HSEM Employment Gap

Homeland Security and Emergency Management: The Industry Gap and the Link to
Higher Education
March 24th
, 2014
Richard Axtell
360-772-9552 - :richaxtell@apemss.com

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Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................2
Closing the Gap.............................................................................................................................................2
Differentiating the Disciplines ...............................................................................................................3
Understanding the Employment Dilemmas............................................................................................4
Economic Impact....................................................................................................................................5
Analyzing the Career Market........................................................................................................................5
Homeland Security Careers....................................................................................................................6
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................12
Appendix A: Federally Declared Disasters in Washington State ...............................................................13
Appendix B: Cybersecurity Competency Model........................................................................................15
Appendix C: Listed Career Examples.........................................................................................................16
Figures
Figure 1: Homeland Security Discipline Competency Model. .....................................................................7
Figure 2: Emergency Management Discipline Competency Model.............................................................8
Figure 3: Homeland Security Careers...........................................................................................................9
Figure 4: Emergency Management Careers..................................................................................................9
Figure 5: Homeland Security Career Lattice Example ...............................................................................10
Figure 6: Emergency Management Career Lattice Example ......................................................................10

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Introduction
Since the redesign of the Federal Emergency Management Agency during the 1990’s
under James Lee Witt and the structuring of the Department of Homeland Security as a response
to the 9/11 attacks, there has been an emergence of a series of gaps in experienced professionals
to address the growth of disciplines from what these agencies bring into the public and private
sectors. Hurricane Katrina brought about the reality that simple planning does not strengthen an
organization’s resilience, and that disasters, incidents, and emergencies produce far reaching
consequences across all areas of public and private organizations. In addition, grants and other
“carrots” presented to state, local, and private industries are provided with a number of mandated
and/or standardized modes of managing the planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and
recovery systems from which communities and businesses must subscribe, of which the Incident
Command System (ICS) model under the National Incident Management System (NIMS) was
born. In response to the growing gaps between the emerging industry and experience, new higher
education programs have been developed to supplement experienced professionals already
existing competencies, to gain a greater understanding and insight into Homeland Security and
Emergency Management. Since the growth of these higher education programs, the supply from
the market has increased significantly, producing a greater demand for emerging talent, but the
talent being sought by the markets contains a number of pre-requisites, including college degrees
and experience. To understand the market conditions and the education relationship, this paper
will take a look into the current market and differing systems to gain a better picture of the
employment and education outlook from the region to the national level.
Closing the Gap
The 9/11 Commission recognized the need to develop standardized incident command
and response systems in public and private organizations across the United States and that
funding would be tied to adapting to these standards.1
Additional standards were recommended
under the Commission’s guidelines for the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to
adopt standardized requirements on Emergency/Disaster Management and Business Continuity
Programs (NFPA 1600) within the private sector.2
These standards set the national tone, but the
conversational tone at the lower levels of governance, and as a result of the federalist system of
government in which policies and interpretations of systems seem to be changed due to differing
paradigms from within private and public industry disciplines.
1
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. Kean, T. H., & Hamilton, L. (2004). The 9/11
Commission report: Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.
(Authorized edn.). Washington, D.C.: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.
2
Ibid, p. 398.

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Differentiating the Disciplines
The first key to understanding the industry needs and in identifying the gaps that exist
between education and employment is to understand the distinctions between Homeland Security
and Emergency Management. When a policy maker, official, or even a student tries to define the
workforce, he or she may try to find jobs based on the titles of Emergency Management, or make
the assumption that emergency responders absorb much of the duties, which leads to a limited
supply of careers while utilizing the brand “Emergency Management”. For the purposes of this
report, the operational definitions of “Emergency Management” and “Homeland Security” will
be used to define the specific industry platforms from which career fields and specific positions
can be identified, which in turn will identify where supply and demand could be evaluated.
Homeland Security is simply defined as “…those active and passive measures taken to
protect the population, area, and infrastructure of the United States, its possessions, and
territories by: deterring, defending against, and mitigating the effects of threats, disasters, and
attacks; supporting civil authorities in crisis and consequence management; and helping to ensure
the availability, integrity, survivability, and adequacy of critical national assets”3
. This includes
incorporating Homeland Defense and Domestic Support at all levels, which would require
strengthening assets at the lowest levels in local law enforcement and other private and public
organizations. Some examples of the disciplines involving Homeland Security include, but are
not limited to: Intelligence Analysts, Security Program Specialists, Import/Customs Specialists,
Forensic Accountants, Immigration Agents, Operations Officers, and Information/Cybersecurity
Specialists.
Emergency Management is a broader concept where there is no specific point or position
to identify as a profession. What also convolutes the delineation of the discipline is that
Emergency Management is an integrated framework of sub-systems from which parts of the
discipline function within all areas of private industry and public agencies, increasing an inability
to capture a representative snapshot of the market. The National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) defines Disaster/Emergency Management as “An ongoing process to prevent, mitigate,
prepare for, respond to, maintain continuity during, and to recover from, an incident that
threatens life, property, operations, or the environment”.4
Originally the National Response Plan
set the foundation for Emergency Management, but the issues from Hurricane Katrina
demonstrated that developing a rigid system was a contributor to larger problems. A framework
was instituted at all levels of government and private organizations, which serve as a
collaborative, while the United States does not have a completely integrated emergency
management system.5
In addition, as new threats and vulnerabilities emerge, new industry needs
3
Kelly III, P. (2002). Defining Homeland Security. Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 28(3), Pp. 10.
4
NFPA. (2012). NFPA 1600: Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs
(2013 Edn). National Fire Protection Association: An International Codes and Standards Organization.
Available from http://www.nfpa.org/1600.
5
Lindell, M. K., Prater, C. & Perry, R. W. (2007). Introduction to Emergency Management. Danvers, MA: John
Wiley & Sons. Pp. 6.

