Glomerular Filtration rate and its determinants.pptx
Anemia in Pregnancy Case Review
1. Obstetrics & Gynecology - 2014
CASE PRESENTATION & CASE REVIEW
CASE ONE
PRESENTER:
Dr. T.KIAK
2. CASE SUMMARY
Cont…
Regina Anthony is a 30 years old Gravida 3 Para 2 at 27 weeks
gestation who is admitted for dizziness, GBW, swollen limbs
and Paleness of 3 months duration seeking further
management
3. ID:
ァName: Regina Anthony
ァAge/Sex: Female 30
ァMarital Status: Married
ァOrigin: Magarima , Hela Prov
ァOccupation: Subsistence Farmer
ァReligion: Revival
ァNext of Kin: Nephew
ァDOA: 16th of September 2014
ァROA: A&E-Referral Case
ァInformation: Patient (Pidgin)
Background:
Cont…
ァUn-booked Mother
ァMultiparity (P2G3)
ァLCB 1 year ago
ァK: 3/28 Regular Cycles
ァLMP: End of February 2014
ァQuickening: Early July
2014
ァGestational Age: 29/40
ァEDD: Early December 2014
ァNot on Family Planning
4. Presenting Complaints
ァDizziness
ァGeneralized Body Weakness 3/12moths
ァSwollen limbs & abdomen
ァPale
History of Presenting Complaint
Cont…
The above patient was unwell since she got pregnant but did not seek help until now. She
complained of dizziness when walking long distance and developed general body
weakness and fatigue when climbing mountain. She also realized a lump was
developing from abdomen with lower limbs swelling. Her relatives also noticed that she
appeared pale. She developed these signs and symptoms 3 months ago and decided to
seek help. Pt Admitted taking anti-retro treatment since June and hubby was also on
treatment. Treatment include 300mg lamivudine and Efavirenz 600mg tablets. She was
referred to MGH for further management
5. Specific Interrogation
2nd hospital admission,1st at Nearest Health Center
No history of PV Bleeding
No history of Trauma
No history of recent travel
No history of cough or night sweats
Past Obstetric & Gynecology History
Denies any STI history
No history of Miscarriages or stillbirths
Previous deliveries were vaginal birth
1st child died after 2/12 months from NNS
2nd child died after 1/12 months from NNS both
delivered @ MHGH
Denies any complication during birth
Cont…
Past Medical History
Previous hospital admission was due
to chronic diarrhoea for a month
No family history of TB, HNT ,DM or
Asthma
Family History
3rd born in the family of 5
All siblings are alive and well
Both parents are alive and well
6. Social History
She is the 3rd wife , husband has 2 other wives but both
are divorced
Husband is self-employed
Wife subsistence Farmer
Was a smoker but quite a year ago
Drug and Food History
No known allergies to food or
drug
General Examination
ァMelanesian Female appears sick-looking and puffy face, wasted, pale and in mild
distress.
Vitals
ァTemperature: 37 ‘C , BP: 90/60 mmHg, PR: 80/min, RR: 20/min
Cont…
7. GIT/ABDOMEN
ァPale nail with koilonychai
ァPallor conjuntivae
ァOral thrust
ァNo Spleenomegaly
ァGravidae uterus with abdominal oedema
ァSymphysis Fundal Height (SFH) 27cm
ァCephalic, singleton and Longitudinal Lie
ァAdequate Liqor Volume
ァFMF with FHR of 142bpm
USS:
ァPlacenta Fundal Posterior, BPD/FL: 29 weeks, AFI: 11cm
No significant Finding in other system
Cont…
Provisional Diagnosis: Severe Anemia in Pregnancy 2nd to Retro-Infection
8. Plan of Management
1.Full Blood Investigation
a. FBC/UEC
b. Blood Film: MCV, MCH, MCHC
c. VDRL/ Widals
d. MPS
e. PICT- after counseling
f. Pack-Cells 2 units
2.Conservative Management
• Cortrimazole 500mg oral BD, Albendazole 2tab oral stat, Fefol 2 tabs
oral BD.
