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Classical Greek
 Architecture
   Introduction To Art History I
       Professor Will Adams
          Valencia College
The Origin of
Architecture
The Origin of Architecture'

   Our word “architecture”
    comes from the Greek
    architecton, which means
    “master carpenter.”
   Early Greek architecture
    therefore employed wood,
    not stone.
   These early structures, as
    well as those of mud-brick,
    have not survived.
The Origin of Architecture'

   Greek temples, like the
    earlier Egyptian hypostyle
    halls that their designs are
    based upon, used basic
    post-and-lintel construction.
   This type of design – which
    is based on right angles and
    not curves – is sometimes
    referred to as trabeated
    architecture.
Petrified Architecture
Petrified Architecture
              However, by the 6th Century
               BCE, stone had replaced
               wood in the construction of
               important temples.
              This transformation in
               material from wood to stone
               is referred to as
               petrification.
              Designs still reflected their
               origins in wood, however.
Petrified Architecture




   In fact, the three-barred design of the triglyph, which alternates with the square,
       sculpted metope, was designed to mimic the grooves of a wooden truss’s end .
Petrified Architecture

              In moving from wood to
               stone, builders had to adapt
               to the differing properties
               of their building materials.
              Stone has greater
               compressive strength
               (resistance to crushing)
               than wood, but lacks wood’s
               tensile strength (tolerance
               of bending or twisting).
Petrified Architecture
   As a result, the Greeks
    designed temples that could
    have towering, widely-spaced
    columns, but their
    superstructures (the parts of
    the building held up by the
    columns) had to be solid,
    unified masses capable of
    being held together by
    multiple columns.
   This part must be solid.
   This part can have open space.
Petrified Architecture
              Some experts feel that the
               entasis, the outward bulging in
               the middle of Greek columns,
               may originally have been an
               imitation of the effect of
               great compression on the
               wooden posts of early Greek
               temples.
              It also serves as a kind of
               correction to an optical
               illusion, however, as will be
               discussed later.
Petrified Architecture
   Early temples had massive
    pillars, as architects worried
    about their ability to support
    the weight above.
   As a result, the earliest Greek
    temples, like the Temple of
    Hera I at Paestum, look low &
    wide.
   Later Greek temples, like the
    Temple of Hera II at
    Paestum, appear taller & more
    elegant.
The Purpose of a
     Temple
The Purpose of a Temple
   Unlike modern churches or
    mosques, Greek temples’
    interiors were not meant to be
    meeting places for worship.
   They were seen as earthly
    homes for the community’s
    god or goddess and a place to
    keep offerings.
   A cult image was centrally
    located within the naos, or
    central interior space.
The Purpose of a Temple

              In the mild climate of
               Greece, ceremonies honoring
               the temple’s god or goddess
               generally took place outdoors.
              Even the altar, upon which
               animal sacrifices were
               made, were outside the
               temple structure, usually
               proceeding the temple’s
               façade or front.
The Anatomy of a
   Greek Temple
The Anatomy of a
            Greek Temple
   There are four distinct parts, or
    sections, that are used to
    construct a Greek temple.
   The lowest, horizontal part of
    the temple is its foundation,
    which looks like steps.
   Most Greek temples had three
    of these “steps”.
   Collectively, this section is called
    the stylobate.
The Anatomy of a
   Greek Temple
                   The next section is the vertical,




      Capital
                    height-building section that is
                    referred to as the column.
                   Most columns had a base
                    (though not the Doric), at the
      Shaft         bottom, a shaft in the middle,
                    and a capital at the top.
                   The shaft may also be smooth
                    or fluted (a series of grooves
                    that run the length of the
      Base




