Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators is the authoritative source for information on the state of education around the world. With more than 125 charts and 145 tables included in the publication and much more data available on the educational database, Education at a Glance 2017 provides key information on the output of educational institutions; the impact of learning across countries; the financial and human resources invested in education; access, participation and progression in education; and the learning environment and organisation of schools.
3. Tertiary education is becoming the norm Figure A1.2
Educational attainment of 25-34 year-olds (2016)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Korea
Canada
Russian…
Lithuania
Ireland
UnitedKingdom
Luxembourg
Australia
Switzerland
Norway
UnitedStates
Israel
Sweden
Denmark
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Poland
NewZealand
Iceland
Slovenia
OECDaverage
Latvia
Finland
Estonia
EU22average
Spain
Greece
Austria
Portugal
SlovakRepublic
CzechRepublic
Germany
Turkey
Hungary
Chile
CostaRica
Colombia
SaudiArabia
Italy
Mexico
Argentina
China
Brazil
India
Indonesia
SouthAfrica
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education
%
4. 65% of adults are expected to enter tertiary education
for the first time in 2015 Figure C3.3
First-time tertiary entry rates (2005, 2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NewZealand
Chile
Denmark
Switzerland
RussianFederation
Lithuania
Japan
Iceland
Poland
Norway
SaudiArabia
Spain
Slovenia
Austria
UnitedKingdom
Belgium
Israel
Netherlands
Argentina
CzechRepublic
OECDaverage
Germany
India
EU22average
Sweden
SlovakRepublic
Finland
Portugal
UnitedStates
Italy
Colombia
Hungary
Mexico
Luxembourg
2015 2005
%
6. Tertiary graduates are more likely to be employed… Figure A5.3
Employment rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment and programme orientation (2016)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lithuania
Iceland
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Argentina
Austria
Poland
RussianFederation
Latvia
Germany
UnitedKingdom
Belgium
Norway
Sweden
Israel
NewZealand
Brazil
France
Japan
Canada
Chile
Australia
UnitedStates
Ireland
Indonesia
OECDaverage
Denmark
Hungary
EU22average
Portugal
Colombia
Slovenia
Estonia
CostaRica
Finland
Mexico
SouthAfrica
CzechRepublic
SlovakRepublic
Spain
Korea
Turkey
Greece
Italy
SaudiArabia
Below upper secondary Vocational General or no distinction Tertiary%
Employment rates for young adults with tertiary degrees
have returned to pre-crisis levels, which is not true for
people without upper secondary qualifications
7. …but employment often varies across fields of study… Figure A5.1
Employment rates of tertiary-educated 25-64 year-olds, by field of study (2016)
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Greece
Turkey
Italy
Mexico
Spain
CostaRica
SlovakRepublic
Slovenia
UnitedStates
Finland
Australia
OECDaverage
EU22average
Chile
Estonia
Hungary
Portugal
Belgium
CzechRepublic
France
Austria
Latvia
Poland
Germany
Netherlands
Switzerland
Norway
Sweden
Lithuania
Iceland
All fields of study Education
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) Arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information%
Employment also varies for STEM graduates: While employment
is very strong for IT specialists, for natural science, statistics and
math it compares more to arts and humanities
8. …and men and women still make different choices Figure C3.1
Share of new female entrants to STEM fields of tertiary education (2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
India
UnitedKingdom
Iceland
NewZealand
Poland
Portugal
Denmark
CzechRepublic
Estonia
Sweden
SlovakRepublic
Israel
Colombia
EU22average
OECDaverage
Ireland
Mexico
Hungary
Slovenia
Norway
Austria
Turkey
Germany
Spain
Netherlands
Korea
Lithuania
Latvia
Switzerland
Indonesia
Finland
Luxembourg
Belgium
Chile
Japan
Share of male entrants Share of female entrants%
In many countries more 15-year-old students expect
a career in science than actually enter into science-
related studies (C3.a)
9. Adults with tertiary-educated parents are twice more
likely to reach that level themselves than those without Figure A4.3
Share of 30-44 year-olds who completed tertiary-type A or an advanced research programme, by parents' educational attainment (2012 or 2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Italy
SlovakRepublic
Poland
Turkey
France
Singapore
CzechRepublic
Greece
Spain
NorthernIreland
England
Israel
UnitedStates
Chile
Ireland
Australia
Lithuania
Average
RussianFederation
Netherlands
Canada
Korea
Norway
Slovenia
FlemishCom.
