Frankfinn Aviation Presentation by Syed Shabbir Hussain B1/AHS ...

1. SUBMITED BY : SYED SHABBIR HUSSAIN.
SUBMITTED TO : MRS.NINA RAMACHANDRAN.
SUBMITTED ON : 16-06-2012
BATCH CODE : B1/AHS.
CENTER : HIMAYAT NAGAR,HYDERABAD.
YEAR : 2011 – 2012.

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very grateful for the strong support
and guidance provided to me by my
Aviation teacher Mrs. Nina Ramachandran,
who helped me to know all about this
industry and also helped me in preparing
this project.

3. INDEX
• Current scenario of Aviation Industry.
• Comparison of Airbus A300 and A380.
• The Exterior and Interior parts of the aircraft.
• Parts and functions of an Aircraft.
• Procedure for medical emergencies on board.
• Different types of emergencies on board.
• Duties and Responsibilities of an Cabin Crew on board.
• In-flight meal service.
• Procedure for embarkation/disembarkation of an UNM.
• Emergency equipments used in emergency.
• Fire in lavatory.
• Cabin Crew routine.
• Advantages & disadvantages of current scenario of Aviation Industry.
• Impact on the economic growth.
• Aviation Industry in the next 10 years.
• Case study of an actual mishap of an air crash.
• 10 latest plane crashes.
• Bibliography.
• Conclusion.

4. P1a
(LO1 of unit 4)
Briefly describe the Current Scenario
with updates of current affairs in
Aviation Industry.

5. CURRENT SCENARIO OF AVIATION INDUSTRY
• Policy paralysis and a slowing economy a poor combination: India’s growth in
FY2012/13 could possibly dip below 7%. This is a rate of expansion that most
economies would envy, but it falls short of the Government’s own targets and
of the growth needed to achieve the Government’s employment generation
and poverty alleviation objectives.
• Air India monopolising government attention. With no solution in sight, it is
actually creating the problem: Air India has limited capability to operate new
routes, meanwhile blocking private carriers from doing so. As has happened so
many times before, the only winners in this scenario are the foreign airlines
from whom Air India is being “protected”.
• Government needs to focus on industry viability and safety: Rather than
focusing on micro issues, the Ministry of Civil Aviation’s objective should be to
create an environment which recognizes and supports industry viability and
competitiveness. The sector must be in a position to operate safely and
efficiently, delivering sustained and reasonable profits and covering its cost of
capital.

6. • A new, dedicated Minister of Civil Aviation is a positive, but he
faces a challenging task :On 18-Dec-2011 Ajit Singh took over Mr.
Ravi’s civil aviation responsibilities. A dedicated minister is a positive
development, but a change of leadership at this critical time means
uncertainty will persist, especially in the absence of a clear strategic
framework for the sector
• Traffic is expected to continue to grow strongly, but financial
recovery will be slow :Banks have become a critical pillar of the
aviation sector...
• Poor government policy means airports also face financial
challenges :Meanwhile, private and state-owned airport operators
continue to struggle. The operators of Delhi and Mumbai Airports have
invested USD5 billion in modernising these facilities but the revenue
collection has been less than expected due to the economic regulator not
permitting a dual-till framework, while the Supreme Court ordered both
airports to cease collection of Airport Development Fees from passengers,
pending approval by the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority.

7. CURRENT SCENARIO
• India is poised to be among the top five aviation nations in the
world in the next 10 years. The Indian Aviation Industry is exploring
opportunities to improve connectivity and is also looking at
enhancing the number of Indian carriers to various countries. At the
recently concluded International Civil Aviation Negotiation (ICAN)
Conference 2011 during 17-22 October, 2011, it was stated that in
the next 10 years domestic air traffic will touch around 160-180
million passengers a year, and the international traffic will exceed
80 million passengers a year. Though Demographics, Slow transit
through road and rail infrastructure, Increasing Business and Leisure
Travel and Government Policy remains the growth drivers but High
aviation fuel (ATF) price, Hugh Debt Burden, Poor Infrastructure,
Regional Connectivity and Excess Capacity has been seen as speed
breakers to this sector.
• Passengers carried by domestic airlines during January 2012 were
53.30 lakhs as against 49.36 lakhs during the corresponding period
of previous year thereby registering a growth of 8.06%.

8. The current situation of the market is far from healthy. 2011-12 estimates a
loss of $20 billion. This decline in the sector has been due to a number of
causes, some of them mentioned below:
• Lack of foreign investment due to stoppages by law. Lack of foreign
investment robs the industry of easy capital, experience and expertise in
the sector.
• Excessive taxation on various aspects of the industry, such as aircrafts,
fuel, aircraft bases, airport charges, air navigation charges, maintenance
charges etc. Heavy taxation makes expansion and maintenance difficult.
• Barricading the Import of fuel.(Although recently Kingfisher was allowed
to do the above)
• ATF(aviation fuel) amounts for about 40% of an airlines costing.
Subsidisation and reduction/removal of taxes may help in reviving the
industry.

9. • Kingfisher Airlines: Liquor Barron Vijay Mallya owned Premium
airlines Kingfisher has been cash stripped for quite a while. Flights
are being cancelled on a daily basis. It needs about Rs. 3000-4000
crore to come out of its financial crunch. It even owes roughly Rs.
60 crore to the Service Tax department. Even banks have asked
promoters to infuse equity capital (provide funds) before they lend
credit. Even the market share fell to 14% in December 2011 and is
expected to fall further in near future. Unless Kingfisher finds an
angel investor, survival may be difficult.
• Indigo Airlines: The Indigo Airlines was the only profit making
airlines in 2010-11, with a profit of about 700 crore Rs. It runs
economy flights, which have helped it to capture a market share of
19.2%. It has an increasing fleet and it recently acquired license to
fly international. Despite being charged to fail security standards,
Indigo Airlines continues to dominate the low-fare market.

10. The market share of Indian carriers as on December
2011 in the domestic aviation market.

11. CRASHES
• Pakistani passenger jet 'exploded in mid air' during thunderstorm
killing all 127 people on board on 20 April 2012.
• 32-year-old former British Airways Jet crashed three miles from
airport
• Pilot made mayday call to report fuel tank had caught fire
• Airline had just resumed operations after 11 years due to financial
difficulties
• Company boss blocked from leaving country as criminal
investigation is launched

12. • Sukhoi SU95 crashed Near Jakarta, Indonesia
on 9th May, 2012.
• 37 passengers, 6 crew and 2 Sukhoi officials were onboard. All the
45 people onboard were killed.
• The plane vanished from radar screens and lost contact with ground
controllers after about 30 minutes of flight.
• Weather data reported do no suggest poor visibility; however there
is possibility of local cloud at Mount Salak that may have reduced
the visibility.

