August 2014 | Visualizing Data for People: A Human Factors Perspective
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There are a variety of helpful resources for designers (e.g., books, blogs) that describe best practices for data visualization. While these resources often provide useful recommendations, they sometimes fail to offer explanations about how these visual representations support human cognition and perception. For example, why should we provide time-series trends, limit the use of color, and strive for visual interpretations of values? What is it about human attention, memory, and situation awareness that make some data visualization techniques more effective than others? This presentation will give an overview of some best practices of data visualization and will provide a discussion of why they benefit human perception and performance. Paul Derby is a Senior Experience Designer within the Honeywell User Experience design studio. Paul has a PhD in experimental psychology (human factors) from Texas Tech University. At Honeywell, Paul focuses on UX research and design within the process industry (e.g., oil/gas, petrochemical, etc.). Currently, Paul is leading multiple UX efforts to improve data visualization products within this domain.
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August 2014 | Visualizing Data for People: A Human Factors Perspective
- 1. Paul Derby, PhD Michael Crites, MA Visualization Data for People: A Human Factors Perspective
- 2. Topics on Paul’s agenda: Who is this Paul guy? What is Human Factors? Human Factors and data visualization 1 2 3
- 3. PhD + MA, Experimental Psychology (Human Factors) Texas Tech University EDUCATION Senior Experience Designer Honeywell User Experience CAREER BA, Psychology California State University, Long Beach 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Education + mentoring Service Design UX for small businesses INTERESTS
- 4. What Paul does for Honeywell Designs Experiences Lead end-to-end UX strategy + design for data visualization solutions
- 5. What Paul does for Honeywell Designs Experiences Lead end-to-end UX strategy + design for data visualization solutions
- 8. What Paul does for Honeywell Designs Experiences Lead end-to-end UX strategy + design for data visualization solutions Engage Sell Install Use Support Upgrade Website Demos Purchase License Software Physical Web Phone Updates Versions Add-on
- 9. What Paul does for Honeywell Designs Experiences Lead end-to-end UX strategy + design for data visualization solutions Discover Define Develop Deliver
- 10. What Paul does for Honeywell Designs Experiences Lead end-to-end UX strategy + design for data visualization solutions Marketing Engineering Designers Leaders Users Marcom
- 11. What Paul does for Honeywell Designs Experiences Lead end-to-end UX strategy + design for data visualization solutions Marketing Engineering Designers Training Leaders Users Marcom Sales Operations Installers Tech support Accounts ePresence Tech Writers QA IT
- 12. What Paul does for Honeywell Leads Human Factors Research Principal Investigator: Abnormal Situation Management Consortium
- 13. Human Factors + Experience Cognitive Perceptual Physical Social Experience
- 15. What is a dashboard? A visual display of the most important information needed to achieve one or more objectives, consolidated and arranged on a single screen so the information can be monitored at a glance (Few, 2013).
- 16. What is a dashboard? In other words: It’s a high-level description of the things I care about – except I only really care about what’s wrong… and I don’t want to spend time looking at it. Clearly, I have more important things to do.
- 20. Psychological nerdy talk Cognition Sensation The process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. The process of receiving, processing, storing, and using information.
- 21. Psychological nerdy talk Cognition retina memory attention situation awareness Sensation
- 22. Retina light-sensitive layer of tissue lining the inner surface of the eye
- 23. Retina
- 24. Retina Retina
- 25. Retina Retina
- 26. Retina Retina
- 28. Retina photoreceptor density cones rods fovea Motion + low light Motion + low light detail + color high light 160k/mm2
- 29. Retina photoreceptor density cones rods Short Medium Long (Acuity) fovea
- 31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Retina 10 colors (Healey, 1996)
- 32. Retina
- 33. Retina photoreceptor density cones rods Medium Long Acuity Short
- 34. Retina photoreceptor density cones rods Short Medium Long Acuity
- 35. Retina photoreceptor density cones rods Short Medium Long Acuity
- 36. Retina
- 37. Designing to support how we see color Color We are most sensitive to red/yellow. They should be reserved for important information. Color #2 We are least sensitive to blue/violet. They should be reserved for non-critical information. Color deficiency Don’t rely specifically on color to convey a message. Rather, use color as a redundant backup. Design in monochrome first.
- 40. Psychological nerdy talk Sensation Cognition retina memory attention situation awareness
- 41. Attention Ability to selectively process some information while ignoring others (Johnston & Dark, 1986)
- 42. Attention photoreceptor density cones rods Acuity
- 43. Attention
- 44. Attention
- 45. Attention
- 46. Attention
- 48. Attention Noise!
- 49. Attention Shape
- 50. Attention Color
- 51. Attention Size
- 52. Attention Movement / Pulse (Flashing)
- 55. Designing to support attention Redundant coding Use purposeful color and shape/motion to draw attention Avoid clutter Avoid cluttering with large, meaningless pictures & 3D effects. Increase consistency among objects Support visual scanning through structure Use Gestalt principles to group object for meaningful scanning
- 57. Designing to support attention
- 58. Designing to support attention
- 59. Psychological nerdy talk Sensation Cognition retina working memory attention situation awareness
- 60. Ability to actively maintain task-relevant information in the service of a cognitive task (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) Working memory
- 61. Working memory Central Executive Visuospatial sketchpad Phonological loop Long term Memory
- 62. Working memory Central Executive Visuospatial sketchpad (visual) Phonological loop (verbal) Long term Memory
- 63. Working memory
- 64. Working memory How many rows of ?
