Domes
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This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
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Domes
- 2. INTRODUCTION ● Domes are prominent features of Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, and Italian Renaissance design. ● The ‘Building Construction Handbook’ describes domes as: ‘Double curvature shells which can be rotationally formed by any curved geometrical plane figure rotating about a central vertical axis.’ ● In its simplest form, a dome is a hollow hemispherical structural element. ● Domes evolved from arches, originally being adapted only to small buildings such as huts and tombs. ● However, as construction and design techniques developed, they became more popular as a means of showcasing grand structures such as cathedrals, legislative buildings and, more recently, leisure buildings such as sports stadia. ● Domes became famous because they are self- supporting structures.
- 3. ELEMENTS OF DOME 1. CUPOLA 2. COFFERS- may not be there in all 3. LANTERN- may not be there in all 4. OCULUS 5. PENDENTIVE 6. ROTUNDA 7. SQUINCH 8. DRUM
- 4. CUPOLA A cupola is a small structure located on top of a building’s dome. It is common for cupolas to have a round or square bases, but they may also be polygonal.Modern cupolas are mostly ornamental architectural features crowning the main roof, sometimes providing a position for a flag, religious symbol, weather vane, and so on. A day lighting element LANTERN
- 5. OCULUS An oculus (from Latin oculus, 'eye') is a circular opening in the center of a dome. A coffer is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. Structurally, it lightens the ceiling as less concrete or other materials are needed for its construction. COFFERS
- 6. PENDENTIVE A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome. ROTUNDA
- 7. SQUINCH A squinch is a wedge that fits on the top corners of a square space. A tholobate or drum is the upright part of a building on which a dome is raised. It is generally in the shape of a cylinder or a polygonal prism. DRUM
- 10. DETAILS
- 11. DETAILS
- 12. TYPES 1. Corbel 2. Cross-arched 3. Geodesic 4. Onion 5. Oval 6. Saucer 7. Umbrella
- 13. CORBEL DOMES ● Also called a beehive dome, or false dome, these are different from a 'true dome' in that they consist of purely horizontal layers. ● As the layers get higher, each is slightly cantilevered, or corbeled, toward the center until meeting at the top.
- 14. GEODESIC DOMES A geodesic dome is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-shell) based on a geodesic polyhedron. The triangular elements of the dome are structurally rigid and distribute the structural stress throughout the structure, making geodesic domes able to withstand very heavy loads for their size. A geometric dome supports itself without needing internal columns or interior load-bearing walls. This property makes such structures appealing for use as churches, sports arenas, and exhibition halls.
- 15. Geodesic domes are efficient structures in several ways. ● The triangle is a very stable shape; for example, a force applied to the corner of a rectangle can deform it into a parallelogram, but the same force will not deform a triangle. This makes geodesic dome buildings highly resistant to such forces as snow coverings, earthquakes, wind, and even tornadoes. ● Geodesic domes can be constructed quickly without heavy equipment.
- 16. ● Movable structures may be built of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe or galvanized steel conduit frames covered with plastic sheeting or parachute canopies. ● Large, permanent structures like arenas and factories have been built from materials like aluminum and steel frame struts covered with aluminum, copper, structural gypsum, acrylic. ● Geodesic Domes insulate very efficiently and because of its unique shape, light actually refracts and stays inside the dome longer than other types of greenhouses. This feature amplifies winter lighting and also takes full advantage of solar gain, which means less artificial lighting in colder regions.
- 17. CROSSED-ARCH DOME ● Rather than meeting in the center of the dome, the ribs characteristically intersect one another off-center, forming an empty polygonal space in the center. ● Geometry is a key element of the designs, with the octagon being perhaps the most popular shape used. ● Whether the arches are structural or purely decorative remains a matter of debate.
- 18. ONION DOMES ● These domes are characterised by the way they bulge out beyond their base diameters and taper smoothly in an ogee (S-curve) profile. ● Their height usually exceeds their width and they are often gilded or brightly painted. ● These are traditionally associated with Russian architecture, in particular their multi-domed churches.
- 19. OVAL DOME An oval dome is a dome of oval shape in plan, profile, or both.
- 20. SAUCER DOME A dome having the form of a segment of a sphere, with the center well below the springing line; a shallow dome.
- 21. UMBRELLA DOME ● These are a type of dome divided at the base into curved segments, which follow the curve of the elevation. ● The "ribs" of a dome are the radial lines of masonry that extend from the crown down to the springing.
- 22. ADVANTAGES 1. High on visual impact and in most cases is both strong and durable. 2. Require less maintenance. 3. Having a dome shaped structure integrated with the foundation and floor, works to strengthen the entire structure as a unit and, therefore, makes the dome highly resistant to earthquake damage. 4. A sphere encloses the greatest volume for the least surface area. DISADVANTAGES 1. Requires skilled labour. 2. Requires more scaffolding. 3. Dome requires more material, so, more volume, so it takes more time for heating and cooling.
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