13. LOW COST AIRLINES
• A low cost carrier of low cost airline is an airline that
offers generally low fares in exchange for eliminating
many traditional passengers services.
• It is also known as a no-frills or discount carrier
airline.
• The concept originated in the United States before
spreading to Europe in the early 1990s and
subsequently to much of the rest of the world.

14. Name Head Heads Fleet Slogan
Quarters
Jet Airline Mumbai Naresh Goyal Boeing777 The joy of flying
Go Airline Mumbai Yateesh P Airbus A-320 Fly smart
Indigo Haryana Mr. Aditya Ghosh Airbus A-320 Go indigo
Airline
Jet lite New Delhi Maun Vonlueders Boeing 737 The joy of flying
Airline
Spice Jet New Delhi Samyukh Boeing 737 Flying for everyone
Airline Sridharan
Paramount Chennai Mr. Thiagarajan A-320 A world of difference
Airline.

15. LIST OF LOW COST AIRLINES
1. Indigo Airline.
2. Go Airline.
3. Spice Jet Airline.
4. Air India.
5. Jet Lite Airline.
6. Paramount Airline.
7. Jet Airline.

16. DOMESTIC AIRLINES IN INDIA

17. SOME DETAILS ABOUT THE DOMESTIC
AIRLINES
Indigo Airlines: Indigo Airlines commenced operations on 4th
august 2006 with a service from Delhi to Imphal via Guwahati. If
you're looking to fly with a low cost airline, Indigo offers good
value for money. It has 11% of market share.
Spice jet airlines: Spice jet is a low-cost airline based in New
delhi,India. It began service in May 2005. Earlier known as
Royal Airways. Spice jet marked its entry in service with Rs-99
fares for the first 99 days and there were 9000 seats available
at this rate .

18. Go Air airlines: Go Air is a small privately owned, low cost airline
that started operating in late 2005. It has almost a 5% market
share.
Jet lite:Jet Lite used to be Air Sahara until Jet Airways successfully
took the company over in mid 2007. The low cost airline focuses
On Providing flights that connect India's capital cities and it has a
7% share of the market.
Jet airlines:Jet Airways is widely regarded as India's biggest and
best airline. It's a privately owned, full service airline that
commenced operating in mid 1993. It's now capture mostal23%
of the market.

19. P1b P3a,b,c
(LO2 & 3 of unit 4)
State the technical advancements of Airbus A380 compared to A300.
Identify and describe the functions of the parts shown to you.
a) Cockpit
b) Cargo
c) Exterior Parts
d) Interior Parts
e) Slide Raft
f) Cabin Inter Communication System
g) Passenger Service Unit
h) Jump Seat

20. AIRBUS A300

21. • The Airbus A300 is a short- to medium-range wide body aircraft.
• Launched in 1972 as the world first twin-engined wide body.
• The Beluga is capable of carrying loads of just over 1,500m³ or up to 47t (103,616lb) over a
distance of 900 nautical miles.
• Lighter loads are transported over longer distances, for example, 40t to 1,500 nautical miles and
26t to a range of over 2,500 nautical miles.
• A-380 The 555 seat Airbus A380-800, with a non-stop range of 8,000nm, was launched in
December 2000.
• The A380 maximum operating speed is Mach 0.89 and the range is 15,000km.“
• The A380 has twin-aisle cabins on the upper and lower decks, with 49% more floor space for
35% higher seating capacity.“
• The A380 is equipped with four 70,000lb thrust engines“.
• The aircraft can complete a 180° turn within a width of 56.5m, within the 60m width dimension
of standard runways.
• Comparing A-300 with latest technology

22. AIRBUS A380

23. • The new airbus A-380 is a double-deck wide body.
• Four engine airline manufacture by Europe.
• The large passenger airline in the world, it designed to carry 555 passenger in the
class configuration A-380 is a also termed as the “super jumbo” of aviation
industry.
• A380 provides more than 80% of the floor place than A300,A380 also possess
some luxury area as the gymnasiums, bar, beauty salon, etc for more passenger
comfort. Lower fuel consumption .
• Noise level is lower of any existing aircraft. Window is also bigger, provide more
natural light.
• Wireless Network Will Provides Wireless Broad Band Internet

24. LATEST TECHNOLOGY
• Airbus partners employed the latest technology, some derived from the
Concorde . On entry into service in 1974, the A300 was very advanced and
influenced later subsonic airliner designs. The technological highlights
include:
• supercritical air foil section for economical performance.
• advanced aerodynamically efficient flight controls.
• 222-inch diameter circular fuselage section for 8-abreast passenger seating
and wide enough for 2 LD3 cargo containers side-by-side.
• Structures made from metal billets , reducing weight.
• First airliner to be fitted with wind shear protection.
• Advanced autopilots capable of flying the aircraft from climb-out to landing.
• Electrically controlled braking system.
• Later A300s incorporate other advanced features such as:
• 2-man crew by automating the flight engineer & apos; s functions, an
industry first.
• Glass cockpit flight instruments.
• Centre-of-gravity control by shifting around fuel.
• Wingtip fences for better aerodynamics (first introduced on the A310-300 ).

25. COMPARISON OF A300 AND A380
A 300 A 380
• Overall length- 63.6m • Overall length-75.3 m.
• Height- 16.85 m. • Height- 17.3 m.
• Fuselage diameter -5.64 m. • Fuselage diameter -5.64 m.
• Maximum cabin width-5.28 m. • Maximum cabin width- 5.28 m.
• Cabin length-50.35 m. • Cabin length -60.98 m.
• Wingspan- (geometric) 60.3 m. • Wingspan-(geometric) 63.45 m.
• Wing area (reference) 361.6 m. • Wing area (reference) 439.4 m
• Wing sweep (25% chord) 30 • Wing sweep (25% chord) 31.1
degrees 30 degrees degrees 31.1 degrees
• Wheelbase 25.6 m. • Wheelbase- 32.89 m.
• Wheel track 10.69 m. • Wheel track -10.69 m.

26. CABIN LAYOUT OF A 300

27. CABIN LAYOUT OF A 380

28. • The Airbus A300 is a short- • The Airbus A380 is a long-
to medium-range wide body to-medium range wide body
aircraft. aircraft.
• Single deck, twin - engined • Double-deck, four-engine
• First flight-28 October 1972 • First flight-27 April 2005
• Introduction-30 May 1974 • Introduced-25 October
with Air France 2007 with Singapore
• Primary users Airlines
 FedEx Express • Primary users
 UPS Airlines  Singapore Airlines
 American Airlines  Emirates Airline
 Japan Airlines  Qantas
• Variants:-A 300-B1,A 300- • Variants:-Future variants
B2,A300-B4,A300-600 & A A380-900
300-B10.

29. A300 A380
COCKPIT COCKPIT

33. COCKPIT
A cockpit or flight deck is the area,
usually near the front of an
aircraft, from which a pilot
controls the aircraft.
Most modern cockpits are enclosed,
except on some small aircraft, and
cockpits on large airliners are also
physically separated from the cabin.
From the cockpit an aircraft is
controlled on the ground and in the
air.

34. CARGO
Usually provided on the underside of the aircraft for storage
of passengers baggage and fright.
Cargo compartments on aircraft comes in four types:
Class A: Pressurized, not compartmentalized and
within easy reach of cabin attendants. Think closets,
galley storage, etc.
Class B: Pressurized, reachable by crew, but
compartmentalized. Fluffy rides here.
Class C: Pressurized or not, compartmentalized, has
a fire suppression system. Passenger luggage is
usually placed in a non-pressurized class C compartment.
Class D: Not pressurized, compartmentalized, generally
do not have fire suppression systems (except for the
lack of air at altitude). This is where the mail goes,
along with most other paying cargo, spare parts the airline
Is lugging back and forth, etc.
Not all aircraft have all four types of cargo areas, but most decent
sized jets will have a B and a C.

35. The Exterior Parts Of The Aircraft

36. Describe The Exterior Parts
• FUSELAGE : It is the central body potion of a plane designed to
carry fuel, passengers, freight & mail. The part of the aircraft, which
is streamlined, and the wings and the tails are attached to it. It is
made up of Duralium i.e. an alloy of Aluminium, nickel & cobalt.
• COCKPIT:A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front
of an aircraft , from which a pilot controls the aircraft. It is a place
where from which flight is controlled on the ground and in the air.
• CABIN: An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which
passengers travel, often just called the cabin. The portion of
enclosed airplane intended for transporting passengers or freight.
• WINGS :The parts of the plane that provide lift & support the
weight of the plane, its passengers, crew & cargo while the plane is
in flight.
• FLAPS: The movable portion of the wings closest to the fuselage.
These are control surfaces installed on the trailing edge of a wing
and used to increase the amount of lift generated by the wing at
slower speeds.

37. • AILERONS :Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the trailing
edge of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft .The ailerons are used to control
the aircraft in roll.
• RUDDER :The rudder is one of three primary flight control surfaces found
on an airplane. It is a movable surface hinged to the fixed surface that is
located at the rear of the aircraft called the vertical stabilizer, or fin. The
rudder controls movement of the airplane about its vertical axis and causes
the airplane & apos;s nose to move to the right or left and point in a
different direction.
• HORIZONTAL STABILIZER :This is the horizontal part of the tail assembly,
the small wings at the rear of an aircraft‟s fuselage. It balances the lift
forces generated by the main wings further forward on the fuselage. The
stabilizer also usually contains the elevator.
• UNDERCARRIAGE :It is located underneath the plane, it allows the plane to
land and supports it while it is on ground. It also has the mechanism to
reduce and absorb the shock of landing to acceptable limits.
• SPOILER :Spoilers are small, hinged plates on the top portion of wings.
Spoilers can be used to slow an aircraft, or to make an aircraft descend, if
they are deployed on both wings. Spoilers can also be used to generate a
rolling motion for an aircraft, if they are deployed on only one wing.

38. The Interiors Parts Of The Aircraft

39. Describe The Interiors Parts
• Aisle: A passage between two sections of seats, comprising of horizontally placed
rows that is located from the nose to tail of the aircraft without any obstruction.
• Bulkhead: Partitions or walls in the fuselage to make compartments for different
purposes.
• Doghouse: A small cupboard, placed on the floor of the aircraft on casters, usually
behind the last row of seats in every zone of the plane used for storage purposes.
• Overhead : Medium sized compartments placed along the sidewall of the aircraft,
fitted with a door, meant for stowage of the carry-on baggage of the passenger
during flight.
• Emergency Exits: Doors & Windows used specially in case of emergency besides
being used as normal exits.
• Galley: The „kitchen‟ of the aircraft is called the galley.
• Lavatory: All lavatory are similar in design, though size and contour may very
depending on its location.

40. SLIDE RAFT
• An evacuation slide is an inflatable
slide used to evacuate
an aircraft quickly. An escape slide is
required on all commercial
(passenger carrying) aircraft where
the door sill height is such that, in
the event of an evacuation,
passengers would be unable to
"step down" from the door
uninjured.
• Escape slides are packed and held
within the door structure inside
the slide bustle, a protruding part of
the inside of an aircraft door that
varies in size depending on both the
size of the aircraft and the size of
the door.
• Many, but not all slides are also
designed to double as life rafts in
case of a water landing.

41. CABIN INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CIDS (Cabin Intercommunication Data System) is
the core digital cabin management system used in
all Airbus aircraft. The system controls and displays
cabin functions for passengers and crew. These
include cabin lighting, cockpit/cabin
announcements, door status indication,
emergency signals, non-smoking/fasten seatbelt
signs, smoke detectors, cabin temperature,
water/waste tank capacity and various other cabin
functions, some of which are critical for safety.
The system consists of a central computer, the
director, the director interface board, one or more
flight attendant panels and a data network for
audio transmission in the cabin.

42. PASSENGER SERVICE UNIT (PSU)
PSU is an abbreviation
in aviation for Passenger Service
Unit. This aircraft component is
situated above each seat row in the
overhead panel above the
passenger seats in
the cabin of airliners. Amongst other
things a PSU contains reading lights,
loudspeakers, illuminated signs and
automatically deployed oxygen
masks and also louvers providing
conditioned air.

43. JUMP SEAT
The passenger cabin jump seats are
used by the cabin crew, especially
during takeoff and landing. These
jump seats are normally located near
to emergency exits so that flight
attendants can quickly open the exit
door for an emergency evacuation.
The passenger cabin jump seats
usually fold out of the way when not
in use to keep aisles, workspaces, and
emergency exits clear.

44. P1a & b
(LO1 & LO2 of unit 4)
In a medical emergency on flight justify how
would you communicate on board asking for
help?
Demonstrate the first aid procedure for the
following:
a) Fracture
b) Epilepsy (Fits)

45. BASIC RULES OF FIRST AID
• Rules discussed in this slide are applicable to all types of first aid.
• Keep calm and determine the injuries or sudden cause of illness. Find out
exactly what happened. Information may be obtained from the friends,
family or witnesses.
• If passenger’s condition appears serious, do not hesitate to use the P.A.
and request medical assistance from a doctor that may be on board.
• Treat injuries in order of their importance.
• Act quickly and deal with the urgent conditions first.
1. Breathing
2. Bleeding
3. Broken bones
4. Burns
• Loosen tight clothing around neck and waist.
• Reassure passenger by telling him what you are doing and what it will do
for him.
• Do not give liquids to an unconscious customer.
• Maintain communication with flight deck.
• Inform to senior most.