• Continue 6 Hourly Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
• Continue 6 Hourly maternal Observations
• Consult HIV Clinic for Follow-Up with Anti-Retro Treatment
Cont…
10. CASE REVIEW: Anemia in Pregnancy
PREVALENCE
WHO estimates that 2 billion people—over 30% of the world’s
population—are anemic, although prevalence rates are variable because
of differences in socioeconomic conditions, lifestyles,food habits, and
rates of communicable and noncommunicable diseases.
Nearly half of all pregnant women suffer from anemia: 52% in low-resource
countries and 23% in high-resource regions. Every second
pregnant woman and about 40% of preschool children are anemic in
developing countries.
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent cause of anemia, with iron
deficiency being the most common form of anemia in more than 90% of
the cases
Individuals who are deficient in iron are also deficient in other important
micronutrients, although this important correlation is often overlooked by
the medical profession and almost always unthought-of by the public at
large.
11. Definition - Hemoglobin of <11gm/dl in first & third trimester and below
10.5gm/dl in 2nd trimester
Classification according to Severity
mild 10-11 gm/dl
Moderate 7-10gm/dl
Severe 4-7 gm/dl
Very severe <4 gm/dl
Classification according to Etiology: Physiologic Vs Pathologic
Concept of Physiologic Anemia - disproportionate increase in
plasma volume , RBC & Hemoglobin mass during pregnancy
Criteria for physiologic anemia
Hb:10gm%, RBC: 3.2million/mm3, PCV: 30%
Peripheral Smear showing normal morphology of RBC with
central pallor
12. The most common causes of Pathological anemia in pregnancy include.
1. Deficiency : Iron, Folic Acid, Vit B12
2. Hemorrhagic: Ante-partum Hemorrhagic
3. Hereditary: Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia
4. Bone Marrow Insufficiency: Aplastic Anemia
5. Infection: Malaria, TB, Viral Infection includes HIV
6. Chronic Renal Disease
13. The simplest approach to the differential diagnoses of Pathological Anemia is to
differentiate anemias by the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), measured in fL.
MCV less than 80 fL or microcytic anemia etiologies are
Thalassemia
Iron deficiency
Anemia of chronic disease
MCV 80-100 fL or normocytic anemia etiologies are:
Hemorrhagic anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia associated with bone marrow suppression
Anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency
Anemia associated with endocrine dysfunction
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Anemia associated with hypothyroidism or hypopituitarism
MCV greater than 100 fL or macrocytic anemia etiologies are:
Folic acid deficiency anemia
Vitamin B-12–deficiency anemia
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia (eg, zidovudine)
Anemia associated with reticulocytosis
Anemia associated with liver disease
14. Microcytic anemia
Iron Deficiency: Anemia accounts for 75-95% of the causes of anemia in
pregnant woman-
Common Causes: poor diet, Multiparity, Menorrhagia
Symptoms: ill health, fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, restless leg
syndrome, dysnoea, palpitation
Exam: Paler, Pale nail, koilonychias, pale tongue, oedema
Investigation: Low Hb, RBC, PCV, MCH, MCV
Blood film shows hypochromic microcystic
Low serum iron, ferritin, High Total Iron Binding Capacity
15. Macrocytic Anemia
Caused by def in folic acid & Vit B12. An increase MCV(>100 fl)
can be suggestive of folate & B12 deficiency
Deficiency in folate can cause megaloblastic anaemia which is
found in 5% of pregnancies. Anaemia is more likely to be found
later in pregnancy due to the rapidly growing fetus, and primarily
occurs as a result of reduced dietary intake or poor absorption.
Folic acid is important for nucleic acid formation & inadequate level
lead to reduction in cell proliferation - Risk of Neuro-tube defect
(NTD)
Vitamin B12 deficiency is uncommon in pregnancy but it is required
for synthesis of new DNA the demand in pregnancy increases by
up to ten times.
16. Causes
Poor diet- Gastrointestinal upset & Oral antibiotic decrease
absorption
Lack of Vit C - hepatic disease- decrease storage
Multiparity, RH incompatibility -increase demand
Symptoms: anorexia, Pallor, enlarged spleen & Liver
Investigation: decrease Hb, RBC, PCV, increase MCV
Blood film show megaloblastic cell & hyper-segmented
neutrophile
Management
folate can be found in green leafy vegetables, legumes and orange juice.
Women at risk of folate deficiency (e.g. multiple pregnancy, haemolytic
anaemia) should take 5 mg of folic acid throughout the pregnancy
Treatment: Intramuscular Cobalamin 1000mcg daily for 1 wk followed by
Cobalamin 1000mcg of monthly injections for vitamin B12 deficiency
17. Other Causes of Anemia
Microangiopathic anaemia can be seen in pregnancy conditions such
as preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and with thrombotic
thrombocytopenia purpure. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia occurs up
to four times more frequently in pregnancy.
19. Chronic infections and disorders as causes of anemia
Infectious cause of anemia are more common in low resource countries.
Anemia can be caused by infections such as parvovirus B-19,
cytomegalovirus (CMV), HIV, hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
malaria, babesiosis, bartonellosis, hookworm infestation, and Clostridium
toxin.
It has serious short- and long-term consequences during pregnancy
and beyond. The anemic condition is often worsened by the presence of
other chronic diseases as stated earlier.
Untreated anemia also leads to increased morbidity and mortality from
these chronic conditions as well.
It is surprising that despite these chronic conditions (such as malaria,
tuberculosis, and HIV) often being preventable, they still pose a real threat
to public health
20. Pathophysiology
The exact pathophysiologic mechanism by which anemia is caused in
chronic inflammatory conditions is unknown.
1. A common factor may be the contribution of hepcidin, a polypeptide
hormone. Chronic inflammatory conditions lead to release of cytokines
from the reticuloendothelial system as a part of cell-mediated
immunity.In response to these cytokines, mainly interleukin 6 (IL-6),the
liver produces increased amounts of hepcidin, which in turn prevents
release of iron from its stores. The process is mediated by blocking iron
channels (such as ferroportin). Inflammatory cytokines also appear to
influence other important aspects of iron metabolism, such as
decreasing ferroportin expression, and possibly directly suppressing
erythropoiesis by decreasing the ability of the bone marrow to respond
to erythropoietin.
2. The propensity to infections is also thought to be caused by altered
cellular immunity due to iron deficiency.
21. Short-term risks of anemia
Antepartum: Prone to infections, preterm labor, left ventricular failure.
Intrapartum: Heart failure, postpartum hemorrhage, shock.
Postpartum: Heart failure, puerperal sepsis, uterine sub-involution,
increased cesarean delivery morbidity.
Fetus: Increased stillbirth and morbidity and mortality due to intrauterine
growth restriction, prematurity & sepsis.
Long-term risks of anemia
Anemia leads to debilitating physical (tiredness, lethargy, reduced exercise
tolerance, dyspnea, dizziness, anginal pain, and palpitation) and mental
(impaired cognitive function) symptoms, both of which negatively affect quality
of life.In terms of the effect of anemia on HIV, some studies strongly suggest
that adverse pregnancy events (such as low birth weight, stillbirth, preterm
birth, and intrauterine growth restriction) are worsened in the presence of
anemia. Moreover,mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV may be
increased. HIV infection in pregnancy also increases anemia-related maternal
deaths. Anemic condition, in turn, can result in HIV disease progression
23. Anemia is often worsened by chronic communicable and
noncommunicable diseases, the most important being malaria,
HIV,tuberculosis, and diabetes. When anemia occurs in pregnancy it
not only results in poor pregnancy outcome in the short term but, in
the long term, it also leads to worsening of these chronic
conditions,reduced work capacity, and an impaired cognitive
developmentof the child.
A joint social and political approach is necessary to control anemia in
pregnancy, as it represents a life-threatening but preventable cause of
maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality
24. References:
1. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261586-overview
2. Raja Gangopadhyaya, Mahantesh Karoshia, Louis Keithb: Anemia and
pregnancy: A link to maternal chronic diseases:International Journal of
Gynecology and Obstetrics 115 Suppl. 1 (2011) S11–S15
3. WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta. Worldwide
prevalenceof anaemia 993–2005.
www.who.int.http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596657_eng.
pdf. Published 2008.
4. Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, Keller C, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK, et al. IL-
6mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the
ironregulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest 2004;113(9):1271–6.
5. Haurani FI. Hepcidin and the anemia of chronic disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci
2006;36(1):3–6