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are being determined in response to these threats such as the newly created cyber-forensics
discipline. Therefore, specific titles cannot be afforded to positions and emergency responders
who are tasked with managing such disasters, serve only one small portion of the entire spectrum
of what disaster/emergency management encompasses. Although endless, some of the functions
that operate under the discipline of Emergency/Disaster Management include: Emergency
Managers, Business Continuity Specialists, Public Health Officers, Hazard Mitigation
Specialists, Environmental Technicians, Grant Eligibility Specialists, Insurance Claims
Adjusters, and GIS Specialists.
Understanding the Employment Dilemmas
Now that the differences between Emergency Management and Homeland Security, to be
known as HSEM from this point forward, have been distinguished, this report can provide an
understanding into the gaps from which the private and public sectors are struggling with. The
careers in the HSEM are diverse and broad, but also within their infancy so that public and
private organizations have not fully grasped HSEM as a critical component to the organization,
business, or institution. In addition, cultures within many public institutions have not yet fully
adopted the capacity to understand what HSEM is and how it impacts everyone across the board.
Rich Cooper, former Business Liaison with the Department of Homeland Security, reiterates this
issue when he stated “I’d say there’s not an industry or business out there today that’s not
impacted by homeland security”.6
Where the difficulty lies is that defining a singular job
function specific to HSEM as a discipline is irrational. To adapt, creating professional positions
with a base in HSEM as a discipline, appears to be more fruitful to organizations. Community
Colleges in Washington State struggle to embrace HSEM as a discipline, resulting from both the
internal culture of the staff and acceptance of the responsibility, placing the onus of Emergency
Management responsibilities on campus safety, and from the lack of standardized HSEM
programs which are being embraced by 4-Year institutions and other Community Colleges
across the country.7
In fact, the 4-Year Universities recognize the need to change the culture and
align the HSEM programs, in that two major programs emerged to link Universities together:
The Disaster Resistant University Program and the Department of Homeland Security
Recognized National Centers of Excellence.8
Students are then forced to depend on the 4-Year
institution for their HSEM program from which approximately 90% of the career field in HSEM
6
Jones, E. (2006). Careers in homeland security: Many jobs, one mission. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 50(2),
2-15
7
Axtell, R. (2014). Emergency Management Competency within the Community College.
8
DHS (2015). Welcome to the Centers of Excellence: Providing Practical Homeland Security Solutions. Department
of Homeland Security: DHS S&T Centers of Excellence. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/science-and-
technology/centers-excellence

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requires a minimum of an Undergraduate Degree,9
although those fields which do not do rely on
some college with at least 24 Credit Hours in the field of study.10
Economic Impact
The main key functions of those who are employed in a position involved in
Disaster/Emergency Management is to focus on mitigation, resource management, and to
institute organizational resiliency, from which the end result is to lessen the impact of a disaster
or critical incident in terms of economic and human value. The impact on the community can be
very costly as experienced in the Oso Mudslide Disaster from which FEMA contributed:
 $2,091,456.75 in individual and household program support.11
 Obligated public assistance funds totaling $14,296,038.36.12
Although Oso presents itself as a singular event from which FEMA funded the response and
recovery under a Presidentially Declared Disaster, the total funds contributed by the State must
be equal or greater than 25% of the contribution. These costs in addition to state funds as a result
of FEMA determining inapplicable based on program requirements, place a significant economic
burden on the State’s budget. To gain a better picture of the number of federally declared
disasters, the list of the State of Washington’s Disaster Declarations can be found in Appendix
A. The increased costs and transparency in potential disaster zones have forces private and
public organizations to adapt positions for professionals who have a background in Emergency
Management to mitigate the threat of these potential dangers.
Analyzing the Career Market
So why develop HSEM in higher education? This report has touched on the key issues
into why HSEM is sought throughout public and private industries, but to understand the
program need, the career market should be evaluated. It is assumed that first responders compose
of the lion’s share of the HSEM discipline, yet this is far from accurate. Emergency Responders
make up a small percentage of the HSEM discipline, yet for an Emergency Responder to move
vertically, he or she must have training and education in HSEM as required under NIMS. These
sentiments are echoed by Emergency Management professionals across the country. In an article
by Brian Heaton in 2013, Auburn’s Emergency Manager Sarah Miller provided further credence
into how students who graduate with a degree are finding the entry-level positions within the
9
Percentages are based on independent research from which careers in the HSEM fields were evaluated, relying
more heavily on public service careers versus private industry.
10
Federal Government Career requirements as defined by the Office of Personnel Management which can be found
on www.usajobs.gov
11
FEMA. (2015). Washington Flooding and Mudslides (DR-4168). Disaster Survivor Assistance: Disaster
Declarations. Available at: https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4168#tabs-2.
12
Ibid, *Note: Obligated funds mean that although funds are obligated by the FY2014 budget, funds may have not
been fully expended, possibly from a multi-year recovery phase.