46. FRACTURE
A partial or complete breakage of a bone is known
as fracture.
Signs And Symptoms :
• Pain at the spot of fracture and around it.
• Tenderness i.e. pain on gentle pressure over
injured spot.(Do not press hard).
• Swelling of the area and disclouration.
• Loss of normal movements of the part.
• Deformity of Limb : The limb may loss it normal
shape. Sometimes the muscles will pull up the
lower free ends, causing apparent shortening of
the limp.
• Irregularity of the bone.
• Crepitus (grating) :When one end of the broken
bone moves against the other, a crackling sound
is heard, which is known as crepitus.
• Unnatural movement at the spot of fracture can
be felt.

47. THE ROLE OF FIRSTAIDER
A partial or complete breakage of a bone is known as fracture.
• Steady and support the injured part immediately, so that no
movement is possible. This stops further injury and helps to stop the
bleeding. Moreover the danger of the broken ends of bone damaging
arteries, nerves and muscles is prevented.
• Immobilize the fracture area and the joints on both sides of
fracture(above and below fracture side).
• Do not apply bandage over the area of fracture.
• The bandaging should be fairly firm so that there is no movement of
the fractured ends; but not too tight in which case circulation of blood
to the area will be stopped. If there is further swelling of the injured
area, the bandage is too tight, therefore loosen the bandages slightly.
• Always place padding material between the ankles and knees and
other hollows, if they have to be tied together, so that when limbs are
bound together they are comfortable and steady.
• As the patient will be lying down the bandage should be passed
through the natural hollows like the neck, the lower part of trunk,
knees and just above the ankles, so that the patient body is not jarred.
• Always tie knots on the sound side.

48. EPILEPSY (FITS)
Epilepsy is a disease of the young
usually in the begging the attack
of convulsions are rare, but they
become more and more frequent
later. The casualty hurts himself
when he falls down.

49. THE ROLE OF FIRSTAIDER
• Just keep the casualty under control; do not
use force to stop the convulsion.
• Remove objects that may cause injury.
• Prevent biting of tongue by inserting a
spoon wrapped in a handkerchief near the
back teeth, when the jaws are relaxed.
• Wipe froth from the mouth.
• Follow the general rules for treating
unconsciousness.
• Watch the recurrence, if any. Leave the
casualty after making sure he is aware of
his surroundings. Advise him to see a
doctor.

50. P3a
(LO3 of unit 4)
Imagine a Passenger has collapsed with
heart attack. Explain the single person
procedure & 2 people CPR procedure done
on casualty.

51. HEART ATTACK
• A heart attack occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of
heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked. If blood flow isn't restored
quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die.
• If someone has a cardiac arrest or heart attack, there may be only a
few minutes to act before it is too late. It is vital to know what to do
beforehand.
• Immediately attend the patient and identify the problem.
• Inform the other crew and senior most.
• With the help of other crew make the patient in recovery position.
• If the patient is unconscious check the pulse and breathing.
• If breathing is absent give him CPR. Until pulse is found.
• Inform captain, he will inform to nearest ATC and will make an
emergency landing if necessary.
• Assist the patient till certified doctor come.
• Hand over the patient to doctor or ground staff.

52. HEART ATTACK
Rescue Breathing (Adult/child/Infant)
• Check for consciousness.
• Gently shake and shout, "Are you okay?"
• Call for help.
• Flight Attendant bring POB, CPR masks, and gloves
• Notify the Captain
• If victim is in seat, place on floor, face up
• Open airway
• Head tilt/Chin lift (infant-neutral position)
• Check for breathing (5 seconds)
• Look, Listen and Feel
• Give 2 breaths (infant-puffs), if no breathing,
• Give breaths slowly and stop when you see chest starting to rise
• Check for pulse/breathing (5 seconds)
• Adult/Child - Carotid artery (neck)
• Infant-Brachial artery (inside of upper arm)

53. • The first Rescuer administering CPR become exhausted, a 2nd
Rescuer can relieve them. The first Rescuer should complete
at least 4 cycles of CPR before attempting to "change over“
• The " change over should occur after the completion of a
compression/breath cycle.
• The first Rescuer will start the cycle with compressions by
stating, Change, 2, 3, 4, 5...1 5. Give 2 breaths. Recheck
pulse/breathing.
• The 2nd Rescuer should kneel next to the victim on the
opposite side of the first Rescuer and position hands to start
chest compressions.
• If NO PULSE/NO BREATHING, the 2nd Rescuer should
continue CPR starting with compressions.
• If victim HAS PULSE/NO BREATHING, the 2nd Rescuer will
continue first aid with Rescue Breathing.

54. P2 a & b
(LO1, LO2 of unit 4)
Perform any 2 role play of different types of
emergency on board.
a) Oven fire drill
b) Lavatory fire drill
c) Land evacuation
d) Decompression
e) Ditching
f) Bomb Scare
g) Hijacking

55. DITCHING
Preparation for an Evacuation on Water: In a prepared ditching, the cabin,
passengers and cabin crew preparation involve the same procedures as with
an emergency landing, except for the following:
• Passenger should be informed over PA about the ditching procedure.
• Cabin crew should demonstrate the donning of life vests, brace position,
point out the exist, and finally, show the safety instruction cards.
• Cabin crew should make sure that passengers have correctly donned with
life vests (including infant’s life vests), and understand how to inflate
them.
• Passengers should be reminded to inflate life vest only after leaving the
aircraft.
The same basic rules apply for ditching as for crash landing. Water is
not soft surface and considerable damage to the fuselage should be
expected.

56. Evacuation at Sea: The following are suggested items for the crew to consider
when preparing to evacuate the aircraft following a sea ditching:
• Determine the water level outside the aircraft.
• Determine the water level inside the craft.
• If water level is close to the doorsill, slide/rafts can be detached and
moved to a useable exit.
• Non-overwater equipped aircraft should include the following floatation
equipment:
 Crew life vests.
 Passenger seat cushions.
 Slides.
• Partially overwater equipped aircraft should include the following
floatation equipment:
 Crew life vests.
 Passenger life vests.
 Passenger seat cushions.
 Slides.

57. Over water equipped aircraft should include the
following floatation equipment:
 Crew life vests.
 Passenger life vests.
• Extra life vests.
• Child life vests.
 Passenger seat cushions.
 Slide/life raft combination.
 Survival Kit.
 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

58. BOMB SCARE
• If a bomb is found on the board in aircraft,
assume you are dealing with life device, than
notify the captain immediately.
• The captain is in complete and full command.
His judgment and decisions are absolutely
final.
• It is upto him weather the device should be
lifted or kept untouched. If it is left in place
use the following procedure:

59. • Move passengers as far away from the device as early as possible, if
there are empty seats, readjust the seating.
• Don’t cut any string or tape which is under tension.
• Don’t open any close containers which are suspectable.
• Don’t disconnect or cut any wire or electrical connections.
• Keep the device in the exact place and in the attitude in which it is
found. Stabilize it in this position so it will not be able to move
during descent.
• Carefully pile blankets and pillows around the device.
• Deplane passengers following the instruction of the captain.
• Captain may return to base station or nearest destination. He
coordinates with the senior most or the ground staff after landing.
• The aircraft will proceed in the remote area.
• Follow bomb threat aircraft manicuring on ground procedure.
• Once off the aircraft, the crew members should not make any
statement to press. Crew and the passengers follow the instructions
of local authorities.

