Status of the Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Industry 2021

From Technologies to Markets
© 2021
Status of the
Rechargeable
Li-ion Battery
Industry 2021
Market and Technology
Report
Sample

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1/4
• Scope of the report p7
• Methodology used inYole Développement reports p8
• About the author p9
• Companies list p10
• What we saw / what we missed p11
• Who should be interested in this report p12
• Three page summary p14
• Executive summary p18
• Introduction p54
Battery types
Li-ion battery composition
Different Li-ion battery cells - comparative table
• Market forecast p58
Li-ion battery market segments
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell demand in MWh - consumer electronics
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell market value in $M - consumer electronics
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell demand in GWh - E-mobility
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell market value in $M - E-mobility
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell demand in MWh - stationary battery energy
storage
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell market value in $M - stationary battery energy
storage applications
How does E-mobility impact stationary battery market demand?
2020 - 2026 total Li-ion battery cell demand (GWh)
2020 - 2026 Li-ion battery cell market - total value ($B)
2020 - 2026 battery cell average selling price – evolution
What impacts the price?
Where is the potential for battery pack cost decrease?
• Market trends p72
How is Li-ion battery demand growing?
Li-ion battery - key applications
Li-ion battery applications, as analyzed in this report
Large battery capacity - not necessarily a sign of high-end product
Battery capacity range, by application
Li-ion battery requirements for different applications - overview
Consumer electronics – main drivers and market segments
Li-ion battery-powered cordless power tools
Consumer electronics – battery requirements
Main drivers for electric mobility
Electric mobility
EV/HEV – CO2 reduction regulations as the main Driver
EV/HEV – different electrification levels and their associated CO2
reduction
How EVs/HEVs drive technology innovation
Batteries as a charging speed bottleneck
EV/HEV - battery requirements
Light commercial vehicles
Electric and hybrid-electric buses
Electric trucks
Battery in electric trucks must compete with other solutions
E-scooters
E-bikes
Main drivers for stationary battery energy-storage applications
Benefits of battery for stationary battery applications
EV/HEV charging and intermittent renewable sources drive the stationary
battery market
Stationary battery storage - challenges
New stationary battery segment - buffer battery for EV/HEV charging
Status of the Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Industry 2021| Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021

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Li-ion battery recycling supply chain movement – partnerships and Merger and
Acquisition
Second-life battery - supply chain trends
Second-life battery - drivers and challenges
Second-life batteries - partnerships
Battery-cell manufacturers
Battery cell manufacturers, split by cell chemistry and cell format
Battery pack manufacturers
Li-ion battery supply chain - gigafactories worldwide
Cell production capacity (gigafactories) announced in Europe
Cell production capacity (gigafactories) announced in Asia and in the USA
Global battery production capacity vs. battery demand (in GWh)
Top battery manufacturers’ market shares
Who is doing what - LG Energy Solution
Who is doing what – CATL
Li-ion battery supply chain
Announcements about new battery manufacturing capaci- investment strategyties-
Partnerships, joint ventures and merger & acquisition
Li-ion battery - manufacturing and testing equipment suppliers
Battery integrators - consumer electronics
Battery integrators - cordless tools
Battery integrators - electric and hybrid electric vehicles
Battery integrators - electric buses
Battery integrators - electric trucks
Stationary battery and battery inverter suppliers
Li-ion battery supply chain - horizontal and vertical integration
Supply chain reshaping - focus on non-mainstream applications
Moving to another business segment is not so easy…
• Battery cost analysis p176
General information about the analyzed EV batteries
Anode cost comparison
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 2/4
Battery electricity storage systems for buildings -V2H
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
Space applications – main market drivers
Space applications - battery usage and applications
Space applications - battery specifications and requirements
Aerospace applications - main drivers and market segments
Aerospace applications - battery specifications and requirements
• Li-ion battery supply chain p119
Numerous players can find opportunities in the Li-ion battery business
Li-ion battery raw material suppliers - cobalt
Cobalt supply chain flow
Glencore supply chain
Li-ion battery raw material – lithium-How much lithium is in everyday items?
Li-ion battery raw material suppliers - lithium
The lithium supply chain is being reshaped
Ganfeng Lithium - supply partnerships
Lithium resources and applications
Li-ion battery raw materials supply chain - top ten countries
Li-ion battery component suppliers – anode – graphite based
2020 top graphite-based anode material manufacturers market shares
Li-ion battery material developers – Anode – silicon based
Li-ion battery component suppliers – cathode
2020 top cathode material manufacturers market shares
Li-ion battery component suppliers – electrolyte
2020 top electrolyte manufacturers market shares
Li-ion battery separator - developers and manufacturers
2020 top separator material manufacturers market shares
Future separator manufacturing capacity expansion
Li-ion battery component suppliers - other
Li-ion battery recycling companies – geographic overview

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Different Li-ion battery cells - comparative table
Comparative graph of energy density for different Li-ion battery cells
Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) cathode
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) cathode
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode
Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) cathode
NCM as a “universal” cell technology
Technology trends – cathode
Towards nickel-rich and low cobalt cells
Next-generation NMC 811 cathode
LG Energy’s pouch NMC 721 cathode
NCMA battery
Towards cobalt-free cells
Technology trends – anode
Main Li-ion battery anode material trends
Technology trends - anode
Lithium -Titanate (LTO) anode
Graphene-based anode materials
Separator - overview
Technology trends – separator
Polyolefin based separator
Ceramic separators
Technology trends – electrolyte
Solid-state electrolyte
Towards “beyond Li-ion” technologies
• Technology trends - Battery pack p248
Global trends in battery pack
Battery pack components
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 3/4
Cathode cost comparison
Separators cost comparison
Electrolytes cost comparison
Cell materials cost comparison
2019 - 2025 BEV battery cell price and cost of cells-to-pack integration
Take away
• Li-ion battery main challenges p186
Technology and market challenges
Key Challenges - Fast charging
Key Challenges – safety
Key Challenges – cost
• Li-ion battery innovation p197
Tesla 4680 tab-less battery
GM - LG Energy solution Ultium batteries
BYD blade battery
• Technology trends p204
How technology trends are interlinked with the factors of battery choice
How smartphones drive Li-ion battery technology innovations
How EV/HEV drive Li-ion battery technology innovations
Technology trends - towards higher cell safety
Four main axes of Li-ion battery cell development
Two main axes of innovation - cell and pack level
Is lower environmental impact an important criteria for battery customers?
• Technology trends - Battery cell p212
Li-ion battery cells - Manufacturing process flow
What are the limitations/weak points of Li-ion batteries?
Battery-cell improvement approaches
Li-ion battery trends: battery cell - size, design, and formats
Li-ion battery trends: battery cell - materials

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 4/4
Three main battery pack development axes
Li-ion battery packs - Manufacturing process flow
Battery pack voltage and energy capacity, by application
Battery pack - size, design, and formats
Toward higher standardization to reduce battery costs
Battery pack approach- cell to module approach
Modular pack – a few examples
Battery pack approach – cell to pack approach
Cell to pack approach - BYD blade battery
Cell to pack approach – module pack integrated (MPI) Platform
Battery pack - voltage level and fast-charging capability
Toward 1,500V DC in stationary battery pack
Battery pack – BMS
Battery pack - thermal management
Trends towards higher battery charging power capability
• Second-Life battery and recycling p273
Two options for end-of-life EV batteries
Lifecycle of a battery pack
Option 1- recycling of Li-ion batteries
General recycling process
Battery recycling - what is recycled, and who are the customers?
Li-ion battery recycling process
Li-ion battery recycling process - hydrometallurgical method
Advantages and disadvantages of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical
process
Challenges in Li-ion battery recycling
Option 2 - Second-life batteries
Second-life battery applications – examples
Second-life applications-trend
Cathode raw-material share of a few battery cells
Li-ion battery recycling technology - innovation
• Conclusion p287
Conclusions / Takeaways
Li-ion battery market
Applications - consumer electronics
Applications - E-mobility
Applications - stationary energy storage
Battery technologies - Li-ion and “beyond Li-ion” technologies
Battery technologies - focus on Li-ion
Battery technologies - second-life battery and recycling
Li-ion battery supply chain
• Yole Group of Companies presentation p297