- 65. Working memory (task #1) 0 50 200
- 66. Working memory (task #1) Raise left hand If number is greater than 50 Raise right hand If number is less than 50
- 67. 50 - 1
- 68. 48 + 3
- 69. 150 / 4
- 70. 46.322 + 3.81
- 71. 1200 - 3 /100 +7
- 72. (1200 – (3 /100)) +7
- 73. Easy? Difficult?
- 74. Working memory (task #2) Which store sold the most oranges in June?
- 75. April May June July Bananas 94 84 93 52 Strawberries 51 67 84 85 Oranges 7 10 23 35 Kiwi 55 64 66 78 Apples 87 79 60 28 Pineapples 59 61 39 47 Coconuts 87 60 94 74 Total 440 425 459 399 Byerly’s Lunds Cub Rainbow Whole Foods
- 76. April May June July Bananas 58 68 23 11 Strawberries 72 61 37 12 Oranges 48 72 65 51 Kiwi 45 22 70 57 Apples 57 60 15 55 Pineapples 96 44 33 23 Coconuts 26 65 52 49 Total 402 392 295 258 Byerly’s Lunds Cub Rainbow Whole Foods
- 77. April May June July Bananas 60 3 20 35 Strawberries 81 60 57 98 Oranges 64 88 55 61 Kiwi 7 54 50 98 Apples 26 47 43 43 Pineapples 21 24 91 62 Coconuts 76 40 79 58 Total 335 316 395 455 Byerly’s Lunds Cub Rainbow Whole Foods
- 78. April May June July Bananas 1 67 26 77 Strawberries 70 89 1 53 Oranges 88 13 61 93 Kiwi 43 15 84 44 Apples 8 53 84 38 Pineapples 98 11 61 37 Coconuts 92 32 99 89 Total 400 280 416 431 Byerly’s Lunds Cub Rainbow Whole Foods
- 79. April May June July Bananas 2 47 91 65 Strawberries 74 84 68 100 Oranges 76 42 12 84 Kiwi 26 86 92 90 Apples 47 96 79 57 Pineapples 75 4 41 52 Coconuts 86 46 59 2 Total 386 405 442 450 Byerly’s Lunds Cub Rainbow Whole Foods
- 80. Working memory (task #2) Which store sold the most oranges in June?
- 81. Designing to support working memory Increase proximity Place related information in close proximity Avoid interpretation Express important data directly and visually Avoid excessive detail All unnecessary information results in the user having to filter what’s important Current Target 3.4590%
- 82. Designing to support working memory
- 83. Psychological nerdy talk Sensation Cognition retina working memory attention situation awareness
- 84. Comprehension, or understanding, of a dynamic environment (Durso, Rawson, & Girotto, 2007) Situation awareness
- 85. Situation awareness Perception Comprehension Projection
- 86. Situation awareness Perception Comprehension Projection Perception of elements in time and/or space Bananas Sold 45 Apples Sold 98 Oranges Sold 32
- 87. Situation awareness Perception Comprehension Projection Comprehension of its meaning Apples Sold 98 100 50 0 (count) Bananas Sold 45 Oranges Sold 32
- 88. Situation awareness Perception Comprehension Projection Projection of their future state Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 0 25 50 75 100 Count 40 50 60 70 75 90 70 65 60 50 45 45 Bananas Sold
- 89. Situation awareness Perception Comprehension Projection Projection of their future state Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 0 25 50 75 100 Count 40 50 60 70 75 90 70 65 60 50 45 45 Bananas Sold
- 90. BYERLY’S Bananas Strawberries Oranges Kiwi Apples Pineapples Coconuts 94 51 7 55 87 59 87 Count YTD LUNDS Bananas Strawberries Oranges Kiwi Apples Pineapples Coconuts 94 51 58 55 7 59 87 Count YTD BYERLY’S Bananas Strawberries Oranges Kiwi Apples Pineapples Coconuts 94 51 7 55 87 59 87 Count YTD RAINBOW Bananas Strawberries Oranges Kiwi Apples Pineapples Coconuts 94 51 7 55 87 59 87 Count YTD WHOLE FOODS Bananas Strawberries Oranges Kiwi Apples Pineapples Coconuts 94 51 7 55 87 59 87 Count YTD TOTAL FRUIT L C R WF B 60 100 0 30
- 91. Designing to support situation awareness Single screen Remain within the boundaries of a single screen Context Show where data has been and where it’s going Leading indicators Display information about what will likely happen rather than what already happened 1
- 94. Wait.. what was that again?
- 95. Designing to support color vision Color We are most sensitive to red/yellow. They should be reserved for important information. Color #2 We are least sensitive to blue/violet. They should be reserved for non-critical information. Color deficiency Don’t rely specifically on color to convey a message. Rather, use color as a redundant backup. Design in monochrome first.
- 96. Designing to support attention Redundant coding Use purposeful color and shape/motion to draw attention Avoid clutter Avoid cluttering with large, meaningless pictures & 3D effects. Increase consistency among objects Support visual scanning Use Gestalt principles to group object for meaningful scanning
- 97. Designing to support working memory Proximity Put related information in close proximity Avoid interpretation Express important data directly and visually Avoid excessive detail All unnecessary information results in the viewer having to filter what’s important Current Target 3.4590%
- 98. Designing to support situation awareness Single screen Remain within the boundaries of a single screen Context Show where data has been and where it’s going Leading indicators Display information about what will likely happen rather than what already happened 1
- 102. Guiding principles of dashboard design
- 103. AND I’m done. Thanks :)