60. P2 a & b
(LO1, LO2 of unit 4)
Demonstrate various duties and
responsibilities of Cabin Crew on board.

61. CABIN CREW
The role of an air cabin crew member is to provide
excellent customer service to passengers while ensuring
their comfort and safety throughout the flight.
They are trained to deal with security and emergency
Situations which may arise and can administer first aid to
passengers.

62. QUALITIES OF A CABIN CREW
1) TECHNICHAL KNOWLEDGE
2) MATURITY
3) ADAPTABILITY
4) JUDGEMENT
5) TACT
6) GROOMING
7) POSSITIVE THINK
8) FRIENDLY
9) EMPATHETIC
10) SINCERE
11) POSITIVE ATTITUDE
12) DEDICATED
13) GOOD LISTENER
14) A GOOD COMMUNICATOR

63. • GROOMING: A well groomed person is only approachable in airlines. A cabin crew
should maintain their level of hygiene and should be presentable to the customers.
• POSITIVE ATTITUDE: A cabin crew with positive attitude is sure of himself, assured,
confident. A positive attitude leads to the development of all other traits and also has
a overall winning personality.
• EMPATHY: A cabin crew should be empathetic towards the passengers because once
people feel you are totally understanding their feelings and needs they are more
willing to understand you.
• GOOD LISTENING SKILL: Having a Good listening skills makes a cabin crew more
productive. It helps to build rapport with the customers. Helps to work better in a
team based environment. Mainly it helps to resolve problems of the customers.
• DEDICATED: A cabin crew should be dedicated and work to attain 100% satisfaction
of the passenger. A dedicated person always achieves success in life.
• SINCERITY: A sincere person is generally understood to be truth in word and act. A
cabin crew should be sincere towards the job. A sincere person is always serious
towards the work given.

64. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
CABIN CREW
• The main responsibility of a cabin crew is safety of the passengers, The second
responsibility is passenger comfort.
• The crew must have some qualities to do their work properly.
• The crew on board is as much as the ambassador of the company because he/she
represents the company.
• The crew should be well groomed, The crew must have pleasant personality,
charming voice quality and ability to solve problems of passengers.

65. • The primary functions of a crew
– Safety
– Service
– Uniforms and presentation
• Safety Responsibilities
– The majority of a flight attendant's duties are safety
related.
– Prior to each flight, the crew have to check all the
equipment‟s working properly,
– The flight can not go even if any one equipment is
not working properly,
– The crew demonstrates use of the equipment‟s in any
emergency to the passengers.

66. • Service
– The main function of a crew on board is safety but the second
function is to provide proper service to the passengers.
– The service includes distribution of food and beverages to the
passengers.
– Distribution of the magazines and newspapers to the passengers
– Distribution of games to the kids.
– Helping the passengers if they require the help.
• Uniforms & Presentation
– Their standards of Grooming, Behaviour, & their wearing of the
uniform to acceptable standards must reflect this.
– They are recruited to a specification, which will require a
minimum standard.
– Female Attendants are expected to use Appropriate cosmetics.
– All attendants must have very high level of personal hygiene.

67. P2 d
(LO4 of unit 4)
In-Flight Meal Service

68. IN-FLIGHT MEAL SERVICE
Breakfast Service:
• After that announcements for breakfast.
• Firstly table cloths are kept on the opened table.
• A glass of water is served to all the passengers and
then the MENU card is provided.
• According to the passengers choice,
• Cereals
• Main dish with bread
• Fruits
• Tea/Coffee are served in order.
• At last the trays are collected, table cloths are removed
and tables are kept in upright position.

69. P3 b
(LO3 of unit 4)
Demonstrate the correct procedure for
embarkation/disembarkation of any one
of the special handling pax along with
related documents.

70. EMBARKATION AND
DISEMBARKATION PROCEDURE
EMBARKATION PROCEDURE
• First the passenger enters the airport and proceed to the ticket
counter.
• Ground staff executive will check in the passenger baggage and tags
the slip to boarding pass.
• If the passenger have any excess baggage they need to pay extra
amount according to the airline fares.
• If it is domestic destination, passenger need not to go through
customs and immigration check.
• If it is international the passenger need to go through the customs
and immigration check.
• After customs and immigration the passenger proceeds to security
check.
• Then the passenger boards the aircraft.

71. DISEMBARKATION PROCEDURE:
For domestic passenger disembarkation, they directly proceed to
baggage counter and collects their baggage.
And they leave the airport.
International passengers collects the disembarkation form from
crew on board.
• Then they proceed to customs and immigration check.
• After customs and immigration they proceed to baggage
counter to collect.
• And they leave the airport.

72. UNM Passenger
• Unaccompanied minor.
• A passenger who is below the
age of 18 travelling alone is
classified as unaccompanied
minor (UNM).

73. UNM PASSENGER FORM

74. Procedure for
Embarkation/Disembarkation of an UNM
• This passenger is boarded first and deplaned last.
• The ground staff hands over the minor to the crew
who is in charge of the section where unm is seated.
• Emergency procedures such as fastening of seats belts,
usage of oxygen mask is told to unm.
• Crew gives toys,books to unm to keep them occupied.
• The unm is to be served first.
• Unm is accompanied with assistant.
• The seat of unm is closer to the galley.

75. • The airlines take the details of unm
and who is going to receive
him/her.
• The ground staff hands over the
unm to the crew and documents
also handed over to them.
• And if they have any problem or
allergy from something they take it
and crew have to check it.
• When they reach the destination
the crew hands over the unm to
ground staff and they hand over
them to the person who is going to
receive him in that destination as
the detail given.

76. P4 b
(LO4 of unit 4)
Describe the following emergency equipments used in
emergency.
a) Smoke Hood
b) Oxygen Bottle
c) Fire Axe
d) Asbestos Gloves
e) Fire Extinguisher
f) Oxygen Mask
g) Mega Phone
h) ELT
i) Life Jacket

77. SAFETY EQUIPMENTS IN AIRCRAFT
1.Oxygen Mask 2.Life Jacket
Automatically inflatable vests found under
Placed in overhead cabins to manipulate every seats on board to help in floatation
decompression in the cabin for every during ditching. Children's life vests are
passengers. also present in smaller sizes.
Pre-flight check: Randomly check under the
passenger seat for the availability of life jacket.

78. 3.Portable Oxygen Bottle 4. Megaphone
Oxygen may be classified as an element, a Hand held loudspeakers used by crew to
gas, and a drug. Oxygen therapy is the enable them to direct emergency
administration of oxygen at concentrations evacuation procedures by being heard
greater than that in room air to treat or over various sounds associated with the
prevent hypoxemia (not enough oxygen in emergency.
the blood).
Pre-flight check: Correct location.
Pre-flight check: In correct location, secured Secured with strap. Press the push to talk
with strap. Mask should be available. Needle button to hear a click sound.
on the pressure gage should be in green
zone.

79. 5.ELT 6.Fire Extinguisher
The ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter) is Devices used to contain & overcome
designed to Emergency signal on 121.5MHz. fire. They are of two types : halon
and 243.0MHz. automatically on impact by the and water.
use of a "G" switch or by manual activation.
With ELT’s, Search and Rescue teams may Pre-flight check: Correct location.
more easily pinpoint the exact location of Secured with strap. Safety pin intact.
downed Aircraft. ELT’s are now also enhanced Needle on the pressure gage should
by Satellite detection. be between 1500-2000 PSI. Check
the expiry date.

80. 7.Smoke Hood 8.Fire Axe
Fire axes are provided to obtain emergency
A smoke hood is a protective device
access to areas and parts roof the airplane
similar in concept to a gas mask. which are not easily accessible (e.g. behind
A translucent airtight bag seals around sidewall, electrical or ceiling panels). The
the head of the wearer while an air handle is insulated to protect against electric
filter held in the mouth connects to the shock. In the past, fire axes might be found in
the flight deck and in the passenger cabin but
outside atmosphere and is used to
on most carriers, in compliance with anti-
breathe. Smoke hoods are intended to terrorism regulations and procedures, axes are
protect victims of fire from the effects no longer carried in the passenger/cargo
of smoke inhalation. compartment.
Pre-flight check: Usually in the cockpit.
Pre-flight check: Correct location.
Secured with strap.

81. 9.Asbestos Gloves 10.Smoke Goggles
9.Asbestos Gloves
These gauntlet-type gloves are kept in the Smoke goggles may be found in the flight
flight deck and/or in the cabin to protect deck for use with PBE. Some aircraft are
the user against heat/fire. They can also equipped with oxygen masks with integral
be used to handle hot or sharp objects. smoke goggles.
Furthermore they will provide protection
from evaporative cooling at the portable Pre-flight check: Usually in cockpit.
fire extinguisher nozzle during discharge.
Pre-flight check: Usually in the cockpit.

82. P4 b
(LO4 of unit 4)
Imagine there is a fire in the lavatory. Explain
how you would contain fire with the help of
all available fire fighting equipments on
board.

83. FIRE IN LAVATORY
Immediately advise the PIC, other cabin crew members and trip
lavatory circuit breakers (if possible). Get back-up.
Simultaneously, feel the door with the back of hand to
determine fire intensity:
If the door is cool:
• Open door and locate source of fire.
• Discharge fire extinguisher.
• Douse with water to prevent re-ignition.

84. If the door is hot: (fire is severe and at a critical stage)
• Put on PBE.
• Ensure additional extinguishers available with back-up.
• Crouch down to minimize fire and smoke threat.
• Open door slightly, enough to insert fire extinguisher nozzle,
using door as protection.
• Discharge one fire extinguisher inside and close door.
• Open door and locate source of fire.
• Discharge second fire extinguisher, if required.
• Saturate with water to prevent re-ignition.
The same procedure applies to wardrobes with doors and
overhead bins.

85. MERIT-A (unit 4)
Describe a Cabin Crew routine for
an flight from sign in time until
sign out.

86. CABIN CREW ROUTINE
Preparation for the flight on the before day:
• Airlines: Jet Airways
• Sector: Goa/Delhi/Goa
• Flight Time: 9:00 am (Departure from Goa)
11:00 am (Arrival at Delhi)
12:00 pm (Dep. from Delhi)
2:00 pm (Arr. at Goa.)
• Work position: 2rd Senior.
The things which I keep ready for the flight are:
• Night kit (Uniform, Shoes, Toiletry etc.,)
• Briefcase (Documents, Announcement book,
Manuals, Passport, Both ID Cards)

87. REPORTING FOR DUTY
On the day of flight:
Sign In.
I will Report to the Moment Control at 7:45 am. ( 1hour, 45 minutes
before the flight time).
• Then I will Check Departure board.
The Details which I checked and saw are:
• Captain name: Ali
• Senior most crew: Pavan Kumar
• Flight no.: IX 323
• Registration no.: VT EAS
• Departure time: 9:00 am
• Arrival time: 2:00 pm

88. BRIEFING AT AIRPORT
In the briefing room, Chief will check my:
• Knowledge about safety & first-aid.
• Documents.
• Grooming.
• Usage of Emergency equipments and
features.

89. EMBARKATION PROCEDURE
• Formalities of a cabin crew at the time of embarkation are:
• Check in your baggage.(If any)
• ID checking.
• Boarding.
• Security checking.
• I proceed to the aircraft after my security check.
• Crew should embark at least 45minutes before the departure
(If Domestic).
• And as we enter the aircraft according to my work position, I
will go to the mid galley.

90. PRE-FLIGHT CHECK AND DUTIES
• I will check all the emergency equipments and
emergency features.
• I will also check the Cabin dressing, Lavatory
dressing.
• I will make sure that the galley is prepared
with all the beverages and meals.

91. SERVICE ON BOARD
While the passengers board the aircraft, we welcome and greet them
and help them in finding their seat. After all the passengers are on
board.
Before/During Take-Off:
• We start with our services..
• After all the galley's are prepared we start our ground service first.
• I serve passengers with the sweets, Hot Towels and Welcome
drinks.
• In the mean while welcome announcement and demonstrations
are also done.
• Now we make sure that Cabin secure for take off.
On board service:
• All the particular announcements like before take off, before meal
service, before landing, after landing, safety measures are said.

92. Meal Service:
• We announce for a meal service and start the service.
• We go to the cabin along with the trolley with preset trays and served to the passengers.
• The main dish is served according to the passenger choice.
• After that Tea/Coffee service is done.
• The trays are collected.
Preparation for landing:
Clearance:
• We check the Cabin to be secured.
• We check the lavatory clear and keep galley secured.
• Senior most Informs commander.
• As per the commanders order, We sit in our crew station for landing.
• Then the flight is landed.
After landing:
• Airport specific announcement is done.
• We help the passengers in removing baggage, Thank them for choosing our airlines, and
wish a good day.
• The crew disembark the passengers.