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Biography & contact
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Shalu Agarwal,PhD.
Shalu Agarwal, PhD. is Power Electronics and Materials Analyst at Yole Développement (Yole),within the Power & Wireless division. Based on Seoul,
Shalu is engaged in the development of technology & market reports as well as the production of custom consulting studies. Shalu has more than 10
years’ experience in Electronic Material Chemistry. Before joining Yole, she worked as a project manager and research professor in the field of
electronic materials, batteries and inorganic chemistry. Shalu Agarwal received her master’s and Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from the Indian institute of
Technology (IIT) Roorkee (India).
E-mail: shalu.agarwal@yole.fr

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This report:
• Offer deep insights into the rechargeable Li-ion battery market, covering the three main application segments: consumer
electronics, electric mobility, and stationary energy storage.
• Furnish 2020 - 2026 battery demand data (in GWh) and market value (in $M) for different Li-ion battery applications.
• Offer a thorough analysis of different Li-ion chemistries and their future applicative potential.
• Discuss the cost analysis of various type of Li-ion batteries.
• Discuss main challenges associated with Li-ion batteries
• Discuss the main technology trends for Li-ion battery cell materials, formats, sizes, and cell components (cathode, anode,
electrolyte, and separator), as well as battery packs.
• Provide a detailed overview of the Li-ion battery supply chain, ranging from raw material supply, cell components, and
manufacturing/testing equipment, to battery integrators in different applications, and battery recycling companies.
SCOPE OFTHIS REPORT
Yours needs are
out of scope of this
report?
Contact us for a custom
study:

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BATTERYTYPES
Battery type
Primary
(non-rechargeable)
Secondary (rechargeable)
Alkaline Nickel-metal hydride Lithium-ion Lead-acid Nickel-cadmium
Lithium manganese
oxide (LMO)
cathode
Lithium iron
phosphate (LFP)
cathode
Lithium nickel cobalt
aluminum oxide (NCA)
cathode
Lithium cobalt
oxide (LCO)
cathode
Lithium nickel cobalt
manganese oxide
(NCM) cathode
Examples

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BATTERY CELL -TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Main battery
cell trends are
aligned with
much sought-
after higher
energy
density.
Less cobalt and nickel-rich
Affordable batteries
Cathode
Anode
Electrolyte
Cell
NMC NCA
LFP LTO
NMC
Li-S*
LMO NMC
622
NMC
532
NMC8
11
Lithium metal
anode
Solid-state
electrolyte
Solid-state
battery (no
separator)
NMC
721
*Li-S: Lithium-Sulfur
2019 2020 2025 and beyond
Innovation
Change
Separator-free Li-
ion battery
2021
NCMA
LFP
Graphene
anode
Separator
Progressive evolution
Cell format and form factor optimized for a given application
Fast-charging-capable cells
Increasing cell energy density and energy capacity per cell
Beyond Li-ion
technologies
High-performance batteries
Growing silicon-rich anode share
Growing ceramic separator share

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2020 - 2026 LI-ION BATTERY MARKET FORECAST

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LI-ION BATTERIES – COST ANALYSIS

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LI-ION BATTERY RAW MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAIN
Top ten countries - 2020 ranking
Some
countries are
very crucial in
the battery
raw materials
supply chain.
China tops the
list with the
world's leading
producer
of graphite.
DRC- Democratic
Republic of the Congo
Top 10 Li-ion battery raw materials countries of production

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TOP LI-ION BATTERY COMPONENTS MANUFACTURERS 2020

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LI-ION BATTERY SUPPLY CHAIN

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LI-ION BATTERY SUPPLY CHAIN - GIGAFACTORIES WORLDWIDE

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LI-ION BATTERIES -TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET CHALLENGES
Main challenges
There are
many
challenges
associated
with Li-ion
batteries.
Greater safety
Better performance
(e.g. fast charging)
Lower cost
Main challenges associated with Li-ion batteries

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TOWARD ENHANCED Li-ion BATTERY SAFETY
Although Li-
ion battery
chemistries are
associated with
intrinsic safety
issues, the final
battery pack
can be
designed and
built to be very
safe.
Safety
level
Integration level
Chemistry Cell Pack System
High
Low
Adapted high-
voltage cables
Thermal
management
Modular approach
(low-voltage modules)
BMS
Housing
Connectors
Protection
components
Battery placement
Fire-suppression system
Safe chemistry
Ceramic separator
Non-flammable
electrolyte
Cell housing
Cell safety vent
LFP
LCO
NCA
NMC
LMO
LTO
Fire-suppression
system
Li-ion battery
Even ‘safe’ present some
hazards.

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LI-ION BATTERY PACK TRENDS
Battery pack - voltage level and fast-charging capability
Higher-power charging capability
• Battery charging in minutes instead of hours
• Driven by:
• Trends towards full electric vehicles
• Increasing battery pack energy capacity in kWh
• Development and deployment of ultrafast
charging stations with charging power over
150kW (up to over 350kW)
• It requires suitable cells, cell interconnections, thermal
management (cooling), and safety solutions for battery
pack.
Higher battery-pack voltage
• A battery pack voltage increase enables higher speed charging, desired by car manufacturers and car users.
• Today, the mainstream battery pack voltage in passenger vehicles is about 400V .The trends, especially in
premium, long-range vehicles is to increase the battery voltage to “800V level” (it can be 650V, 800V, 900V,
etc.). Similar voltage level is used also in electric buses, trucks and some off-road vehicles.
• Higher voltage enables lower Joule losses in battery pack wiring, inverter and motor wiring, wiring weight,
volume and cost reduction, and easier integration in the vehicle.
• In stationary battery energy systems, there is a trend to increase battery voltage toward 1,500V, as this
value is increasingly used in photovoltaic systems (often associated with battery storage systems).
Some high-power charging stations can fast-charge a single
car, or charge several cars simultaneously
Source: ABB
Porsche Taycan using 800V approach Benefits of 800V approach:
~400V ~800V
Up to 1500V
Premium BEVs
Stationary battery energy storage
1,500V
1,000V

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LI-ION BATTERY INNOVATION – A FEW EXAMPLES

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• Second life-battery represents
an additional added-value for
end-of-life EV/HEV batteries.
• As the number of EVs
increasing every year,
theoretically/ideally more and
more end-of-life batteries
should go for second-life
applications before being
recycled.
• However, currently, the number
of EVs is marginal, and most
have yet not reached end-of-
life. Therefore, the questions
about the real trend of second-
life-application are still pending
and will only find their answers
through the actual practice of
recycling and second-life
applications of EV batteries.
SECOND-LIFE APPLICATIONS-TREND
Second-life
application
Recycling
EV
batteries
EV
batteries
Recycling
Today
Next 3 - 5
years
5+ years
Second-life
application
EV
batteries
Recycling
Ideal/theoretical trend of second-life-applications
Second-life
application
Real trend of second-life-application

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Contact our
SalesTeam
for more
information
Power Electronics for E-
Mobility 2021
Lithium-ion Battery Recycling
Market &TechnologyTrends 2020
Solid-State Battery 2021
DC Charging for Plug-In
ElectricVehicles 2021
YOLE GROUP OF COMPANIES RELATED REPORTS
Yole Développement
Li-ion Battery Packs for
Automotive and Stationary Storage
Applications 2020

22
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