                    shaft).
The Anatomy of a
             Greek Temple
   Above that, supported by the
    column, is the entablature.
   The entablature forms the
    ceiling of the temple.
   If the column is like a table
    leg, think of this as the
    tabletop.
   It has three parts:
        Architrave: the beam that
         rests on the capital.
        Frieze: A sculpted band.
        Cornice: A crowning trim.
The Anatomy of a
   Greek Temple
           The angled top section that
            forms the roof is called the
            pediment.
                The angled beam at the top is
                 called the sloping cornice.
                The triangular part below is
                 called the tympanum; this is
                 often carved and decorated.
                Sometimes there are carved
                 features attached to the roof;
                 these are called antefixes (2D
                 on roof edges) & acroterion
                 (3D, on corners).
The Greek
Architectural orders
The Greek Architectural
        orders
              Greek temples, like Egyptian
               temples, tended to follow set
               design patterns, which were
               regarded as unchangeable, ideal
               forms.
              Resultantly, design variations
               are few in any given period.
              Instead, the architects choice
               of a particular Greek order
               (decorative detail style),
               expressed his creativity.
The Greek Architectural
        orders
   In order of chronological
    development, the three
    classical Greek orders
    are:
      The Doric

      The Ionic

      The Corinthian
The Doric Order
          The Doric order’s columns are –
           by comparison – the shortest and
           widest, making these temples the
           heaviest in appearance.
          The tripartite capital is plainly
           carved.
          Doric columns have thick shafts
           (though it loses some of its mass
           over time) that are constructed
           with cylindrical blocks called
           drums.
          The columns are baseless.
The Doric Capital
   As stated, the capitals of
    the Doric order’s columns
    consist of three separate
    elements.
   From top to bottom, they
    are:
       The Abacus
       The Echinus
       The Necking
The Temple of Zeus
 c. 470 – 456 BCE; Olympia, Greece
The Ionic Order
          Temples of the second Greek
           order, the Ionic, appear more
           elegant than the Doric.
          Besides basic proportion, the
           Ionic is distinguishable from the
           Doric order by its capital’s
           distinctive scroll-like volutes.
          The columns that they surmount
           also have shafts that are thinner
           and taller than the Doric.
          Finally, the Ionic order adds a
           base to the column.
The Ionic Capital
   As with the Doric order,
    Ionic order capitals also
    have three component
    elements.
   From top to bottom they
    are:
       The Abacus
       The Volute
       The Necking
The Temple of Artemis
    c. 323 BCE; Ephesus, Turkey
The Corinthian Order
             Of the three ancient Greek
              temple orders, the Corinthian
              order temples are by far the
              tallest, most elegant, and most
              majestic in their appearance.
             Their towering columns are
              topped by foliated capitals that
              are delineated by acanthus leaf
              carvings.
             As with the Ionic order, column
              bases are also employed.
The Corinthian Order
   Like the earlier Doric &
    Ionic orders’ capitals, the
    Corinthian also have three
    component elements.
   From top to bottom they
    are:
       The Abacus
       The Acanthus Leaves
       The Necking
The Temple of Caesar
     c. 42 BCE; Rome, Italy
Column Refinement
                                  Entasis
   Columns of all Greek orders
    feature a swelling of the shaft
    called entasis.
   Entasis counteracts the eye’s
    tendency to reach upward &
    forces it to look both ways.
   Also, columns that are straight
    appear thinner in the middle when
    seen against harsh light, making
    them appear flimsy.
   The shaft’s middle bulge visually
    counteracts this.
The Plans of Greek
      Temples
The Plans of Greek
               Temples
   The grandeur and evident
    expense of a temple can be
    determined by the number of
    columns that were used to
    construct it.
   Simple, early temples were
    only blank walls surrounding
    the naos.
   Later, an open area or porch
    was added in front, called a
    pronaos, supported with either
    two or four columns.
The Plans of Early
  Greek Temples




