Jake Snaddon Discusses the importance of ecosystem services in oil palm landscapes

1. Securing sustainable ecosystem
services within oil palm landscapes
Jake L Snaddon*
William Foster, Edgar Turner,
Tim Cockerill, Tom Fayle
jlsnaddon@gmail.com
*Biodiversity Institute, University of Oxford
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge

2. Global oil palm landscape
Fitzherbert et al. 20078

3. Local oil palm landscape

5. Tim Cockerill

6. What’s the problem?
WWF Germany 2005

7. Critical questions:
• To what extent do the losses in animal
biodiversity matter in relation to ecosystem
services?
• How can we sustain them?

8. Talk outline
1. What are the components of biodiversity
2. How does biodiversity relate to ecosystem services
3. Examples from the field
4. Sustaining ecosystem services - mitigating changes
and adaptive management

9. Talk outline
1. What are the components of biodiversity
2. How does biodiversity relate to ecosystem services
3. Examples from the field
4. Sustaining ecosystem services - mitigating changes
and adaptive management

10. Components of biodiversity
FOREST OIL PALM
Number
Relative abundance
Composition
Range of functional traits
Spatial distribution
Vertical diversity
Diaz et al. 2006

11. Changes in biodiversity
Effects on diversity and abundance
Forest
Oil Palm
Foster, Snaddon et al. in press Phil. Trans.

12. What do communities in oil palm
plantations look like?
There are losers and winners among species –
which make a biotic communities
Generalist species Oil palm community Forest species
Example based on proportions of beetle species
Snaddon et al. in prep

13. Functional aspects of diversity
Guild structure of communities
100% 100%
xylo-mycetophagous
90% 90%
Proportion of individuals (%)
xylophagous
Proportion of species (%)
80% 80%
70% 70% saprophagous
60% 60% predacious
50% 50%
herbivorous
40% 40%
fungivorous
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%
Forest Oil palm Forest Oil palm Forest Oil palm
Chung et al. 2000 Chung et al. 2000 Snaddon et al. in prep
Chung et al. 2000
Snaddon et al. in prep

14. Spatial example
Ant mosaics
FOREST OIL PALM
Oecophylla sp.
Dejean et al. 1997

15. Host–parasitoid food webs
Habitat modification alters the structure of
tropical host-parasitoid food webs example
Forest Degraded habitat
Hosts (herbivores)
Parasitoids
Tylianakis et al. 2010

16. Talk outline
1. What are the components of biodiversity
2. How does biodiversity relate to ecosystem services
3. Examples from the field
4. Sustaining ecosystem services - Mitigating changes
and adaptive management

17. Links between biodiversity and
ecosystem services
Ecosystem
Biodiversity
Service
Complementarity effect
• Species complement each other
• Through resource partitioning and facilitation
• More efficient acquisition of resources
Selection effect
• Species with particular traits being selected in “species pool”
• Dominate traits affect the mixture

18. Talk outline
1. What are the components of biodiversity
2. How does biodiversity relate to ecosystem services
3. Examples from the field
4. Sustaining ecosystem services - mitigating changes
and adaptive management

19. Biological control
Ant composition Value of generalist species.
Herbivory rates
• Positively correlated
+ + + -
with Tetramorium = + + + +
• Negatively correlated + - - +
with Crematogaster =
- + + -
+ + + +
Anoplolepis gracilipes Dejean et al. 1997

20. Biological control
Oil palm pest - parasitiod links
Bagworm Pest
• Over lap of pest Metisa plana
generations – maintains
parasitoid population
• Natural enemies and
Goryphus bunoh
Brachymeria carinata
Callimerus arcufer
Dolichogenidea metesae
Tetrastichus sp.
Paraphylax varius
Pediobius imbreus
Eurytoma sp.
Aphanogmus hakonensis
Pediobius anomalus
Aulosaphes psychidivorus
Elasmus sp.
pest desynchronized
• Alternative host could
support parasitoid 1
populations
Basri et al. 1995
c
m

21. Biological control
Oil palm pest - parasitiod links
Bagworm Pest
• Over lap of pest Metisa plana
generations – maintains X
parasitoid population
• Natural enemies and X XXXXXXXXXXX
Goryphus bunoh
Brachymeria carinata
Callimerus arcufer
Dolichogenidea metesae
Tetrastichus sp.
Paraphylax varius
Pediobius imbreus
Eurytoma sp.
Aphanogmus hakonensis
Pediobius anomalus
Aulosaphes psychidivorus
Elasmus sp.
pest desynchronized
• Alternative host could
support parasitoid
populations
Basri et al. 1995

