كتاب خزن وعناية حاصلات بستنية , تأليف الدتور غالب ناصر الشمري, كلية الزراعة - جامعة ديالى , سنة 2014م

1. 0

2. 1
‫ع‬٠ُ‫ك٣ب‬ ‫بٓؼخ‬
‫اُيهاػخ‬ ‫ًِ٤خ‬
‫اُجَز٘٤خ‬ ‫اُؾبصالد‬ ٕ‫في‬ ‫رو٘بد‬
‫ر‬‫أ‬‫ُ٤ق‬
‫اُلًزٞه‬
١‫أُْو‬ ‫ٗبصو‬ ‫ؿبُت‬
‫َٓبػ‬ ‫اٍزبم‬‫اُؾلائن‬ ‫ٝٛ٘لٍخ‬ ٚ٘‫اُجَز‬ َْ‫ه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ل‬
٠ُ‫ك٣ب‬ ‫عبٓؼخ‬
5341ٛ4153ّ

3. 2

4. 3
ٕ‫في‬ ‫رو٘بد‬‫اُجَز٘٤خ‬ ‫اُؾبصالد‬:
: ‫أُولٓخ‬
‫ط‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُظٌِ٘ٞؿ٤خ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حالٛيحف‬ ٕ‫ح‬ّٞ‫و‬
‫رخُللخظ‬‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫رؼي‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫ؿٞىس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬٠‫كظ‬ٖٓ ‫حُٔٔظِٜي‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ُٜٝٛٞخ‬
َٜ‫حُٔظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬،‫ٝحُو٤ٔش‬ ّ‫ٝحُوٞح‬‫ٝكٔخ٣ش‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬‫ٝٓالٓظٜخ‬ ‫حالؿٌ٣ش‬َ٤ِ‫ٝطو‬‫ٗٔزش‬
‫حُٔلوٞى‬َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٖٓ،َ٤ِ‫ُظو‬ ‫حُٔيٍرش‬ ‫ٝحالىحٍس‬ ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ‫حُظٌِ٘ٞؿ٤خ‬ ‫ٝطؼظٔي‬
‫حٌُِلش‬ً‫ح‬‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوِٝٗخص‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حُٜـ‬ ْ‫ُِلـ‬ ‫ٓ٘خٓزش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ٌُٝ‫حص‬
ٝ ‫حُٔليٝىس‬ ‫حالٌٓخٗ٤خص‬ُِٖ٤‫ِٔحٍػ‬‫حِٓٞد‬ ٕٝ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬َٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫حُظٔٞ٣ن‬
‫حُ٘خٓ٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُِلش‬ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼويس‬ ‫حُظٌِ٘ٞؿ٤خ‬ ٖٓ َ‫حًؼ‬،ٝ‫حُظٌِ٘ٞؿ٤خ‬ ٕ‫ح‬
َٓ‫ٓظٌخ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝطلخكع‬ ‫حٌُِٔلش‬ ‫حُؼخِٓش‬ ١‫حال٣ي‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ َِ‫طو‬ ‫حُٔظويٓش‬
‫حُٔظَٜ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ٖٓ،‫ٝطـ٘ذ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُلَ