Dezyne E'cole College BCA Student Work

1. Submitted by
DIVYA RAJGURU , BCA Third Year
Bachelor of Computer Applications
Dezyne E’cole College ,Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com
Electronic Commerce
Information Technology

2. Acknowledgment
I am thankful to Dezyne E’cole College to help in making this project on E-commerce.
A special thanks to Ms. Jyoti Phulwani to guide us step by step in the making of this project report.
Thanking You
Divya Rajguru
Bachelor of Computer Application
Third Year

3. CONTENTS
Chapter 1
 Introduction
Chapter 2
 Electronic Commerce and the World Wide Web
Chapter 3
 Architectural Framework for Electronic Commerce
Chapter 4
 Technology Behind the Web
Chapter 5
 Network Security and Firewalls
Chapter 6
 Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
 Pictorial Representation: E-Buying Methodology
Chapter 8
 Conclusion

4. Chapter: 1
Introduction
Every individual or company that wants to make money and become the next Microsoft needs to understand the market potential, business implication and technical foundation of electronic commerce. But what is electronic commerce everybody is talking about? How does it affect the organization way of doing business? What sort of technical and business are needed to successful?
Companies and customer are discussing that global networking and other technological innovation are powerful assets if we used as competitive weapons in their day to day activity. E-commerce is associated with buying and selling of information’s product and service via a computer network today.
Consumer desires are very hard to predict, pin point or decipher of electronic markets, whose shapes, structure and population are still in early stages. Needs envisioned included entertainment on demand including five hundred channel TV video on demand, games no demand, electronic retailing via a catalogs and kiosk and shopping network?
In future viewer will decide what they want to see and they want to participated a successful market place are expected to those that cater to consumer’s loneliness, boredom, education and career. IN a highly competitive society, where neighbors seldom talk to one another these outlets give consumer someone to through after going home.
Let take a look at the changing condition in the “new economy” with respect to the retail industry. Consumers are passing retailers to the wall demanding lower price, better quality and a large section of in season goods retailer are scrambling to fill the order. They are slashing back. Office costs, reducing profit-margins, reduce cycle times, buying more wisely and marking huge investment in technology.
They are revamping distributions channels to make sure that the warehouses cost are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coronations the consumer demand and supply pattern. IN the push to reduce prices, more and more retailers are Turing to overseas suppliers in part because of cheaper labor costs.
Retail are the immediate line of fire and had to do the cost cutting. They put the pressure on the manufacturer and then to the suppliers end of pipeline. E-commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing, relationship marketing and even event marketing. Adaption would include moving towards computerized “paperless” operation, to reduce trading cost and facilitate the adaption of new business process. Japanese approach JIT (Just in time) system total quality control and quality circles are focused now for delivery of goods through electronic commerce.

5. Chapter: 2
Electronic Commerce and the World-Wide-Web
We have broadly define electronic commerce as a modem business methodology that address the desire of firms , consumers and management to cut costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of services. The need for electronic commerce stems from the demand within business and government to make better use of computing, that is, better apply computer technology to improve business process and information exchange both within an enterprise and across organization.
In sort electronic commerce appears to be integrates force that representation the digital convergence of twenty-first century business application and computing technology.
Electronic commerce applications emphasis the generations and exploitation of new business opportunity and use to the popular buzzword “Generate business value”. For instance, when buyer-seller transactions occur in the electronic market place, information is accesses, observed, arrange and sold in different in fact, the information about a product of service is separated from the physical product or services and has become important on its own. In, some cases, the information can become as crucial as his actual product or service in term if its effect on a company’s in short, information ways business truncation are creating new ways of doing business and even new type of business.
Electronic commerce application are quite varied. In its most common from, e-commerce is also used to donate the paperless exchange of business information using EDI electronic mail (E-mail), electronic bulletin board, electronic funds transfer (EFT) and other similar technologies. These technologies are normally applied in high-pay of areas, recognizing that paper-handling activity usually increase expense without adding value. On the other hand the term electronic commerce is used to describe a new online approach to perform traditional function such as payment and funds transfer, order entry and point-of-sale Data gathering. More recently, company have resized that the advertising, marketing can customer support functions are also part of electronic commerce application domain. These functions act as initiator order management cycle that incorporates the more established motions of electronic commerce.
In sort, what we are witnessing is the use of term electronic commerce as an umbrella concept to integrate a wide range of new and old application.