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field of Emergency Management. Specifically she stated she would hire someone with an
emergency management degree over a law enforcement officer as they each have different
mindsets.13
Heaton also goes further to explain a case in point in which Scott Preston, the
University of Washington’s Emergency Management Division stated that there is a preference
for employers to hire someone with an Emergency Management Degree14
as employers are
capitalizing on the strengths of the program for what students take away.
HSEM professionals must embrace a number of competencies which are drawn only
from a college degree program. These programs are also strengthened through support from
organizations such as the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) and the
Washington State Emergency Management Association (WSEMA). In addition to the differing
competency levels, HSEM careers have a level of flexibility for cross and lateral movements due
to the similar and integrated systems that make up the entire discipline. The argument for
programs such as criminal justice or fire management has been raised as to why degree programs
such as these cannot provide for the HSEM discipline. Criminal Justice embraces Constitutional
and Procedural Law, as well as policing models and other aspects of the law enforcement
program, from which existing countermeasures are defined under the criminal justice model.
HSEM programs include social and political systems, as well as threats and vulnerabilities; and
topics of study to include science such as CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear,
and Explosive) and terrorism, of which the countermeasures from this discipline is evaluated
under the criminal justice model, restorative model, and war doctrine.
Homeland Security Careers
Many of the career fields in Homeland Security addresses the direct and indirect mission
of what defines the discipline, ranging from intelligence, to response, to cross-communication, to
operational management and beyond. Many of the careers intertwine, allowing for vertical and
horizontal movement. As the majority of careers in Homeland Security require an undergraduate
degree, there is a greater emphasis on what competencies are needed for success in the field and
from which internal growth is made possible. The chart below briefly lays out the competencies
most valued within the field.
13
Heaton, B. (2013). Are Emergency Management Graduates Finding Jobs? Emergency Management: Training and
Education. Available at: http://www.emergencymgmt.com/training/Emergency-Management-Graduates-
Jobs.html
14
Heaton, B. (2013). Are Emergency Management Graduates Finding Jobs? Emergency Management: Training and
Education. Available at: http://www.emergencymgmt.com/training/Emergency-Management-Graduates-
Jobs.html

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Figure 1: Homeland Security Discipline Competency Model.
Source: Model was generated through the Competency Clearing House, by Richard Axtell. The Competency Clearing House is part of the
Career One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.
Much of the competency models for Homeland Security and Emergency Management
mirror each other, but there are some slight differences between figure 1 and figure 2 whereas
the academic and industry specific areas change to meet the requirements of the discipline from
which the individual is approaching his or her career. The reason there are so many similar
competencies are that HSEM, albeit distinct, is symbiotic with an intertwining meaning, focusing
on the four (4) specific phases of HSEM management: Preparedness, Planning, Response, and
Recovery. We can further look at a single career Competency Model (see Appendix B) which
highlights how a career field such as cybersecurity, is one function of the spectrum of HSEM.
Foundation
1
Personal
Effectiveness
Interpersonal
Skills
Integrity Professionalism Initiative
Dependability
and Reliability
Adaptability
and
Flexibility
Lifelong
Learning
Desire for Public
Service
2
Academic
Competencies
Reading Writing Mathematics Communication
Business &
Economics
Basic
Computer
Skills
Science and
Technology
Homeland Specific
Content
Critical and Analytic Thinking
3
Workplace
Competencies
Teamwork
Creative
Thinking
Health and
Safety
Business
Fundamentals
Sustainable
Practices
Planning and
Organizing
Scheduling and
Coordinating
Working with
Tools and
Technology
Problem Solving and Decision-Making
Industry
4
Industry-Wide
Technical
Competencies
Risk
Management
Health &
Safety
Discipline
Specific
Industry Laws &
Regulations
Industry
Principles &
Concepts
Industry
Operations &
Production
Incident Detection, Response, &
Remediation
5
Homeland
Security
Technical
Competencies
Public Health Physical Security Personnel Security
Information and Cybersystems
Security
Industrial, Operations, & Economic
Security

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Figure 2: Emergency Management Discipline Competency Model.
Career One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.
Foundation
1
Personal
Effectiveness
Interpersonal Skills Integrity Professionalism Initiative
Dependability and
Reliability
Adaptability
and
Flexibility
Lifelong Learning
2
Academic
Competencies
Reading Writing Mathematics Communication
Critical and
Analytic Thinking
Basic
Computer
Skills
Business/Finance
Discipline
Specific
Science/Environmental Studies Health/Safety
3
Workplace
Competencies
Teamwork
Planning and
Organizing
Creative
Thinking
Problem
Solving and
Decision-
Making
Working with
Tools and
Technology
Checking,
Examining,
and
Recording
Sustainable
Practices
Health and
Safety
Industry
4
Industry-
Wide
Technical
Competencies
Industry Laws &
Regulations
Industry
Fundamentals
Quality
Management
Technical
Writing
Health, Safety, and
Security
Resiliency Management
Principles
Public
Relations
5 Emergency
Management
Technical
Competencies
Disaster/Emergency
Management
Emergency
Responder
Emergency
Management
Administration
Occupations
Non-Specific
Required
Careers
Health Specific Careers
Environmental/Science Specific
Occupations
Examples of position specific career fields highlight the dependence upon a combination
of both experience and an Undergraduate Degree. These examples can be broken down further
into the industry technical competency areas as shown in the charts above, as one field can
produce a list of jobs that would not be defined as Homeland Security or Emergency
Management, but a specialty within a subsystem of the discipline as stated earlier in the report,
HSEM is a framework rather than a specific function. There are thousands of positions around
the United States and internationally, from which the HSEM Undergraduate Degree adds value
to. The hardest part is to find a central location to understand the value of these career fields as
many of them are emerging industries, from which organizations such as O*Net and the Bureau
of Labor and Statistics have not yet fully integrated the new data as some of the fields have not
yet been defined. The best possible snapshot of the industry is to look at specific careers that
serve as part of the HSEM field, albeit not all careers will be listed in the following figures.

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Figure 3: Homeland Security Careers
Source: Developed and created by Richard Axtell to reflect some of the career fields from which Homeland Security is managed. Degree
requirements were obtained through employer advertised announcements with defined KSAs and basic requirements. These jobs can be found in
both government and private agencies.
Figure 4: Emergency Management Careers
Source: Developed and created by Richard Axtell to reflect some of the career fields from which Homeland Security is managed. Degree
requirements were obtained through employer advertised announcements with defined KSAs and basic requirements. These jobs can be found in
both government and private agencies
Personnel Security: Personnel
Security in public and private
organizations focuses on
management of personnel accessing
physical space, jobs that need
security clearances, and individuals
gaining access to information
systems.
Physical Security: Physical
Security under the Homeland
Security takes into account the
design and implementation of
processes that protect specific
areas of jurisdiction such as ports,
buildings, infrastructure, and
territory
Information and
Cybersystems Security:
While this field is still
somewhat in its infancy, it is
expanding in width and depth
across multiple industries.
Public Health: This sector
specialization includes a number of
approaches to protecting the public
health, including food, medical, and
environment
Industrial, Operations, & Economic
Security: Although these disciplines
impact many industries, there are key
functions supporting the Homeland
Security system. These areas include
countering terrorist organization
financing, international security,
logistics protection, and industrial
espionage
Security Specialists* Physical Security Specialists*
Information Security
Specialists*
Medical Staff* Target Acquisitions Officers*
HR Analysts* Engineers* Privacy Specialists* Epidemiologists* State Officers*
Technicians Security Technicians* Cyber-Forensics* Public Health Specialists* Copyright Specialists*
Investigators* Facility Security Analysts*
Intrusion Detection
Specialists*
Surveillance Personnel* Accountants/Financial Specialists*
Law Enforcement** Guards
Software/Hardware/Network
Systems Engineers*
Analysts*
SCI Specialists (Sensitive
Compartmentalized Information)*
Adjudicators* Weapons Experts** Compliance Specialists* Agricultural Specialists*
International Monetary Fund
Specialists*
Behavioral Specialists* Transportation Specialists*
Cyber-Crimes/Terrorism
Investigators*
Import/Export Specialists* Covert Ops/Counter-Intelligence*
Immigration* Sales & Product Manufacturers Project Managers* Scientists*
HazMat/CBRNESpecialists*
*Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring undergraduate degrees or higher
**Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring vocational training, experience, and some college for vertical mobility.
Disaster/Emergency Management:
This sector drives the community,
regional, and organizational
principles of Emergency
Preparedness and planning
Emergency Responder: Most
responders have their distinct
disciplines fromwhich they go
through individual training, but
Emergency Management
competencies are now inclusive
Emergency Management
Administration Occupations:
The functions of Emergency
Management must be
supplemented by additional
career options
Public Health: This sector
specialization includes a number of
approaches to protecting the public
health, including food, medical, and
environment
Non-Specific EMCareers: These
career fields are necessary for the
operation of Emergency
Management operations and that the
HSEM degree will strengthen lateral
and verticle mobility
Emergency Manager* Police Officer** Logistics Specialists* Medical Staff* Construction Manager*
Volunteer ProgramManager*
Emergency Medical
Professional**
Policy Specialists* Epidemiologists* Operations Manager*
Situation Specialist* Firefighter** Grant Administrators* Public Health Specialists*
Communications/Public Information
Officer*
Emergency Operation Center
Manager*
Security Guard Master Practitioner* Surveillance Personnel* Hazard Mitigation Specialist*
Planning Specialist* School Safety Officials* Training Specialist* Analysts* Engineer*
Consultant* Toxicologists*
Flood Insurance
Representative*
Agricultural Specialists* Scientist/Environmentalist*
Project Managers* Scientists* Transportation Specialist*
HazMat/CBRNESpecialists* Hazardous Material Specialist*
GIS Specialist*
**Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring vocational training, experience, and some college for vertical mobility.
*Denotes careers where employers are requiring/preferring undergraduate degrees or higher

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Although the preceding tables provide a list of a few of the existing occupations relative
to the HSEM discipline, there are many more that are emerging as well as those that could
emerge within the next few years. For instance, cyberforensics and penetration testers are
examples of two recently emerging industries that fall under the HSEM discipline, from which
were a result of geopolitical threats increasing globally, and the change in technology. These
careers also have intertwining competencies as described earlier, from which the career lattice
can illustrate occupations where the KSAs make an individual eligible for lateral and vertical
movement.
Figure 5: Homeland Security Career Lattice Example
Source: Mode was generated through the Competency Clearing House, by Richard Axtell. The Competency Clearing House is part of the Career
One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration
Figure 6: Emergency Management Career Lattice Example
Career One Stop/American Job Center Network, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

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While there are many career opening currently, it is hard to provide an accurate assessment
due to the lack of resources of aggregate data; however, to illustrate the current market
conditions, this report will provide a few functions from the HSEM discipline, along with noted
information to support the growth of these areas. In addition, some examples can be found in
Appendix C.
 Security Specialists - Security-related jobs in high demand driving the hiring rush are the
impending retirement or resignation of nearly one-third of the 1.6 million current federal
workers, along with stepped-up efforts to secure the U.S. against terrorism and illegal
immigration. The Departments of Defense and Homeland Security alone are expected to
offer more than 83,000 new jobs. More than 15,000 new Customs and Border Patrol
agents and 22,000 Transportation Security Agency airport screeners are expected to be
hired over the coming three years.15
 Intelligence Analysts - According to O*Net: Projected job openings (2012-2022) 27,700.
According to the FBI, their intelligence program has tripled in size in recent years.
 Community Health Specialist – Emergency Preparedness - According to O*Net Projected
growth (2012-2022) Much faster than average (22% or higher)
 Emergency/Disaster Volunteer Coordinator - This is an emerging industry recognized by
BLS as of 1996, but they have no accurate statistics to report. Simply Hired reports there
are over 160,610 emergency management coordinator jobs across the US currently.16
 Emergency Planning Specialist – According to U.S. News World Report, Emergency
Management Specialists are one of the top 50 careers with the best growth over the next
decade.17
These are just some of the examples of careers in the HSEM, but as started earlier in the
report, the discipline is still in its infancy.
15
U.S. Gov. Info. (2015). Government Job Hiring Set to Soar. U.S. Government Info: About Government Jobs.
Available at http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/governmentjobs/a/hiringbinge.htm
16
Simply Hired. (2015, March 25). Emergency Management Coordinator Jobs. Web search conducted through
http://www.simplyhired.com/k-emergency-management-coordinator-jobs.html
17
Webster, H. C. (2010). Best Careers: Emergency Management Specialist. US News and World Report: Money
Edition. Available at http://money.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2010/12/06/best-jobs-2011-emergency-
management-specialist

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Conclusion
There is no specific HSEM job if one were to look up Emergency Management, part of
which is the poorly defined function from many public and private agencies and a lack of
understanding from professionals and HR representatives into what HSEM really means. The
embracing of an undergraduate program and a change of the internal culture within higher
education elements, will add credence to the discipline, but will also increase participation within
the four phases of HSEM and will reduce economic and human loss when considering
individual, organizational, and institutional resiliency.

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Appendix A: Federally Declared Disasters in Washington State
Source: FEMA. (2015). Disaster Declarations for Washington. Disaster Declarations by State/Tribal Government.
*Does not include disasters which were not declared within the State or did not meet the definition as prescribed by
law.
3371 7/23/2014 Washington Wildfires
3370 3/24/2014 Washington Flooding and Mudslides
3227 9/7/2005 Washington Hurricane Katrina Evacuation
3086 8/19/1982 Washington Threat of Flooding at Spirit Lake
3070 3/12/1979 Washington Flooding
3037 3/31/1977 Washington Drought
Emergency Declarations
Number Date
State/Tribal
Government
Incident Description
Number Date
State/Tribal
Government
4188 8/11/2014 Washington Wildfires
4168 4/2/2014 Washington Flooding and Mudslides
4083 9/25/2012 Washington Severe Storm, Straight-line Winds,
and Flooding
4056 3/5/2012 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Flooding,
Landslides, and Mudslides
1963 3/25/2011 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Flooding,
1825 3/2/2009 Washington Severe Winter Stormand Record and
Near Record Snow
1817 1/30/2009 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Landslides,
Mudslides, and Flooding
1734 12/8/2007 Washington Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides,
and Mudslides
1682 2/14/2007 Washington Severe Winter Storm, Landslides, and
Mudslides
1671 12/12/2006 Washington Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides,
and Mudslides
1641 5/17/2006 Washington Severe Storms, Flooding, Tidal Surge,
1499 11/7/2003 Washington Severe Storms and Flooding
1361 3/1/2001 Washington Earthquake
1255 10/16/1998 Washington Landslide In The City Of Kelso
Major Disaster Declarations 1252 10/5/1998 Washington Flooding
1182 7/21/1997 Washington Snowmelt/Flooding
1172 4/2/1997 Washington Severe
Storms/Flooding/Landslides/Mudslide
s
1159 1/17/1997 Washington Severe Winter Storms/Flooding
1152 1/7/1997 Washington Ice and Snow Storms
1100 2/9/1996 Washington Severe Storms/Flooding
1079 1/3/1996 Washington Storms/High Winds/Floods
1037 8/2/1994 Washington El Nino Effects (The Salmon Industry)
981 3/4/1993 Washington Severe Storm, High Winds
922 11/13/1991 Washington Fires
896 3/8/1991 Washington High Tides, Severe Storm
883 11/26/1990 Washington Flooding, Severe Storm
852 1/18/1990 Washington Flooding, Severe Storm
822 4/14/1989 Washington Heavy Rains, Flooding, Mudslides
784 12/15/1986 Washington SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING
762 3/19/1986 Washington Heavy Rains, Flooding, Landslides
676 1/27/1983 Washington SEVERE STORMS, HIGH TIDES,
FLOODING
623 5/21/1980 Washington VOLCANIC ERUPTION, MT. ST.
HELENS
612 12/31/1979 Washington STORMS, HIGH TIDES,
MUDSLIDES, FLOODING
545 12/10/1977 Washington SEVERE STORMS,MUDSLIDES,
FLOODING
414 1/25/1974 Washington SEVERE STORMS, SNOWMELT,
FLOODING
328 3/24/1972 Washington Heavy Rains, Flooding