Temple In Antis       Prostyle         Amphiprostyle
 Simple naos, no   A naos with a         A naos with a
    pronaos        pronaos in front   pronaos at either end
The Plans of Greek
               Temples
   Later, grander temples, like
    the Parthenon in Athens, had
    both a front and back
    pronaos (like an amphiprostyle
    temple), but added a colonnade
    that surrounded the entire
    structure called a peristyle.
   A structure with this type of
    floor plan is referred to as a
    peripteral temple.
The Parthenon
 c. 427 BCE; Athens, Greece
The Plans of Greek
               Temples
   Grandest of all, and
    generally constructed during
    the late Greek period (what
    is known as the Hellenistic
    Age), are dipteral temples.
   These are essentially
    peripteral temples, but with
    a second colonnade
    surrounding them, creating
    a double peristyle.
The Temple of Apollo
    c. 300 BCE; Didyma, Turkey
The Acropolis
                         c. 450 BCE; Athens, Greece
   Perhaps the greatest concentrated
    collection of Greek architecture
    sits atop the Acropolis, the
    sacred sanctuary of Athena in
    Athens.
   This sanctuary’s collection of
    buildings includes:
        The Propylaia: The gatehouse
        The Temple of Athena Nike: The
         temple dedicated to victory.
        The Parthenon: The temple of Athena
         as patron goddess of Athens
        The Erechtheum: The temple dedicated
         to the early kings of Athens & the god
         Poseidon
The Parthenon
                    c. 427 BCE; Athens, Greece

   This building is the culmination
    of Classical Greek architecture,
    and is the template that many
    other structures would go on to
    emulate.
   To create this temple, the
    architects (Kallikrates &
    Iktinos) included many subtle
    optical refinements.
   The result is a building that
    reflects the Greek concept of
    arete, visual perfection.
Optical Tricks of the
     Parthenon
The Greek Legacy
   The forms and designs of
    ancient Greek architecture
    had a lasting impact on the
    world.
   The Romans went on to adopt
    its plans and orders as ideals,
    but would modify them to
    meet their more pragmatic
    building requirements,
    creating structures like the
    Pantheon in Rome.
The Greek Legacy
           As a result, the Greek forms
            of Greek architecture have
            become an integral part of
            the vocabulary of world
            architecture.
           In fact, the architecture of
            Rome would strongly influence
            the development of the United
            States’ federal architectural
            language, centuries after the
            Classical era.
Homework for Next
          Class
   Identify a building in the local area that uses the Greek architectural
    language that we learned in class today.
        Hint: Prime suspects for your building include banks, churches, and government
         buildings.
   Using a piece of graph paper & a pencil, sketch the façade, or front, of the
    building.
   Then, trace over your pencil sketch in black ink pen.
   Next, identify and label all of the Greek architectural elements from today’s
    lecture that you can in your sketch of that building’s façade.
   On the back of your sketch, please write your name, the name of the building,
    and its physical address.
   Your sketch will be due at the beginning of next class.
Telos

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Arh2050 classical greek architecture