22. Biological control
Oil palm pest - parasitiod links
Bagworm Pest Alternative hosts
• Over lap of pest Metisa plana
generations – maintains
parasitoid population
• Natural enemies and
Goryphus bunoh
Brachymeria carinata
Callimerus arcufer
Dolichogenidea metesae
Tetrastichus sp.
Paraphylax varius
Pediobius imbreus
Eurytoma sp.
Aphanogmus hakonensis
Pediobius anomalus
Aulosaphes psychidivorus
Elasmus sp.
pest desynchronized
• Alternative host could
support parasitoid
populations
Basri et al. 1995

23. Biological control
Oil palm pest - parasitiod links
Bagworm Pest Alternative hosts
• Over lap of pest Metisa plana
generations – maintains X
parasitoid population
• Natural enemies and X X
Goryphus bunoh
Brachymeria carinata
Callimerus arcufer
Dolichogenidea metesae
Tetrastichus sp.
Paraphylax varius
Pediobius imbreus
Eurytoma sp.
Aphanogmus hakonensis
Pediobius anomalus
Aulosaphes psychidivorus
Elasmus sp.
pest desynchronized
• Alternative host could
support parasitoid
populations
Basri et al. 1995

24. Pollination
• Elaeidobius kamerunicus
– the million dollar weevil
• Reliance on few species
can be risky
– Introduced populations
have a narrow genetic base
– Parasitic nematodes
(Poinar et al. 2002, Caudwell et al. 2003)
• Evidence of native
pollinators
– Thrips
– Other beetles

25. Dung beetles and dung removal
Functional trait response
Species swap
Large nocturnal tunnellers
make up 53% of the total
biomass
Proportion of dung removed in Catharsius dayacus & Catharsius
relation to functional group renaudpauliani
richness. Slade et al. 2007, 2011, in prep

26. Decomposition
100
Percentage mass loss
a a a
80
60 b
40
20
0
Primary Logged Oil palm Oil palm without
Oil palm without
termitessamples
termite in the samples
Macrotermes gilvus – A common
Litter decomposition in oil palm termite species in disturbed
habitats, such as oil palm
plantations is heavily dependent on ONE plantations
TERMITE species Foster, Snaddon et al. in press Phil. Trans.

27. Talk outline
1. What are the components of biodiversity
2. How does biodiversity relate to ecosystem services
3. Examples from the field
4. Sustaining ecosystem services - mitigating changes
and adaptive management

28. How can we enhance ecosystem
services: by enhancing biodiversity
• Complexity in the landscape preserves these
species interactions.
• Adaptive management – sustainagility
building the capacity to respond to future
changes (Jackson et al. 2010)

29. The scope to include biodiversity with
oil palm plantations
Cost of having non-crop habitat within
plantation – how does this affect yield?
A B C
Net profit per area
Non-
cultivatable
land
0 100
Percentage non-crop vegetation

30. Landscape and habitat complexity
Pristine Forest
Forest conversion
?
?
?

31. Microhabitats
Epiphytes & invertebrate community
Ant Species richness
Forest
Oil Palm
Sample number
200 Oil palm species
Mean number of species: Logged species
Total beetle species
160 n = 30, P = 0.070, ns
Total beetle species
Forest species
120
76% 14%
80 Epiphytic fern Asplenium nidus
Oil palm species
40
Logged species
0 Forest species
Primary fern
Primary forest Logged fern
Logged forest Oil palm fern
Oil palm
Fayle, Turner, Snaddon et al. 2010 Basic & Applied Ecology
Snaddon, et al. in prep.

32. Microhabitats
Understory vegetation & bird community
Najera and Simonetti 2010 Agroforest Syst

33. Summary
• Securing sustainable ecosystem services
within oil palm landscapes
• What do we need to clearly evaluate
ecosystem services values and requirements?

34. Co-authors and collaborators
William Foster Ed Turner Tim Cockerill Tom Fayle
Paul Eggleton Gavin Broad
Chey Vun Khen Arthur Chung

35. Sabah Forestry Department