hours 6.8 hours
Paper Upto 4 hours 0.7 hours

24.  Discard materials used to cover the mouth or nose or
clean them appropriately after us.
 Avoid direct contact with body fluids, particularly oral
or respiratory secretions, and stool.
 Clean clothes, bedclothes, bath and hand towels, etc, of
ill persons using regular laundry soap and water or
machine wash at 60–90°C with common household
detergent, and dry thoroughl
 Use disposable gloves, eye protection and protective
clothing.
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25.  Clean and disinfect bathroom and toilet surfaces at least
once daily with regular household disinfectant
containing a diluted bleach solution.
 Avoid other types of possible exposure to ill persons or
contaminated items in their immediate environment
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26.  Self-isolation means avoiding situations where you
could infect other people.
 This means all situations where you may come in
contact with others, such as social gatherings,
workplaces, schools, child care/pre-school centres,
universities, faith-based gatherings, aged care and
health care facilities, prisons, sports gatherings,
supermarkets, restaurants, shopping malls, and all
public gatherings.
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27.  During this critical situation, get adequate sleep and
some fresh air and sunlight daily.
 People also, stay hydrated, minimize overly processed
foods and make sure to eat enough micronutrients when
they can try their best with what they can find at
grocery stores right now.
 Infusion of herbal drugs (Amla, Ginger, Turmeric,
Tulsi, cinnamon, cardamom etc) are also used as
immunity boosters.
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28.  1. Lu, H.; Stratton, C.W.; Tang, Y.W. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown
etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J. Med. Virol.
2020, 92, 401–402.
 2. Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan,
G.; Xu, J.; Gu, X.; et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019
novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020, 395, 497–506.
 3. World Health Organization Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the
Media Briefing on COVID-19–11 March 2020.
 4. Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS: epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8:S9–
14.
 5. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Available at:
https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/. Accessed 16 Feb 2020.
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29.  6. CORONAVIRUS SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19 PANDEMIC: Information
and interim guidelines for pharmacists and the pharmacy workforce.
International Pharmaceutical Federation, 0-48.
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