  • 1. Classical Greek Architecture Introduction To Art History I Professor Will Adams Valencia College
  • 3. The Origin of Architecture'  Our word “architecture” comes from the Greek architecton, which means “master carpenter.”  Early Greek architecture therefore employed wood, not stone.  These early structures, as well as those of mud-brick, have not survived.
  • 4. The Origin of Architecture'  Greek temples, like the earlier Egyptian hypostyle halls that their designs are based upon, used basic post-and-lintel construction.  This type of design – which is based on right angles and not curves – is sometimes referred to as trabeated architecture.
  • 6. Petrified Architecture  However, by the 6th Century BCE, stone had replaced wood in the construction of important temples.  This transformation in material from wood to stone is referred to as petrification.  Designs still reflected their origins in wood, however.
  • 7. Petrified Architecture  In fact, the three-barred design of the triglyph, which alternates with the square, sculpted metope, was designed to mimic the grooves of a wooden truss’s end .
  • 8. Petrified Architecture  In moving from wood to stone, builders had to adapt to the differing properties of their building materials.  Stone has greater compressive strength (resistance to crushing) than wood, but lacks wood’s tensile strength (tolerance of bending or twisting).
  • 9. Petrified Architecture  As a result, the Greeks designed temples that could have towering, widely-spaced columns, but their superstructures (the parts of the building held up by the columns) had to be solid, unified masses capable of being held together by multiple columns.  This part must be solid.  This part can have open space.
  • 10. Petrified Architecture  Some experts feel that the entasis, the outward bulging in the middle of Greek columns, may originally have been an imitation of the effect of great compression on the wooden posts of early Greek temples.  It also serves as a kind of correction to an optical illusion, however, as will be discussed later.
  • 11. Petrified Architecture  Early temples had massive pillars, as architects worried about their ability to support the weight above.  As a result, the earliest Greek temples, like the Temple of Hera I at Paestum, look low & wide.  Later Greek temples, like the Temple of Hera II at Paestum, appear taller & more elegant.
  • 12. The Purpose of a Temple
  • 13. The Purpose of a Temple  Unlike modern churches or mosques, Greek temples’ interiors were not meant to be meeting places for worship.  They were seen as earthly homes for the community’s god or goddess and a place to keep offerings.  A cult image was centrally located within the naos, or central interior space.
  • 14. The Purpose of a Temple  In the mild climate of Greece, ceremonies honoring the temple’s god or goddess generally took place outdoors.  Even the altar, upon which animal sacrifices were made, were outside the temple structure, usually proceeding the temple’s façade or front.
  • 15. The Anatomy of a Greek Temple
  • 16. The Anatomy of a Greek Temple  There are four distinct parts, or sections, that are used to construct a Greek temple.  The lowest, horizontal part of the temple is its foundation, which looks like steps.  Most Greek temples had three of these “steps”.  Collectively, this section is called the stylobate.
  • 17. The Anatomy of a Greek Temple  The next section is the vertical, Capital height-building section that is referred to as the column.  Most columns had a base (though not the Doric), at the Shaft bottom, a shaft in the middle, and a capital at the top.  The shaft may also be smooth or fluted (a series of grooves that run the length of the Base shaft).
  • 18. The Anatomy of a Greek Temple  Above that, supported by the column, is the entablature.  The entablature forms the ceiling of the temple.  If the column is like a table leg, think of this as the tabletop.  It has three parts:  Architrave: the beam that rests on the capital.  Frieze: A sculpted band.  Cornice: A crowning trim.
  • 19. The Anatomy of a Greek Temple  The angled top section that forms the roof is called the pediment.  The angled beam at the top is called the sloping cornice.  The triangular part below is called the tympanum; this is often carved and decorated.  Sometimes there are carved features attached to the roof; these are called antefixes (2D on roof edges) & acroterion (3D, on corners).
  • 21. The Greek Architectural orders  Greek temples, like Egyptian temples, tended to follow set design patterns, which were regarded as unchangeable, ideal forms.  Resultantly, design variations are few in any given period.  Instead, the architects choice of a particular Greek order (decorative detail style), expressed his creativity.
  • 22. The Greek Architectural orders  In order of chronological development, the three classical Greek orders are:  The Doric  The Ionic  The Corinthian
  • 23. The Doric Order  The Doric order’s columns are – by comparison – the shortest and widest, making these temples the heaviest in appearance.  The tripartite capital is plainly carved.  Doric columns have thick shafts (though it loses some of its mass over time) that are constructed with cylindrical blocks called drums.  The columns are baseless.