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Appendix A: Federally Declared Disasters in Washington State (Cont.)
5072 8/6/2014 Washington Hansel Fire
5071 8/3/2014 Washington Snag Canyon Fire
5064 7/19/2014 Washington Saddle Mountain Fire
5063 7/19/2014 Washington Watermelon Hill Fire
5062 7/17/2014 Washington Carlton ComplexFire
5061 7/17/2014 Washington ChiwaukumFire
5059 7/10/2014 Washington Mills Canyon Fire
5058 7/10/2014 Washington Lake Spokane Fire
5048 8/21/2013 Washington Eagle Fire
5042 8/10/2013 Washington Mile Post 10 Fire
5038 7/30/2013 Washington ColockumTarps Fire
5020 9/20/2012 Washington Table Mountain Fire
5018 9/13/2012 Washington Peavine Fire
5017 9/12/2012 Washington Poison Fire
5015 9/10/2012 Washington Byrd Canyon Fire
5013 9/9/2012 Washington Barker Canyon Fire
5012 9/9/2012 Washington 1st Canyon Fire
5011 9/6/2012 Washington Highway 141 Fire Complex
5005 8/14/2012 Washington Taylor Bridge Fire
2966 9/8/2011 Washington Monastery Fire Complex
2854 8/27/2010 Washington Slide Creek Fire
2848 7/19/2010 Washington Cowiche Mills Fire
2826 8/22/2009 Washington Oden Road Fire
2827 8/22/2009 Washington Dry Creek Fire Complex
2823 7/29/2009 Washington Union Valley Fire
2783 7/11/2008 Washington Spokane Valley Fire
2784 7/11/2008 Washington Badger Mountain Fire Complex
2731 9/21/2007 Washington Broughton Fire
2714 7/16/2007 Washington Tunk Grade Fire
2711 7/8/2007 Washington Easy Street Fire
2674 9/11/2006 Washington Flick Creek Fire
2668 8/22/2006 Washington Columbia Fire Complex
2663 8/8/2006 Washington Valley Mill Fire
2575 8/7/2005 Washington School Fire
2572 8/1/2005 Washington Dirty Face Fire
2546 8/12/2004 Washington Mud Lake Fire
2543 8/11/2004 Washington Fischer Fire
2538 7/30/2004 Washington Elk Heights Fire
2537 7/30/2004 Washington Deep Harbor Fire
2527 7/6/2004 Washington Beebe Fire
Number Date
State/Tribal
Government
Fire Management Assistance Declarations 2498 9/6/2003 Washington Needle Fire
2481 7/16/2003 Washington Okanogan City Fire
2477 7/12/2003 Washington Middle Fork Fire
2451 7/25/2002 Washington Pickens Fire
2449 7/20/2002 Washington Deer Point Fire
2378 8/17/2001 Washington Mt. Leona FireComplex
2379 8/17/2001 Washington RexCreek Fire Complex
2377 8/16/2001 Washington Spruce Dome Fire Complex
2376 8/16/2001 Washington Tonasket Fire Complex
2373 8/14/2001 Washington Brewster Fire Complex
2372 8/14/2001 Washington Virginia Lakes Fire Complex
2374 8/14/2001 Washington Icicle Fire Complex
2368 7/28/2001 Washington Union Valley Fire
2323 8/25/2000 Washington Mule Dry Fire
2313 7/22/2000 Washington Rocky Hull Fire
2311 2/29/2000 Washington Two Fork Fire
2248 9/25/1998 Washington Columbia County
2237 9/3/1998 Washington Cowlitz County
2225 7/28/1998 Washington Cleveland County Fire
2194 8/27/1997 Washington Olympia Command Fire
2193 8/14/1997 Washington Tum-TumFire
2192 7/21/1997 Washington Benton City Fire
2186 8/11/1996 Washington Bowie Road Fire
2105 7/29/1994 Washington White Salmon Fire
2104 7/28/1994 Washington Hatchery Creek/Round Mountain Fire
2103 7/26/1994 Washington Tyee Wildfire
2101 7/11/1994 Washington Riverside Fire
2085 8/6/1992 Washington SkookumFire
2079 10/18/1991 Washington Eastern Washington Fires
2070 9/6/1988 Washington Dinkleman Fire
2058 8/30/1985 Washington Tonasket/Baker Fire
2033 7/23/1979 Washington Salmon Creek Fire
2002 7/18/1970 Washington Grassland & Forest Fire

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Appendix B: Cybersecurity Competency Model
Source: Competency Clearing House. (2015). Cybersecurity Competency Model. National Initiative for
Cybersecurity Education. Available at http://www.careeronestop.org/CompetencyModel/competency-
models/cybersecurity.aspx