93. RETURN SECTOR FOLLOWS THE SAME
PROCEDURE

94. POST FLIGHT DUTIES
After all the passengers deplane:
• We check the cabin for any left over
passengers.
• Also check lavatory, baggage bins and loose
items for any personal belongings of
passengers.
Then I fill the documents to be filled:
• I Complete the flight report by filling the
remaining particulars.
• I fill the catering check list.
• I fill the Complain book.
• I fill if any emergency equipment is used.

95. DISEMBARKATION PROCEDURE
• I thank all the crew.
• And then proceed to Moment Control.
• Always cabin crew should deplane, after the
Cockpit Crew.
• At last again I go to Moment control and
know my next days Sector from the Roster.

96. MERIT-B (unit 4)
Prepare any one dummy safety equipment from the
following:
a) Oxygen Bottle.
b) Fire Extinguisher.
c) Oxygen Mask.
d) Mega Phone.
e) ELT.
f) Life Jacket.

97. DUMMY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
(LIFE JACKET)
• Automatically
inflatable vests found
under every seats on
board to help in
floatation during
ditching.
• This is the dummy of
life jacket made by
me during my classes.

98. DISTINCTION-A (unit 4)
Advantages and disadvantages of the
current scenario of Aviation Industry.
Also explain how the aviation industry has
an impact on the economic growth & how
u would visualize the future of Aviation
Industry in the next 10 years.

99. ADVANTAGES OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF AVIATION INDUSTRY
• The biggest advantage is that its time saving.
• Passenger get more comfort than any others do mode of transport.
• Due to the emergency of the LCC (low cost carriers) even common man can
now travel by air which was a rare scenario in the earlier days.
• Development in economy.
• Improves standard of living.
• More job opportunity.
• Improvement in business sector.
• Improves technology.
• Opportunity to visit different countries.
• The aviation industry is one of the fastest growing industry in the world .
• As earlier it used to take weeks to cross the ocean but now its just a matter
of hours..
• The growth rate of domestic and international sector has been more than
25% which is highest in he world.
• As the jobs available in this industry are of high risk the salary paid to the
crew is very high as compared to other industry.

100. DISADVANTAGES OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF AVIATION INDUSTRY
• It utilizes a lot of resources to do its thing fuel, rubber, metals, etc. hence it is
getting too expensive.
• It brings air pollution and increase in air traffic.
• Hijack, bomb threat and emergency landing.
• As there has been a hike in fuel charges, the airlines have increased their fares .
• The air tickets will not be affordable to the common man and it would be only
for high class society people.
• No new aircrafts will be purchased .
• Some airlines had cancelled all flights on routes that are un economic.
• Airline increased their extra charges such as baggage handling to cover over all
increased cost.
• For crew members Very risky.
• Limited Flying Cannot choose Destination Shouting from Passenger.
• Cleaning the Washroom and vomits.
• Taking care of medical passengers.
• Handling Drunk Passenger with Abusive behaviour.
• No social life.
• Fatigue.
• Jet lag.

101. AVIATION INDUSTRY HAS AN IMPACT ON THE
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Historically, the Indian aviation sector has been a laggard relative to
its growth potential due to excessive regulations and taxations,
government ownership of airlines and resulting high cost of air
travel. However, this has changed rapidly over the last decade with
the sector showing explosive growth supported by structural
reforms, airport modernizations, entry of private airlines, adoption
of low fare – no frills models and improvement in service
standards. Like elsewhere in the world, air travel is been
transformed into a mode of mass transportation and is gradually
shedding its elitist image.

102. Strong passenger traffic growth aided by buoyant economy, favorable
demographics, rising disposable incomes and low penetration levels.
India aviation industry promises huge growth potential due to large and
growing middle class population, favorable demographics, rapid economic
growth, higher disposable incomes, rising aspirations of the middle class, and
overall low penetration levels (less than 3%). The industry has grown at a
16% CAGR in passenger traffic terms over the past decade. With advent of
LCCs and resultant decline in yields, passenger traffic growth which averaged
13% in the first half has increased substantially to 19% CAGR during 2006
2011. Despite strong growth, air travel penetration in India remains among
the lowest in the world. In fact, air travel penetration in India is less than half
of that in China where people take 0.2 trips per person per year; indicating
strong long term growth potential. A comparative statistic in United States,
the world’s largest domestic aviation market stands at 2 trips per person per
year. We expect passenger demand to remain stable and grow between 12 -
15% in the medium term, assuming a no major weakness in GDP growth
going forward.

103. However domestic airlines operate under high cost environment; intense
competition has constrained yields; aggressive fleet expansions have
impacted profitability and capital structures.
Despite reforms, the domestic aviation sector continues to operate under high cost
environment due to high taxes on Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), high airport charges,
significant congestion at major airports, dearth of experienced commercial pilots,
inflexible labor laws and overall higher cost of capital. While most of these factors are
not under direct control of airline operators, the problems have compounded due to
industry-wide capacity additions, much in excess of actual demand. Intense
competitive pressure from Low cost carriers (focusing on maximizing load factors) and
National carrier (looking to regain lost market share) have constrained yields from
rising in-sync with the elevated cost base. Besides, aggressive fleet expansions (LCCs
have added aircrafts mainly on long-term operating leases; FSC’s have purchased
aircrafts – debt financed, most often backed by guarantees from the US EXIM Bank or
Europe’s ECA) to leverage upon the anticipated robust growth and to support
international operations have significantly impacted the capital structure and
weakened the credit profile of most domestic airlines.

104. AVIATION INDUSTRY IN NEXT 10 YEARS
• Aviation today
– Commercial aviation’s hub-and-spoke system
is overloaded.
• Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS)
– A transportation network that uses small aircraft and small airports is
being built.
• Highway In The Sky (HITS)
– A graphical flight path system that will make flying
as easy as – and safer than – driving a car.
• The Moller Skycar
– Will usher in a new era of personal airborne transportation.
• C3D Aero
– Builds Aviation Web Services that will help make the future a reality
• Hub-and-spoke system.
– Relies on a few large airports which
do not have enough runways
• 100 major commercial airports.
– 20 are critical (O’Hare, LaGuardia, etc.)

105. Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS)
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) goal:
“Reduce door-to-door travel time
by half in 10 years and two-thirds
in 25 years.”
• 98% of Americans live within a
30 minute drive of a small airport.
• SATS will be an airborne transportation network that will use
small aircraft and the nation’s 5,000+ small airports.

106. • World War I era technology.
• “Steam gauge” instruments:
– Some rely on failure-prone vacuum pumps.
– Icing can clog air pressure vents.
– Each instrument was designed individually.
• Lack of integration requires a pilot
to do a lot of interpretation, mental visualization, and math in
their head.
• Making existing instruments electronic adds another layer of
complexity.