  • 24. The Doric Capital  As stated, the capitals of the Doric order’s columns consist of three separate elements.  From top to bottom, they are:  The Abacus  The Echinus  The Necking
  • 25. The Temple of Zeus c. 470 – 456 BCE; Olympia, Greece
  • 26. The Ionic Order  Temples of the second Greek order, the Ionic, appear more elegant than the Doric.  Besides basic proportion, the Ionic is distinguishable from the Doric order by its capital’s distinctive scroll-like volutes.  The columns that they surmount also have shafts that are thinner and taller than the Doric.  Finally, the Ionic order adds a base to the column.
  • 27. The Ionic Capital  As with the Doric order, Ionic order capitals also have three component elements.  From top to bottom they are:  The Abacus  The Volute  The Necking
  • 28. The Temple of Artemis c. 323 BCE; Ephesus, Turkey
  • 29. The Corinthian Order  Of the three ancient Greek temple orders, the Corinthian order temples are by far the tallest, most elegant, and most majestic in their appearance.  Their towering columns are topped by foliated capitals that are delineated by acanthus leaf carvings.  As with the Ionic order, column bases are also employed.
  • 30. The Corinthian Order  Like the earlier Doric & Ionic orders’ capitals, the Corinthian also have three component elements.  From top to bottom they are:  The Abacus  The Acanthus Leaves  The Necking
  • 31. The Temple of Caesar c. 42 BCE; Rome, Italy
  • 32. Column Refinement Entasis  Columns of all Greek orders feature a swelling of the shaft called entasis.  Entasis counteracts the eye’s tendency to reach upward & forces it to look both ways.  Also, columns that are straight appear thinner in the middle when seen against harsh light, making them appear flimsy.  The shaft’s middle bulge visually counteracts this.
  • 33. The Plans of Greek Temples
  • 34. The Plans of Greek Temples  The grandeur and evident expense of a temple can be determined by the number of columns that were used to construct it.  Simple, early temples were only blank walls surrounding the naos.  Later, an open area or porch was added in front, called a pronaos, supported with either two or four columns.
  • 35. The Plans of Early Greek Temples Temple In Antis Prostyle Amphiprostyle Simple naos, no A naos with a A naos with a pronaos pronaos in front pronaos at either end
  • 36. The Plans of Greek Temples  Later, grander temples, like the Parthenon in Athens, had both a front and back pronaos (like an amphiprostyle temple), but added a colonnade that surrounded the entire structure called a peristyle.  A structure with this type of floor plan is referred to as a peripteral temple.
  • 37. The Parthenon c. 427 BCE; Athens, Greece
  • 38. The Plans of Greek Temples  Grandest of all, and generally constructed during the late Greek period (what is known as the Hellenistic Age), are dipteral temples.  These are essentially peripteral temples, but with a second colonnade surrounding them, creating a double peristyle.
  • 39. The Temple of Apollo c. 300 BCE; Didyma, Turkey
  • 40. The Acropolis c. 450 BCE; Athens, Greece  Perhaps the greatest concentrated collection of Greek architecture sits atop the Acropolis, the sacred sanctuary of Athena in Athens.  This sanctuary’s collection of buildings includes:  The Propylaia: The gatehouse  The Temple of Athena Nike: The temple dedicated to victory.  The Parthenon: The temple of Athena as patron goddess of Athens  The Erechtheum: The temple dedicated to the early kings of Athens & the god Poseidon
  • 41. The Parthenon c. 427 BCE; Athens, Greece  This building is the culmination of Classical Greek architecture, and is the template that many other structures would go on to emulate.  To create this temple, the architects (Kallikrates & Iktinos) included many subtle optical refinements.  The result is a building that reflects the Greek concept of arete, visual perfection.
  • 42. Optical Tricks of the Parthenon
  • 43. The Greek Legacy  The forms and designs of ancient Greek architecture had a lasting impact on the world.  The Romans went on to adopt its plans and orders as ideals, but would modify them to meet their more pragmatic building requirements, creating structures like the Pantheon in Rome.
  • 44. The Greek Legacy  As a result, the Greek forms of Greek architecture have become an integral part of the vocabulary of world architecture.  In fact, the architecture of Rome would strongly influence the development of the United States’ federal architectural language, centuries after the Classical era.
  • 45. Homework for Next Class  Identify a building in the local area that uses the Greek architectural language that we learned in class today.  Hint: Prime suspects for your building include banks, churches, and government buildings.  Using a piece of graph paper & a pencil, sketch the façade, or front, of the building.  Then, trace over your pencil sketch in black ink pen.  Next, identify and label all of the Greek architectural elements from today’s lecture that you can in your sketch of that building’s façade.  On the back of your sketch, please write your name, the name of the building, and its physical address.  Your sketch will be due at the beginning of next class.
  • 46. Telos