6. Despite the change taking place , business have three goals : stay compitative , improve productivety and deliver quality serviec. These goals are the giving buoys for firms plotting their course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce. There are other factors that companies need to keep in mind first , most company have alrady made enormous information technology investment to automate their kry internal process such as pruchasing invocing and other similar function. So, some aspect of technology infrastructure for electrinc commerce are alrady place. The challenge now becomes : how to effiectivly leverge this investment second , prices for computer hardware and equipment continue to fall , marking information technology an appealing investment for many business electrically when it’s used for high impact application such as linking there distributed operations however ,investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being whoul be akin to driving with blinders on as a result , companies that decide thet electronic commerce application represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first exert some efforts to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications.
At first glance , it appears that messaging-based and information management services, from the technical foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions. No single one of these technologies can deliver the full potential of electronic commerce , however. What we require is an integrated architecture the likes of which has naver been seen before. This integrated architecture is emerging in the form the World Wide Web(www). As electronic commerce becomes more mature, we are beginning to see sophisticated application being developed on WWW. Technically and commercially, the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a dominant technology.
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic document interchange
Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Marketing advertising
Electronic
Publishing
Sales, customer support
Fax
E-mail
Corporate Digital
Library
Information Sharing
Collaborative Work
Electronic Messaging

7. Chapter: 3
Architectural Framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building Electronic Commerce applications is little understood in existing literature. In general a framework is intended to define and create tools that integrate the information found in today’s closed systems and allow the development of E-commerce applications. It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework itself is not to build new database management system, data repository, computer languages, software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols. Rather the architecture should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate the integration of data and software for better application.
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of functionality or services:
(1) Application
(2) Brokerage services, data or transaction management
(3) Interface and support layers
(4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
(5) Middleware and structured document interchange and
(6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Application Services
Customer-to-business
business-to-business
Intra- organizational Brokerage and data management
Order Processing-mail-order houses
Payment schemes-electronic cash
clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue
directory support function
Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure hypertext transfer protocol
Encrypted E-mail, EDI
Remote Programming (RPC) Middle layer services
Structure documents (SGML,HTML)
Compound documents (OLE,OpenDoc)
Network Infrastructure
Wireless-Cellular, Radio, PCS
Wireline-POTS, Coaxile, Fibre optics

8. These layers cooperate to provide a seamless transition between today’s computing resources and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the context of the chosen application. As seen in above fig. electronic commerce applications are based on several elegant technologies. But only when they are integrated do they provide uniquely powerful solutions.
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers, we will not elaborate on the various aspect of the network infrastructure that transports information.
Electronic Commerce Application Services: -
The application service layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future applications built on innate architecture. Three distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be distinguished: customer- to -business, business –to-business and intra organization.
Procurement, distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting, finance
And management
Engineering and research
Advertising Sales Customer service
Customer –oriented electronic commerce
Customer
Global Suppliers
Classic EDI
Internal Publishing
Private Commerce

9.  Customer-to-business transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction .In a market place transaction , customers learn about products differently through electronic publishing , buy them differently using electronic cash and secure payment systems, and have them delivered differently. Also how customers allocate their loyalty may also be differently.
In light of this , organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand differently no longer hold- where “quality” has a new meaning , where “content” may not be equated to “product” ,where “distribution “ may not automatically mean “ physical transport”.
In this new environment, brand equity can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new way of doing business.
 Business-to-Business Transactions
We call this category market –link transactions. Here, business, government and other organizations depend on computer-to-computer communication as a fast, an economical and a dependable way to conduct business transactions. Small companies are also beginning to see the benefits of adopting the same methods. Business-to-Business transactions include the use of EDI and Electronic mail for purchasing goods and services, buying information and consulting services, submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals.
For example, the current account payable occurs through the exchange of paper documents. Each year the trading partners exchanges millions of invoices, checks, purchase orders, financial reports and other transactions.
Most of the documents are in electronic from at their point of origin but are printed and key entered at point of receipt. The current manual process of printing, mailing rekeying is costly, time consuming and error-prone. Given this situation and faced with the need to reduce costs, small business are looking towards electronic commerce as a possible savior.
 Intra-organizational Transactions
We call this category market-driven transaction. A company becomes market driven by dispersing throughout the firm information about its customers and competitors, by spreading strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate; and by continuously monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfactory an ongoing objective. To maintain the relations that are critical to delivering superior customer value, management must pay close attention to service, both before and after sales.
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provides service integration trough the notion of information brokerages, the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information resource fragmentation. We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary who provides series integration between customer and information provides, given some constraint such as a low price, fast service or profit maximization for a client.
Information brokers , For example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous amounts of information on the networks .As on-line database migrate to

10. consumer information utilities , consumers and information professionals will have to keep up to the knowledge and ownership.
Who’s got what? How do you use it? What do they charge? Most professional have enough trouble keeping trap of files or interest on one or two database services. Will all have complexity associated with large number of on-line bureaus , it’s impossible to expect humans to do the searching .It will have to be software programs-information brokers software agents , to use the most popular term-act on searcher’s behalf. Information brokerage does more than searching.
Interface and Support Service
The third layer, interface and support services, will provide interface for electronic commerce application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services-functions necessary for information search and access. These two concepts are very different. Interactive catalogs are the customize interface to consumer application such as home shopping. An interactive catalog is an extension of the paper-based catalog and incorporates additional features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive.
Directories, on the other hand, operate behind the seen and attempt to organize the enormous amount of information and transactions generated to facilitated electronic commerce. Directory services database make data from any server appear as a local file.
A classic example of a directory is the telephone White Pages, which allows us to locate people and telephone numbers. In the case of electronic commerce directory would play an important role in information management functions.
For instance, take the case of buying an airline ticket with several stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized. This search would require several quires to various on-line directory to find empty seats on various airline and then the availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminal.
Secure Messaging and Structure Document Interchange Service
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear .Everyone in business knows that electronic messaging is a critical business issue. Consider a familiar business scenario:
You hand over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that it still sitting on your fax operator’s disk. What happened? The line was busy and he thought he would try again later. Or, the number was wrong, but he forgot to let you know. Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to co-worker in New York. This must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver. There is a solution to these common and frustrating problems. It’s called integrated messaging: a group of computer service that through the use of a network send, receive and combine messages, faxes and large data files. Some better known examples are electronic mail, enhanced facts and electronic data interchange.
Broadly define messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the clients or electronic commerce application, masking the peculiarities of the environment. Others defines messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications, divorcing you from the architecture primitives of your system. In general,

11. messaging product are not applications that solve problems; they are more enablers of the application that solve problems.
Messaging services offers solution for communicating non-formatted (unstructured) data such as purchase order, shipping notices and invoices. Unstructured messaging consist of facts, e-mail and form based system like Lotus Notes. Structure documents messaging consists of the automated interchange of standardized and approved messages via a telecommunication lines. Example of structure document messaging include EDI. Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages. It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and processing. With asynchronous, when a message is sent, work continues (software does not wait for a response). This allows the transfer of message through store-and-forward methods.
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables-which appear to be more complex, especially to traditional programmers and jungle of standards it involves. Because of the lack of standards, there is often no interoperability between different messaging vendors lading to islands of messaging. Also, security, privacy and confidentiality to move encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be resolved for ensuring the legality of the message-based transactions themselves.
Middleware Services
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently. Like so many other invitations, it came into being out of necessity. Users in 1970s when vendors delivered homogeneous systems that worked, did not have a need for middleware. When conditions changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations could not cope: The tools were inadequate, the backlog goes enormous, and the pressure was overwhelming. And, the users were dissatisfied. Something was needed to solve all the interface, translation, transformation, interpretation problems that were driving applications developers crazy.
With the growth of networks, client-server technology, and all other forms of communicating between among unlike platforms, the problems of getting’s all the pieces to work to together grew form formidable to horrendous. As the cry for distributed computing spared, user demanded interactions between dissimilar systems, networks that permitted shared resources, and applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs. In simple terms, middleware is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables then talk to one another.
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems. Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and interconnection that underlying network infrastructure is in charge of. The ideal picture is one of a “virtual” network: A collection of work-group, departmental, enterprise and inter- enterprise LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easy accessed whole.
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing environment. This gives users and applications transparent accessed to data, computation, and other resources across collections of multivendor, heterogonous systems. The strategic architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware. The key to relaxing the theoretical benefits of such an architecture is transparency. Users need

12. not spend their time to understand were something is. Nor should application developers have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network. The goal is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer, which than satisfy the request any way it can using remote information.
Transition Security and Management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in electronic commerce market. Security and management are essential to all layers in the electronic commerce model. Transaction integrity must be given for business that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency in data. For electronic commerce, middleware provide the qualities expected in the standard TP system: the so-called ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability).
World Wide Web (www) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently for seamless information sharing. Unfortunately, this assumption of interoperability has been supported by the realities of practical computing. Computing is still a world made up of many technical directions, product implementation and competing vendors. This diversity, while good for innovation, causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline on the proliferating computers and networks. It is ironic that the real effect of computing is all too often the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures, data formats and communication protocols.
 What does the Web Encompass ?
The Web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ markedly in purpose and scope. These include the global hypertext publishing concept, the universal reader concept and the client-server concept.
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way. To access information in the this seamless world , we will need the ability to address may types of data - text files , images ,sound files , animation sequence.
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that, unlike the segmented applications of the past, we can use one application – a universal (or common) user interface - to read a variety of documents. This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type of computer, in any country, and that any (authorized) person nearly needs to use one simple program to access it. This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application that is augmented by supporting application. The core browser implements only minimal functionality and attempts to offload more spectated work onto the supporting applications.
The client-server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control. Anyone can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download it. Publishing information requires a server program, and reading data requires a client browser. All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet. The various standard protocols allows all clients to communicate with all servers.
In practice the web hands on a number of essential concepts, including the following:

13. 1. The addressing schemas known as uniform resource locator (URL) makes the hypermedia world possible despite many different protocols.
2. A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by client browser and server offers performance and features not otherwise available.
3. A mark-up language(HTML ),which every web client is requires to understand , is used for the representation of hypertext documents containing text ,list boxes and graphics information across the net.

14. Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called server) from which the browser (client) can obtain information. The programs can either be Web servers that understand the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), “gateway” programs that convert an existing information format to hypertext, or a non-HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher servers.
Web servers are composed of two major parts: the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting documents between servers and clients and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for documents. The link between HTML files and HTTP servers is provided by the uniform resource locators (URLs).
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
The documents that the browsers display are hypertext that contain pointers to other documents. The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are presented with the text to which it points. This pointer is implemented using a concept that is central to Web browsers: Uniform resource locators (URLs). One way to think about URLs is to use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor. A URL for a digital library would be a unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world, including the country, city, street and library shelf location.
In practice, URLs are the strings used as addresses of objects (documents, images) on the Web. Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address. Just as your address is unique and may be used by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are, a URL marks the unique location on the Internet where a file or service can be found. URLs follow a fairly consistent pattern. The first part describes the type of resource; the second part gives the name of the server housing the resource; and the third part gives full file name of the resource. URLs are universal in that they provide access to a white range of network services which required a separate applications in the past. For a new network protocol one can easily form and address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object. If these parameters are encoded into a concise string, with a prefix to identify the protocols and encoding, one has a new URL scheme. Take a look at the URL formats below:
FTP : ftp://server.address/complete.file.name
Gopher: gopher://server.address:port/directory/filename
TELNET: telnet://server.address:port
HTTP : http://server.address:port/homepage.html
News : news:misc.stocks.invest

15. These are URLs for Internet news articles and news groups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP archives, for TELNET destinations, e-mail address and so on. The same can be done for names of objects in a given name space. For example, the URL of the main page for the Web project happens to be: HTTP://web.w3.org/hypertext/web/the/TheProject.html The prefix “HTTP” in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the interpretation of the rest of the string. The HTTP protocol is to be used, so the string contains the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server.

16. Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction-and the potential for big savings. Security and confidentiality are essential, however before businesses can conduct financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security majors remains at this time. At present, credit card numbers, financial records and other important information are not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker.
The discussion of security concern in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types:
1. Client-Server Security uses various authorization methods to make sure that only valid users and programs have access to information resources such as databases. Access control mechanisms must be set up to ensure that properly authenticated users are allowed access only to those resources that they are entitled to use. Such mechanisms include password protection, encrypted smart cards, biometrics and firewalls.
2. Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic messages and data packets, including the authentication of remote users in network transactions for activities such as on-line payment. The goal is to defeat any attempt to assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data communication. Preventive measures include data encryption using various cryptographic methods.
Data and Message Security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a profile problem due to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network. For instance, credit card numbers in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high. Would you be willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk? Even worse, would you expose your customers to that risk? Just the thought of “sniffer” programs that collect credit card numbers en masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and other liability issues. In short, the lack of business transaction security is widely acknowledged as a major impediment to widespread e-commerce.
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail users who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption. Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal. Some users are already using Pretty Good Privacy (PGP); others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM).
E-mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for eavesdropping. Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure then the postal system, where envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping. A glance at the header area of any e-mail message, by contrast, will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way to you. Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping.

17. Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies

18. Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation: E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website, Flip kart.
Step 1 :-
Step 2 :-

19. Step 3 :-
Step 4:-

20. Step 5:-
Step 6:-

21. Step 7:-
Step 8:-

22. Step 9:-
Step 10:-

23. Step 11:-

24. Chapter 8
Conclusion
E-commerce is growing tremendously. A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August. Online retail is still a tiny spot in India’s retail market of about $500 billion a year, but it is growing at a quick pace. A study by retail consultancy Technopark predicts India’s e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $2.3 billion in 2014.
Ethnic Indian clothes and casual wear are favorite products but unusual products like pets- too are being offered on-line. With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analysts like Devangshu Dutta, says there is scope for more players to come in. But some also worn about the risks the space is fraught with, as only a few way have chances of making it big. They also see consolidation in the sector going forward.