PET - Medical Cyclotrons: Overview and Recent Developments

Faisal Alrumayan
Cyclotron Section
Cyclotron & Radiopharmacuticles
21-24 May 2017
Medical Cyclotrons:
Overview and Recent Developments
PET RADIOPHARMACUTICLES-PRODUCTION, QUALITY AND CLINICAL ASPECTS: 21-24 MAY 2017 , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

 Cyclotrons at KFSHRC
 Cyclotron facilities
Cyclotron basics
Cyclotron Operations and Maintenance
Applications of Cyclotron beams
 Cyclotron-produced manufactures
Recent developments
Summary
Outline

Cyclotron Facilities at KFSHRC
OLD Facility (1980)

OLD Facility (1980)
-The CS-30
Cyclotron
-1982
-4 particles
CNC Machine
Neutron Gantry
Physics/Research
Vault
The Hot Cells
Cyclotron control
Room

-The RDS-111 cyclotron
-started 2006
-11 MeV (Protons)
-The C-30 cyclotron
- Started in 2011
-Variable energy (Protons)
The Hot Cells
Chemistry Processing
Synthesizers
I-123 Target System
New Facility (2010)
PET Target Vault

Model Manufacturer Particles Energy Location Applications
CS30 The Cyclotron
Cooperation
P, d,He-3
And He-4
26.5, 15, 38, 15 KFSHRC Isotopes
RDS-111 Siemens P 11 KFSHRC Isotopes
RDS-111 Siemens P 11 KFSHRC-Jed Isotopes
RDS-111 Siemens P 11 Saad Hospital Isotopes
C-30 IBA P 30 KFSHRC Isotopes
TR-24 ACS P 24 NG-RUH Isotopes
C-18/9 IBA P, d 18/ 9 KFMH-Dammam Isotopes
TR-24 ACS P 24 KKUH-RUH Isotopes
BG-75 ABT P 7.5 KFMC-RUH Isotopes
(SD)
Varian Varian P 250 KFMC-RUH Treatment
Cyclotrons in Saudi Arabia

In the Cyclotron (particle
accelerator), high energy
sub-atomic particles are
bombarded on a non-
radioactive target
material to produce
radioactive isotopes
The Radiochemistry
section then processes the
target material to extract
radioisotopes in high purity
Following strict cGMP
guidelines, these radio-
isotopes are processed
further in our state-of-the-art
Radiopharmacy to produce
Radio-pharmaceuticals of
the highest purity, efficacy
and safety
Quality Control carries out
extensive testing to ensure that
the Radiopharmaceuticals
produced meet all requisite
specifications prior to release
Quality Assurance
implements and maintains an
effective Quality Management
System to assure that each batch of
Radiopharmaceutical released for
human use is of the highest quality
Nuclear Medicine
finished
Radiopharmaceuticals are
then packaged and shipped
to Nuclear Medicine centers
all over the Kingdom and
beyond
Production process of
PET Radiopharmaceuticals

Cyclotron-Produced Radioisotopes
At KFSHRC
Radio
Nuclide
Half Life Nuclear Reaction Target Energey
Range
Parent Daughter Main
Decay of
Daughter
Energey of
Decay
(KeV)
Coment
Material Status
C-11 20.4 min. N-14(p,α)C-11 N-14 Gas 11-30 MeV β⁺ 511 PET imaging Agent
F-18 110 min. O-18(p,n)F-18 H₂O18 Liquid 11-30 MeV β⁺ 511 PET imaging Agent
Ga-67 78.2 Hrs. Zn-68(p,2n)Ga-68 Zn-68 Solid 15 MeV γ 91.3
93.3
184.6
209.0
300.2
393.5
Soft tissues tumors & inflammatory diseases
Zn-67(p,n)Ga-67
Tl-201 73.05hrs. Tl-203(p,3n)Pb-201→Tl-201 Tl-203 Solid 30 MeV Pb-201 Tl-201 γ 80.2 Myocardial imaging Agent
135
167
N-13 9.96min. O-16(P,α)N-13 H₂O Liquid 10 MeV β⁺ 511 PET imaging Agent
O-15 2.03min. N-15(p.n)O-15 en.N-15 Gas 10Mev β⁺ 511 PET imaging Agent
I-123 13.2hrs. Te-123(p, n)I-123 Te-123 Solid 8-15 MeV γ 159 Thyroid imaging Agent
Te-124(p, 2n)I-123 Te-124 Solid 20-26MeV γ 159
Xe-124(p, pn)Xe-123→ I-123 Xe-124 Gas 15-30MeV Xe-123 I-123 γ 159
I-124 4.2days Te-124(p, n)I-124 Te-124 Solid 10-20MeV β⁺ 511 Research Applications
Te-124(d,2n)I-124 Te-124 Solid 10-20MeV β⁺ 511
Te-124(d,3n)I-124 Te-124 Solid 15-30MeV β⁺ 511
In-111 2.83days Cd-111(p,n)In-111 Cd-111 Solid 20-30MeV γ 171.3 Bone imaging & cell labelling
γ 245.4
As-75(α,2n)Br-77 γ 239
γ 520
Kr-81m 13.1sec. Kr Nat.(p,n)Rb-81→Kr81m Rb-81 Liquid 20-30MeV Rb-81 Kr-81m γ 191 Pulmonary imaging Agent

Cyclotron Basics
First cyclotron:
1931, Berkeley
1kV gap-voltage
80keV Protons
E. Lawrence
1901-1959
First Cyclotron was built to proof the concept

Cyclotrons accelerates charged particles to higher energy.
Two fields are necessary to reach higher energies:
Magnetic field –
- To steer back charged particles or to make them rotate
- Does not accelerates them !!!
Electric field –
- Accelerates charged particles
- steer particles (focus or defocus)
Cyclotron Basics

ω – Angular velocity or Cyclotron Frequency measured in radians/s
Angular velocity of ions is a function of magnetic field, ion charge state and mass
We can apply between the Dees an RF accelerating voltage:
V = V0 cos wrf t
Cyclotron Basics
𝐹 𝑜 = 𝑞𝐵/2𝜋𝑚
𝑤 = 𝑞𝐵/m
𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 𝑚𝑣2/r
𝑣 = 𝑞𝐵/𝑚
Centrifugal forceLorentz force
r= mv/qB

Largest Cyclotron in
the world
 Triumf- Canada
 500 MeV!
 Tf (500 MeV)=ti( few MeV)!
 Nuclear Physics
Application
The cyclotron’s operation is based on the fact that the time per
revolution is independent of the speed of the particles and of the
radius of their path

Cyclotrons Ion Source
Multicusp 2mA at 28 kV
C-30
PIG Type Ion source
5 A at 3Kv
CS-30

Positive Particle Extraction
>> The beam is deflected by an electric field out of the cyclotron.
>> The advantages: the vacuum requirements are not as
stringent
>> The disadvantage: extraction is that it is not as efficient as the
negative ion extraction.
>> Activation inside the cyclotron is high.

Main Internal Cyclotron
component
 Dees: for accelerations;
 Magnet: for steering;
 Extractor: getting the beam
out;
 Supporting magnet elements;
 Signals’ pickup elements;

Main external Cyclotron
component
 Quadrupoles;
 Steering magnet;
 Beam stop;
 Beam viewers;
 Signals’ pickup elements;
 Collimator.

Beam Transport System
Steering Magnet
1st Quadruple
2nd Quadruple
CCD Camera
PET Vault
Cyclotron
Vault
Beam Viewer
20 mm
40 mm
60 mm
Neutron Shatter
Drum Collimator
Switching Magnet
The C-30 Cyclotron
>> Beam line cyclotron is designed to transport Beams of various energy safely
>> What happens if beam is lost!

Cyclotron Targetry
Liquid Solid Gas
 Target design is multidisciplinary field;
 engineering, physics and chemistry;
 Solid, Liquid and Gas.
Will be covered by Engs. Ahmed and Salam next lecture

Operating the cyclotron
(Driving a truck!)
 Arrive 30 min before beam on target;
 Warming up Cyclotron magnet (beam will be stable);
 Vacuum level (>1e-7 mbar);
 Careful tuning (all elements);
 Observe changes during operation;
(Better to write it down your observations!).
C-30 Control software

Cyclotron Critical
Parameters: keep your eye on
 Beam current : 10-6 A (MicroAmp)
 Beam Energy: 106 MeV (Million Electron Volt)
 Cyclotron vacuum: 10-8 mbar
 Production Yield : mCi/uAhr.
 Beam position : Directions
y = 9E-05x5 + 0.0069x4 -0.014x3 - 1.5393x2 +0.614x+ 98.297
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Distance (mm)
FWHM=10 mm
Dose= Beam current x Time

Maintenance of Cyclotron
 Attempt to maximize performance of production equipment efficiently and
regularly.
 Prevent breakdown or failures.
 Minimize production loss from failures Increase reliability of the operating
systems.
Purpose

Responsibility
 Routine maintenance usually performed by:
 Well trained and qualified Engineer
 External assistance may be carried out if equipment
under warranty.
 Its good if internal technician is following maintenance
Example of PM Program: IBA

 Safety First.
 Suitable tools. A list of suggested tools is provided in service manual
 Test tools. Simple test tools that may be constructed are also described
 Spare parts. Manufacture should advise what component for particular
part to be available.
 Use shielding As mush As you Can
During maintenance Program

Breakdown of Cyclotron
 Lack/ Absence of schedule preventive maintenance
 Heavy use on the cyclotron
 Lack of qualification.
 Sudden drop in electricity (frequently seen!)
 Bad quality of used component (valves, etc).

Root Cause Analysis technique
 RCA is a method used to solve problems (Whys principle)
 Quick and efficient technique in identifying the problem
 What could goes wrong!

What Could be highly dangerous is
The Habit when dealing with radiation equipment
Boring of following procedures and rules
From Our Experience

Applications of cyclotron Beams
 Medical Applications
Diagnoses :Look into the body to see what is happening
Therapy: direct treatment (proton and carbon therapy)
Courtesy of www.isotopes.org
Courtesy of www.iba.com

Thin Layer Difference Method
Radiation
Detector
Activated Part
in the Machine
RTM - Radionuclide Technique in Mechanical Engineering
Applications of Cyclotron Beams
www.Zyklotron.com
Industrial Applications: Thine Layer Activation

Main Applications
7Li(p,n)7Be
Implantation Technique
www.Zyklotron.com
E = 3.5 – 8.0 MeV
Beam Line of the
Accelerator
PTFE
some µm
7
4
Be

Manufacturers-Produced Cyclotrons
Varian
Proton therapy machines

 The construction of the world’s smallest Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) for proton
acceleration was completed in September 2016.
 The small size and low current is however what makes this design ideal for a wide range
of medical and industrial applications.
 Doubling the operating frequency, more accelerating cells and a shorter length (2.5
MeV/m.
 Hundreds of microAamp.
 Up to the energy of 5 MeV.
A revolutionary mini- accelerator
(Credit: CERN)

Conclusions
 Cyclotrons are very useful machines for diagnoses and treatment;
 Breakdown of cyclotrons could be catastrophic with respect to
patients who are waiting for their scan.
 Why go for high energy cyclotron if the needs is less.

Thank you

PET - Medical Cyclotrons: Overview and Recent Developments

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PET - Medical Cyclotrons: Overview and Recent Developments