Germany
NewZealand
Estonia
Japan
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Austria
%
At least one parent has attained tertiary education Both parents have less than tertiary educational attainment
10. Education
Arts and humanities
Social sciences, journalism and
information
Business, administration and
law
Natural sciences, mathematics
and statistics
Information and communication
technologies
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
Health and welfare
Services
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Internationaldoctoratestudentsbyfieldof
education(%)
National doctorate students by field of education (%)
More open or attractive to
international students
Less open or
attractive to
international
students
`
International students are more drawn to science-
related fields, particularly at doctoral level Figure C4.2
Doctorate student mobility by field of education, OECD average (2015)
11. Tertiary graduates earn on average 56% more than
those with upper secondary level attainment Figure A6.1
Relative earnings of adults, by educational attainment. Upper secondary education = 100 (2015)
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Sweden
Estonia
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Greece
Belgium
NewZealand
Australia
Korea
Italy
Canada
Latvia
Netherlands
Switzerland
Japan
Spain
UnitedKingdom
Austria
France
OECDaverage
Luxembourg
Israel
Poland
Ireland
Germany
Turkey
Portugal
CzechRepublic
SlovakRepublic
Slovenia
UnitedStates
Lithuania
Hungary
Mexico
CostaRica
Colombia
Chile
Brazil
Earning advantage of adults with tertiary education
Earning disadvantage of adults with below upper secondary educationIndex
13. Between 2010 and 2014, expenditure on tertiary
institutions increased twice as fast as enrolments… Table B1.3
Index of change in expenditure (current prices) and number of students in tertiary institutions for all services (2010 to 2014)
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Turkey
Estonia
SlovakRepublic
Australia
Chile
Iceland
Latvia
Mexico
Israel
OECDaverage
Norway
Belgium
Germany
Netherlands
Sweden
CzechRepublic
UnitedStates
Korea
Japan
France
Canada
EU22average
Poland
Italy
Denmark
Finland
Spain
Portugal
Slovenia
Hungary
Ireland
Change in expenditure Change in the number of students
GDP deflator 2010 = 100
230
14. Private expenditure on tertiary education increased Figure B3.3
Change in private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions, 2010 = 100 (2005 and 2014)
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Australia
Spain
Belgium
Canada
Sweden
France
Israel
Iceland
UnitedStates
Netherlands
Ireland
Germany
Mexico
OECDaverage
Portugal
CzechRepublic
Japan
Italy
Norway
EU22average
Denmark
SlovakRepublic
Chile
Korea
Lithuania
RussianFederation
Finland
Estonia
Slovenia
Latvia
Poland
2005 2014Index of change (2010 = 100)
15. And now funds 30% of total expenditure on tertiary
institutions on average across OECD countries Figure B3.2
Distribution of public and private expenditure on educational institutions (2014)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Finland
Norway
Luxembourg
Denmark
Austria
Iceland
Sweden
Belgium
Argentina
Slovenia
Germany
Estonia
Poland
France
Latvia
EU22average
SlovakRepublic
Lithuania
CzechRepublic
Indonesia
Turkey
Ireland
Mexico
OECDaverage
Netherlands
Hungary
Spain
RussianFederation
Italy
Portugal
Israel
NewZealand
Canada
Colombia
Australia
Chile
UnitedStates
Korea
Japan
UnitedKingdom
% Tertiary education
Public expenditure on educational institutions Household expenditure
Expenditure of other private entities All private sources
17. High tuition fees are characteristic of tertiary
education in many countries Figure B5.1
Tuition fees charged by public and private institutions at bachelor's or equivalent level (2015/16)
- 1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
UnitedStates
Chile
Japan
Canada
Australia
Korea
NewZealand
Israel
Netherlands
Spain
Italy
Portugal
Switzerland
Austria
Hungary
Luxembourg
Flemishcom.(Belgium)
Frenchcom.(Belgium)
Slovenia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Norway
Poland
SlovakRepublic
Sweden
Turkey
Mexico
Latvia
England(UnitedKingdom)
PPP-adjustedUSD,thousands
Public institutions Private institutions21 189
18.
19. Flexible funding mechanisms help students Figure B5.3
Distribution of financial support to students at bachelor's or equivalent level (2015/16)
11,951
0
4,763
8,202
0
3,095
0
7,654
624 420
1,658
914 1,168
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
England(United
Kingdom)*
Norway
Australia
UnitedStates
Turkey
Israel
Finland
Chile
Flemishcom.
(Belgium)
Mexico
Frenchcom.
(Belgium)
Italy
Austria
Switzerland
%
Not benefitting from public loans or scholarships/grants Benefitting from public loans and scholarships/grants
Benefitting from public loans only Benefitting from scholarships/grants only
Average public tuition fees (USD) (Table B5.1)
*All tertiary institutions are government-dependent private institutions in England (United Kingdom).
20. The returns are still worth it for individuals Figure A7.2
Private costs and benefits of education for a man or a woman attaining tertiary education (2013)
- 200
- 100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Luxembourg
Ireland
Chile
UnitedStates
Poland
Portugal
Slovenia
Korea
Spain
Turkey
Canada
Israel
Hungary
EU22average
OECDaverage
CzechRepublic
France
Australia
Norway
NewZealand
Netherlands
Germany
Austria
Finland
Estonia
Italy
Denmark
SlovakRepublic
Japan
Thousands
Man: Total benefits Man: Total costs Woman: Total benefits Woman: Total costs
21. …and also for taxpayers Figure A7.3
Public costs and benefits of education for a man or a woman attaining tertiary education (2013)
- 200
- 100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Netherlands
Ireland
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Portugal
Japan
UnitedStates
EU22average
CzechRepublic
Germany
Finland
Australia
Poland
Hungary
France
OECDaverage
Austria
Turkey
Italy
Spain
Canada
Israel
NewZealand
Norway
Denmark
SlovakRepublic
Korea
Estonia
Chile
Switzerland
Thousands
Man: Total benefits Man: Total costs Woman: Total benefits Woman: Total costs
24. International student mobility helps create networks of
competencies, particularly at higher levels of education Figure C4.3
International students (inflow) and national students abroad (outflow) as a percentage of total national students (2015)
New Zealand
Australia
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Austria
BelgiumCanada
Netherlands
Denmark
Czech Republic
France
Finland
GermanyHungary Ireland
Sweden Slovak Republic
Latvia
ItalyUnited States
Portugal
Estonia
Japan Norway
Lithuania
Russian Federation Slovenia
Poland KoreaTurkey
Chile China
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Studentinflow
Student outflow
Tertiary
Luxembourg
( 23;73)
25. In spite of this positive trend for higher education,
some are still left behind
26. Completion of upper secondary level is still a
challenge for some Figure A9.2
Outcomes for students who entered upper secondary education, by duration (2015)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
NewZealand
Estonia
Flemishcom.
(Belgium)
Latvia
Sweden
Finland
Average
Netherlands
Chile
Austria
Norway
England(UK)
Brazil
Portugal
Luxembourg
By theoretical duration plus two years
Graduated from any upper secondary programme Still in education Not graduated and not enrolled
27. Particularly for those with less-educated parents or
from an immigrant background Figure A9.a
Completion rate of upper secondary education by parents' educational background (2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Israel United States Netherlands France Flemish com.
(Belgium)
Finland Sweden Norway
Below upper secondary (ISCED 0-2) Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3-4) Tertiary (ISCED 5-8)
%
28. Particularly for those with less-educated parents or
from an immigrant background Figure A9.a
Completion rate of upper secondary education by students' immigrant status (2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
United States Israel France Netherlands Finland Sweden Norway
First generation Second generation Non-immigrant
30. Employment prospects for those with below upper
secondary education have been decreasing Figure A5.2
Trends in employment rates of 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education (2005 and 2016)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Iceland
Portugal
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Latvia
Sweden
Mexico
NewZealand
Argentina
CostaRica
Netherlands
Estonia
UnitedKingdom
Denmark
Norway
Spain
Korea
UnitedStates
OECDaverage
Austria
Slovenia
Canada
EU22average
Lithuania
Australia
Germany
Hungary
Turkey
Israel
Belgium
Italy
Greece
Finland
France
CzechRepublic
Poland
Ireland
SlovakRepublic
2005 2016%
31. And the unemployment rate of adults who have not attained upper
secondary education is nearly twice that for those who have Figure A5.4