107. • World War II era technology.
• Radar – Can be inaccurate.
– Minimum separation requirements:
• 5 miles horizontal.
• 1,000 feet vertical.
• Radio – Inefficient.
– Transmissions can be “stepped on” .
– Human controllers hand off pilots from
section to section.
• Airspace – Confusing.
– Becoming more segmented and complex.
– Difficult for a pilot to tell exact location.

108. Highway In The Sky (HITS)
• A graphical flight path system.
• Flying will be as easy as – and safer than – driving a car.
• Intuitive cockpit displays show:
– Virtual path for aircraft to follow.
– 3D representation of terrain and obstructions.
– 2D moving map of other aircraft, weather conditions,
restricted airspace, and airports.

109. HITS air traffic management
• Pilot will select destination by either:
– Clicking on a map display.
– Speaking the name of the airport.
• Aircraft will automatically access
Aviation Web Services and use them to:
– Obtain updates of weather, navigation, airport, and aircraft
performance data.
Note – Most information will already be
cached in a database on the aircraft.
– Plan the flight and navigate through the air.
– Receive alerts and notifications.
– Display current flight information.
• Aviation Web Services.
– Software components that can be
run over the Internet and contain aviation data in an Extensible
Markup Language (XML) format.

110. • Aircraft will be able to communicate information to other aircraft
in the area.
• Aircraft will broadcast their own Aviation Web Services to the
National Airspace System (NAS):
– Flight tracking information.
– Local weather conditions (PIREPs).
– Equipment performance data and failures.
– Controller Pilot Communications Markup Language (CPCML).
• Will use the Airborne Internet.
– A private, secure, and reliable peer-to-peer
aircraft communications network that uses the same
technologies as the commercial Internet.

111. DISTINCTION-B (unit 4)
Do a case study of any actual
mishap of an air crash.

112. CASE STUDY-ACTUAL MISHAP OF AN AIR CRASH
New Delhi: The country woke up Saturday morning to one of the
deadliest air tragedies in Mangalore. Air India Express flight 812 from
Dubai to Mangalore, carrying 166 passengers, got completely burnt,
killing 158 people and eight miraculous survivors.
Timeline of the mishap
At 2am on the 22nd of May the ill-fated Air India Express flight 812 took
off from Dubai International Airport. Captain Glusica, a Serbian expat,
was in charge. It's a four-and-a-half hour long flight to Mangalore. The
flight was scheduled to touch down at about 6.30 in the morning.
There were 166 passengers on board -- 137 adults, 19 children, four
infants and six crew members. Most of them were from Kerala, heading
back from the Gulf, each with a date to keep with their loved ones.

113. As the narrow-bodied Boeing 737-800 approached the table-top
runway at Mangalore, the winds were calm, it's a bit cloudy. But
visibility was clear up to six kilometer's. Captain Glusica and his co-pilot
Captain SS Ahluwalia were cleared by Mangalore airport to approach
for landing. About 10 miles short of the runway, the plane switched over
to the Instrument Landing System.
What happened next is a mystery at the moment. The aircraft hit the
tarmac about 2000 feet beyond its touchdown point. That proved fatal
for the aircraft as it simply did not have enough runway left to break its
speed. The plane hit a fence, broke through the airport boundary wall and fell
into the gorge beyond, breaking into two and catching fire on impact. Of the
166 people on board, 158 perished but there is a miraculous escape for eight
passengers.
Reports suggest that the Air Traffic Control received no distress
signal in the moments before landing. So the reason for one of the country's
worst aviation disasters is still a mystery.

117. 10 LATEST PLANE CRASHES
This section present the 10 latest airplane events matching all the
following criteria:
• The event involves at least one public transport airplane. A flight is
considered as public transport when it carries, from point A to point B,
passengers or cargo for commercial purposes. Public transport operators
must hold a national air operator’s certificate and an operating license.
• The event involved at least one airplane having a maximum take off weight
equal or more than 12,000 lb (5,7 tons). This corresponds to the definition
of a large aeroplane in the sense of the civil aviation regulation. Airplane
that fit in that category must comply with more stringent regulations.
• The event resulted in a hull loss of at least one public transport airplane.
Hull loss means the airplane is damage beyond repairs.
• A few events presented here may not match with those criteria, such as
relevant events of flight tests aircraft, or military transport planes.

118. Date : 9th May, 2012
Airline : Sukhoi
Aircraft : Sukhoi SU95
Location : Near Jakarta, Indonesia
Fatalities : 45:45

119. Date : 20th April, 2012
Airline : Bhoja Air
Aircraft : Boeing 737-236
Location : Islamabad, Pakistan
Fatalities : 127:127

120. Date : 2nd April, 2012
Airline : Utair
Aircraft : ATR-72-201
Location : Tyumen, Russia
Fatalities : 31:43

121. Date : 15th March, 2012
Airline : Royal Norwegian Air Force
Aircraft : Hercules C-130J
Location : Tarfala, Suede
Fatalities : 5:5

122. Date : 15th March, 2012
Airline : Jet One Express
Aircraft : Convair CV-340
Location : San Juan, Puerto Rico
Fatalities : 2:2

123. Date : 12th February, 2012
Airline : Congo Government
Aircraft : Gulfstream IV
Location : Bukavu, Congo
Fatalities : 3:6

124. Date : 30th January, 2012
Airline : TRACEP
Aircraft : Antonov AN-28
Location : Namoya, Congo
Fatalities : 3:5

125. Date : 28th December, 2011
Airline : Altyn Air
Aircraft : Tupolev Tu-134A-3
Location : Osh, Kyrgyzstan
Fatalities : 0:88

126. Date : 20th December, 2011
Airline : Sriwijaya Air
Aircraft : Boeing 737-400
Location : Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Fatalities : 0:131

127. Date : 13th October, 2011
Airline : Airlines PNG
Aircraft : DHC-8-102
Location : Madang, Papua New Guinea
Fatalities : 28:32

128. MY OPINION
• Aviation industry has increased India’s GDP a
lot.
• The Industry is improving day by day
measures are taken to improve safety feature.
• This improvement has changed the way a
person looks at flying, it’s safety and it’s
speed.

129. A PLACE FOR ME IN THE INDUSTRY
• Aviation industry is growing very rapidly and
more and more job opportunities.
• As far as I’m concerned, I’m sure I will be
recognized as a good Flight Steward in future
in a good reputed airline.

130. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Frankfinn Magazines.
• Frankfinn Aviation Module.
• News Papers.
• www.skybrary.aero
• www.cabincrewtraining.com
• Internet.

131. CONCLUSION
• It is quit difficult to conclude from my side. I'm
a learner, what I have experienced in learning,
only I can share my happiness with the
experiments practiced with self participation.
I once again like to thanks my aviation teacher,
Mrs. NINA RAMACHANDRAN who helped to
know all about aviation industry and also
helped me in preparing this project.