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Appendix C: Listed Career Examples
Security Specialist
Job Information Job Content
Job Title Security Specialist
Level Non-Supervisory
Description The primary purpose of the position is to serve as a Special Security Representative (SSR) in
support of the Special Security Officer (SSO). Performs the day-to-day operational duties within
the SCIF in support of all SCI-associated security programs and measures. Provides detailed
research and analysis on physical, information, computer, and personnel security. This position
requires a comprehensive working knowledge of intelligence support operations, procedures, and
practices. As a Security Specialist you will be responsible for, but not limited to the following:
Assist in conducting multi-discipline Security support to the Depot. Assist in interpreting and
executing security policy for the Depot. Assist in consolidating and reviewing security data to
prepare reports. Assist with processing security assignments to support senior security specialists.
Execute planning and synchronization of the Depot's Security and Intelligence support
requirements.
Perform supervisory duties? No
Education Some college courses
Workforce Preparation On-the-job training
Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year
Work Experience Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years
Can experience and education balance
each other?
Yes
Some federal jobs allow you to substitute your education for the required experience in order to
qualify. For this job, you may qualify if your education meets the definitions below: Substitution
of Education for Experience: The successful completion of ALL requirements for a closely
related (CR) Bachelor's Degree; OR a non-closely related Bachelor's Degree (which includes 15
semester hours or 22 quarter hours of course work closely related (CR) to the position); OR a
Bachelor's Degree with Superior Academic Achievement; OR a Bachelor's Degree with
graduation from Military Intelligence Office course or Military Intelligence Officer Advance
Course.
Licensure None
Certification National Security Clearances are required upon entry
Salary/Wages $39,570.00 to $51,437.00 / Per Year
Employment Outlook Security-related jobs in high demand Driving the hiring rush are the impending retirement or
resignation of nearly one-third of the 1.6 million current federal workers, along with stepped-up
efforts to secure the U.S. against terrorism and illegal immigration. The Departments of Defense
and Homeland Security alone are expected to offer more than 83,000 new jobs. More than 15,000
new Customs and Border Patrol agents and 22,000 Transportation Security Agency airport
screeners are expected to be hired over the coming three years.
References http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/governmentjobs/a/hiringbinge.htm

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Customs & Import Specialist
Job Title Customs & Import Specialist
Description Import Specialist Responsibilities Unprecedented growth in world trade, new trade agreements,
and increased trade complexity make the trade compliance process activities of U.S. Customs and
Border Protection more important than ever. We interact with both importers and exporters and
are responsible for decisions regarding a staggering variety of merchandise, manufactured goods,
and commodities. You will be responsible for classifying and appraising a portion of the billions
of dollars’ worth of commercially imported merchandise that enters the U.S. every year. You will
determine which products may legally enter the country by enforcing laws protecting public
health and safety, intellectual property rights, fair trade practices and the like. You may also play
a key role in criminal enforcement team investigations of smuggling, commercial fraud, and
counterfeiting. Seven weeks of specialized training will enable you to develop an expert
knowledge of import and export trends, commodities, and industries, as well as complex
international trade agreements. This position will call on your intellect, discipline, organizational
abilities, and analytical skills.
Education Bachelor's degree
Over 3 months, up to and including 6 months
Work Experience Over 1 year, up to and including 2 years
each other?
Yes
Most positions require a bachelor's degree and five years of experience. They also require
computer and management skills. A proficiency in another language is also desirable. Certificates,
associate's degrees, and bachelor's degrees are all available. Certificate programs prepare students
for entry-level jobs as import-export specialists. An associate's degree program can further the
career of those already in the profession or help those who are thinking about entering the
profession. Courses are typically in exports, money and banking, import customs regulations, and
business law. A bachelor's degree program typically consists of 120 credits spread over four years
and offers an in-depth study in finance, business, management, international trade, and related
topics. Students may have the option to choose a concentration in the specialty of their choice.
Licensure None
Certification None required prior to entry. Certification is available after entry with training, depending on
career track
Salary/Wages Median wages (2013) $36.89 hourly, $76,730 annual
Employment Outlook Projected job openings (2012-2022) 27,700 (O*Net) Metropolitan areas with the highest
concentration of jobs and location quotients in this occupation: Olympia: 9.77 per thousand jobs.
References Bureau of Labor and Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes131041.htm O*Net:
http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-3021.05

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Intelligence Analyst
Job Title Intelligence Analyst
Level Career
Description Validate known intelligence with data from other sources. Gather, analyze, correlate, or evaluate
information from a variety of resources, such as law enforcement databases. Prepare
comprehensive written reports, presentations, maps, or charts based on research, collection, and
analysis of intelligence data. Study activities relating to narcotics, money laundering, gangs, auto
theft rings, terrorism, or other national security threats. Collaborate with representatives from
other government and intelligence organizations to share information or coordinate intelligence
activities. Evaluate records of communications, such as telephone calls, to plot activity and
determine the size and location of criminal groups and members. Gather intelligence information
by field observation, confidential information sources, or public records. Link or chart suspects to
criminal organizations or events to determine activities and interrelationships. Study the assets of
criminal suspects to determine the flow of money from or to targeted groups. Design, use, or
maintain databases and software applications, such as geographic information systems (GIS)
mapping and artificial intelligence tools.
Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years
Work Experience Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year
each other?
Yes
The Department of the Army provides a funded internship in this field, for civilian members
pursuing a degree. Combination of Education and Experience: If you have some but not all of the
experience or education described above, you may still qualify by combining the amount of
creditable experience and education that you do have. Combinations of successfully completed
education and experience may be used to meet total qualification requirements and may be
computed by first determining your total qualifying experience as a percentage of the experience
required for the grade level; then determining your education as a percentage of the education
required for the grade level; and then adding the two percentages. The total percentages must
equal at least 100 percent to qualify an applicant for that grade level.
Licensure None
Certification Certifications available after employment, such as criminal intelligence analysts.
Salary/Wages Department of the Army Range: $39,570.00 to $51,437.00 / Per Year Defense Intelligence
Service: $63,722.00 to $99,296.00 / Per Year
Employment Outlook According to O*Net: Projected job openings (2012-2022) 27,700. According to the FBI, their
intelligence program has tripled in size
References O*Net: http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-3021.06; USAJobs:
https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/396197400. FBI.Gov

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Public Information Officer
Job Title Public Information Officer
Level Career
Description FEMA's guidelines are: The Type 1 Public Information Officer (PIO): 1. Is responsible for
interfacing with the public, media, other agencies, and stakeholders to provide incident-related
information, and updates based on changes in the status of the incident or planned event 2. Using
information from other members of the Command and General Staff develops accurate,
accessible, and complete information on the incidents’ cause, size, current situation, the resources
committed, and other matters of general interest for both internal and external audiences 3. May
also perform a key public information-monitoring role, such as implementing measures for rumor
control 4. Is responsible for developing and distributing community information releases through
local and national medial such as TV, radio, newspaper, and the use of Social Media networks A
Type 1 planned event or incident is complex in nature and will require the PIO to interface with
Public Information Officers from other agencies and jurisdictions, as well as with a Unified
Command Structure, to ensure the release of accurate information to the public and media
Perform supervisory duties? Yes
Workforce Preparation Vocational education
Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year
each other?
No
The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) noted a public information officer must have at
least a bachelor's degree (www.prsa.org).
Licensure None
Certification None
Salary/Wages Mean Salary (2013) $63,020 (BLS). The BLS reported the mean pay for a public relations
specialist working for the federal government was $88,040 in 2013, while those working for local
governments made an average of $57,580 a year. Salaries vary depending upon the size of the
organization, its location, and the experience the job requires.
Employment Outlook The BLS noted the job outlook for public relations managers and specialists was about average
for all professions, with job growth expected to increase by 12% between 2012 and 2022.
However, competition for entry-level positions was predicted to be fierce, and the BLS stated
workers with excellent social media skills may fare best.
References Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Grants Management Specialist
Job Title Grants Management Specialist
Description * Provides analytical, forecasting and interpretive functions associated with the management,
tracking, and control of resources or funds. * Performs review of applications, State
Administrative Plans, State Management Costs, etc., for such matters as FEMA’s interest in the
subject-matter, clarity and completeness of the application, adequacy of the proposed approach,
justification for supplies, equipment and staff required. * Provides advice and guidance on the full
range of grant/agreement determinations and advises management staff on all matters concerning
grants and cooperative agreements with Federal, State, and local (non-federal) agencies,
memoranda of understanding, and relevant laws and regulations. * Provides assistance in the
development of FEMA Grants policies and procedures and independently answers questions and
resolves problems, requiring judgment and knowledge of grants management policies and
processes at FEMA.
Over 1 year, up to and including 2 years
Work Experience Over 1 year, up to and including 2 years
each other?
Yes
In the Federal Government, one can substitute grant/contract experience up to 1 year, but needs a
minimum of 24 credit hours of college from an accredited institution
Licensure None
Certification None
Salary/Wages SALARY RANGE: $73,408.00 to $92,429.00 /year (FEMA)
Employment Outlook Projected growth (2012-2022) Average (8% to 14%) Average (8% to 14%) Projected job
openings (2012-2022) 41,600 Based on eligibility specialist position, not specific to grant
specialists (O*Net)
References FEMA, USA Jobs, BLS, O*Net

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Community Health Specialist - Emergency Preparedness
Job Title Community Health Specialist - Emergency Preparedness
Level Career
Description Conduct outreach activities to engage community partners in emergency preparedness, response,
and recovery activities. Conduct community presentations about the role of public health
emergency preparedness. Coordinate logistics of meetings and assist in planning for Community
Recovery Groups in Hennepin County. Coordinate logistics of meetings for community
stakeholder groups with the purpose of sharing HSPHD emergency preparedness plans and
procedures. Collaborate with internal and external partners on community engagement activities
with various cultural groups Work with internal partners to develop and implement emergency
procedures. Provide customer service assistance and manage partner issues through phone, email,
and in-person meetings. Participate in Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program
(HSEEP) compliant exercises and drills. Participate in emergency responses as assigned (can be
called upon 24/7); serve in specific assigned roles or as an emergency preparedness advisor to
incident command staff.
Workforce Preparation Vocational education
Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years
each other?
No
A bachelor's degree or higher in public health, emergency management, human services, or an
approved related field and two or more years of experience in public health, health care, human
services, emergency management, and/or community engagement. Emergency response and/or
recovery experience. Experience in community outreach and identifying and engaging diverse
individuals, groups, and organizations. Experience providing customer services. Knowledge of
public health and human services emergency preparedness, response, and recovery roles and
responsibilities including knowledge of Emergency Management Phases, the National Incident
Management System (NIMS), and Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program
(HSEEP). Effective public speaking skills and experience making group presentations.
Licensure None
Certification None, but some States require public health certifications for government positions
Salary/Wages MEDIAN: $45,728 (Payscale.com as of Dec 2014); O*Net reports Median wages (2013) $16.64
hourly, $34,610 annual.
Employment Outlook Projected growth (2012-2022) Much faster than average (22% or higher) According to O*Net
References Position listed by Hannepin County, MN. Employment Outlook and other info provided by BLS,
O*Net, and Payscale

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