Unemployment rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment (2016)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Hungary
UnitedStates
Iceland
CzechRepublic
Netherlands
Lithuania
UnitedKingdom
Germany
Japan
Australia
NewZealand
Estonia
RussianFederation
Austria
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Latvia
Israel
Norway
Argentina
Sweden
Belgium
Canada
Poland
Korea
Ireland
Brazil
OECDaverage
Mexico
France
Chile
Finland
SlovakRepublic
EU22average
CostaRica
Indonesia
Denmark
Portugal
Slovenia
Colombia
SouthAfrica
Turkey
Italy
Spain
SaudiArabia
Greece
Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary
%
32. The transition from school to work is not always smooth,
and reveals the relevance of skills acquired through education
to the labour market
33. The share of NEETs has remained relatively stable on
average across OECD countries in the past decade Figure C5.3
Trends in the percentage of 20-24 year-old NEETs (2005 and 2016)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Turkey
Italy
Brazil
Spain
Greece
Mexico
Colombia
CostaRica
France
Portugal
Chile
Ireland
Latvia
Poland
Israel
Hungary
Finland
RussianFederation
Belgium
SlovakRepublic
OECDaverage
UnitedStates
UnitedKingdom
Canada
Lithuania
Estonia
Austria
NewZealand
Slovenia
Australia
CzechRepublic
Norway
Sweden
Germany
Switzerland
Japan
Luxembourg
Denmark
Netherlands
Iceland
2005 2016%
34. Estonia
Finland
Japan
Canada
Denmark
Ireland
Norway
Germany
Poland
Netherlands Portugal
Sweden Australia
Switzerland Belgium
Czech Republic
Spain
Iceland
United States
United Kingdom
Lithuania
France Italy
Hungary
Israel
Greece
Slovak Republic
Chile
Mexico
Turkey
Costa Rica
Colombia
Brazil
Austria
R² = 0.641
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Literacy proficiency below Level 2 (%)
Low share of NEETs
Low share of low skilled students
High share of NEETs
High share of low skilled students
Low share of NEETs
High share of low skilled
students
OECD Average
OECDAverage
High share of NEETs
Low share of low skilled students
Adults with lower literacy and numeracy levels have
more difficulty transitioning into the labour market Figure C5.4
Percentage of 15-19 year-old NEETs (2016) and percentage of 15-year-old students with low literacy skills (2015)
36. Some countries have successfully developed work-
study programmes Figure A5.a
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, by programme
orientation and type of vocational programmes (2015)
23
60 63
70
52
28 22 6
25
12 16
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
France Germany Austria Switzerland
Work-study programmes School-based programmes General programmes
%
38. Vocational programmes offer opportunities
for life-long learning Figure A2.2
Share of upper secondary graduates from vocational programmes, by age group (2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Israel
Korea
Indonesia
Chile
Sweden
Slovenia
Turkey
SlovakRepublic
Mexico
Italy
CostaRica
France
Brazil
Hungary
Austria
Lithuania
Belgium
Greece
Portugal
Estonia
OECDaverage
EU22average
Luxembourg
CzechRepublic
Netherlands
Switzerland
Spain
Germany
NewZealand
Norway
Finland
Ireland
Poland
Australia
Latvia
Canada
Denmark
%
50 year olds and older 40 to 49 year olds 30 to 39 year olds
25 to 29 year olds 20 to 24 year olds Younger than 20 years old
40. OECD countries spend about USD 123,000 on
average for primary to secondary education Figure B1.3
Cumulative expenditure per student by educational institutions over the expected duration of primary and secondary studies (2014)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Norway
UnitedKingdom
Denmark
Austria
Belgium
Sweden
Netherlands
UnitedStates
Australia
Germany
Finland
EU22average
Canada
France
Ireland
OECDaverage
NewZealand
Japan
Slovenia
Korea
Italy
Spain
Portugal
CzechRepublic
Estonia
Latvia
Poland
Israel
SlovakRepublic
Hungary
Lithuania
UnitedKingdom
RussianFederation
Turkey
Mexico
Indonesia
PPP-adjustedUSD,thousands
Primary education Lower secondary Upper secondary education
41. And public expenditure at these levels has increased
by 4% since 2010, although enrolments have declined Table B1.3
Index of change in expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services (current prices) and number of students (2010 to 2014)
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Turkey
Israel
UnitedKingdom
Latvia
Portugal
Mexico
Iceland
Chile
Denmark
Poland
Hungary
OECDaverage
Belgium
Sweden
Korea
Japan
Australia
EU22average
CzechRepublic
SlovakRepublic
Canada
France
Norway
Finland
Germany
Luxembourg
Italy
Netherlands
UnitedStates
Estonia
Slovenia
Ireland
Spain
Switzerland
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary
Change in expenditure Change in the number of students
GDP deflator 2010 = 100
42. On average, expenditure on educational institutions has
increased faster than GDP between 2008 and 2014 Figure B2.3
Index of change in public expenditure on primary to tertiary educational institutions and in GDP (2008 to 2014)
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Turkey
Korea
SlovakRepublic
Denmark
Finland
Switzerland
Mexico
Netherlands
Chile
Portugal
Australia
Germany
Brazil
OECDaverage
Japan
Israel
Belgium
CzechRepublic
EU22average
RussianFederation
Sweden
Norway
France
Iceland
Latvia
Slovenia
Poland
Canada
Spain
Estonia
Lithuania
Italy
UnitedStates
Hungary
Ireland
Index of change (2008 = 100)
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in GDP
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP
205
43. In primary and secondary education, how resources are
allocated is as important as total funds invested overall
44. Teachers still earn less than similarly tertiary-
educated workers Figure D3.1
Lower secondary teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers (2015)
0.5
1.0
1.5
Portugal
Luxembourg
Latvia
Greece
Finland
Germany
Israel
Estonia
France
EU22average
England(UK)
Slovenia
Denmark
Flemishcom.(Belgium)
Lithuania
OECDaverage
NewZealand
Netherlands
Australia
Sweden
Poland
Austria
Frenchcom.(Belgium)
Scotland(UK)
Norway
Chile
Hungary
Italy
UnitedStates
SlovakRepublic
CzechRepublic
Ratio
45. They have also been badly hit by the financial crisis
and are still recovering in many countries Figure D3.3
Change in teachers’ salaries in OECD countries (2005-15)
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Primary Lower secondary, general programmes Upper secondary, general programmes
Index of change
2005 = 100
46. Class sizes have been decreasing in most countries Figure D2.2
Change in average class size (2005, 2015)
- 30
- 20
- 10
0
10
20
30 France
UnitedStates
Spain
Iceland
Italy
RussianFederation
Portugal
Slovenia
Germany
Luxembourg
Hungary
Japan
Mexico
OECDaverage
EU22average
CzechRepublic
Poland
Australia
Chile
Israel
Lithuania
Austria
UnitedKingdom
Brazil
Greece
Korea
SlovakRepublic
Estonia
Turkey
Netherlands
Index of change (2005 = 0) Primary education Lower secondary education
47. Smaller student/teacher ratios do not always translate
into smaller classes Tables D2.1-2
Relationship between average class size and student-teacher ratio, lower secondary education (2015)
Austria
Chile
Czech Republic
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Iceland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Latvia
Luxembourg
Mexico
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
AverageClassSize
Student-Teacher Ratio
48. Compulsory instruction time varies significantly Figure D1.1
Total compulsory instruction time in general public education (2017)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Australia
Denmark
CostaRica
Colombia
UnitedStates
Israel
Netherlands
Chile
Mexico
Canada
Ireland
France
Luxembourg
Spain
Norway
Switzerland
Portugal
Iceland
OECDaverage
Italy
Germany
Japan
EU22average
CzechRepublic
Frenchcom.(Belgium)
Greece
Sweden
SlovakRepublic
Flemishcom.(Belgium)
Lithuania
Korea
Estonia
Austria
Slovenia
Finland
Turkey
Poland
RussianFederation
Hungary
Latvia
Instructionhours,inthousands
Primary Lower secondary
49. Teaching time has remained generally stable Figure D4.1
Number of teaching hours per year in general lower secondary public education (2000, 2005 and 2015)
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
CostaRica
Colombia
Chile
Switzerland
Mexico
UnitedStates
Scotland(UK)
NewZealand
England(UK)
Australia
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
Canada
Luxembourg
Ireland
Spain
OECDaverage
Israel
Latvia
Frenchcom.(Belgium)
Norway
France
SlovakRepublic
Slovenia
Estonia
CzechRepublic
Italy
Lithuania
Japan
Hungary
Austria
Portugal
Finland
Flemishcom.(Belgium)
Korea
Greece
Turkey
Poland
RussianFederation
Hours per year 2015 2005 2000
50.
51. Combined, these parameters provide the salary cost of
teachers per student, an indication of the effectiveness
of funds invested in education
52. Teacher salaries and class size are the largest drivers
of teacher salary cost per student Figure B7.3
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student in public institutions, lower secondary education (2015)
- 4
- 3
- 2
- 1
0
1
2
3
4
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Austria
Flemishcom.(Belgium)
Germany
Frenchcom.(Belgium)
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Slovenia
Australia
Spain
Netherlands
Ireland
Portugal
Canada
UnitedStates
Japan
Korea
Italy
Greece
Israel
Poland
France
Hungary
Estonia
CzechRepublic
SlovakRepublic
Turkey
Chile
Latvia
Mexico
USD,Thousands
Contribution of estimated class size
Contribution of teaching time
Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teachers' salary
Difference of salary cost of teachers per student from OECD average
53.
54. The age and gender distribution of teachers
is characterized by strong contrasts
55. The teaching profession is ageing Figure D5.1
Average age of teachers by education level (2015)
30
35
40
45
50
55
Italy
Lithuania
Latvia
Greece
Estonia
CzechRepublic
Finland
Norway
Netherlands
Sweden
NewZealand
Germany
Austria
Slovenia
Switzerland
EU22average
Portugal
SlovakRepublic
Spain
UnitedKingdom
France
OECDaverage
Hungary
Israel
Japan
Poland
UnitedStates
Ireland
Luxembourg
Belgium
Canada
Korea
Chile
Brazil
Indonesia
Iceland
India
Age
Lower secondary education Upper secondary education
56. And fails to attract men, particularly at lower levels of
education Figure D5.2
Gender distribution of teachers (2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
RussianFederation
Lithuania
Slovenia
Hungary
Italy
CzechRepublic
Latvia
Austria
Estonia
SlovakRepublic
Brazil
UnitedStates
Ireland
Germany
EU22average
Netherlands
Poland
Israel
UnitedKingdom
NewZealand
OECDaverage
France
Iceland
Switzerland
Belgium
Chile
Portugal
Finland
CostaRica
SouthAfrica
Korea
Sweden
Colombia
Spain
Luxembourg
Norway
Canada
Greece
Mexico
Japan
China
Indonesia
SaudiArabia
India
Share of female teachers (%)
Primary education All secondary education All tertiary education
58. About half of the adult population participates in
continuous education Figure C6.1
Adults' participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by type (2012 or 2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NewZealand
Finland
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Netherlands
UnitedStates
Canada
Singapore
England(UK)
Australia
Israel
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Korea
CzechRepublic
Average
FlemishCom.(Belgium)
NorthernIreland(UK)
Austria
Slovenia
Chile
Spain
Japan
France
Poland
Lithuania
SlovakRepublic
Italy
Turkey
Greece
RussianFederation
%
Participation in non-formal education only Participation in formal education only
Participation in both formal and non-formal education No participation in adult education
59. Family obligations, such as caring for children, are
one of the barriers to continuous adult learning Figure C6.3
Participation in formal and/or non-formal education among young adults with or without young children in the household (2012 or 2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Italy
Greece
Austria
Spain
Turkey
Singapore
SlovakRepublic
Japan
Ireland
Korea
Germany
Canada
Lithuania
Average
Poland
CzechRepublic
UnitedStates
Sweden
Norway
Slovenia
Finland
FlemishCom.(Belgium)
NorthernIreland(UK)
Israel
Estonia
France
England(UK)
Netherlands
Chile
NewZealand
RussianFederation
Denmark
%
No children under 13 in the household Children under 13 in the household
60. Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/edu
– All publications
– The complete micro-level database
Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org
Twitter: SchleicherOECD
Wechat: AndreasSchleicher
Thank you
Notes de l'éditeur
The source for the secondary axis data is Table B5.1. I took the public figures, which are less expensive in all cases except for Chile, where there is a slight drop for private institutions. Mexico has been dropped, as there is no tuition figure for public institutions despite accounting for 70% of enrolment. A footnote was added to explain that all tertiary institutions in the UK are private, and so the data series label does not technically apply. The footnote is set to appear at the same time as that data series.
-RT
Original title and subtitle:
International student circulation in total tertiary education (2015)
International or foreign students studying in the country (brain gain) and national students studying abroad (brain drain) as a percentage of total national students studying home and abroad
ORIGINAL: “Yet teacher salaries are relatively low and do not increase significantly with experience.”
-RT
ORIGINALLY: “Low salaries and difficult teaching conditions have contributed to a loss of attractiveness of the teaching profession”
-RT
RT: I suggest having Enrolment at age 2 appear with Enrolment at age 3, since it’s a bit discontinuous otherwise. If you would like to change it, simply select “Start on Click” in the Animation Pane for Chart 5: Series 2.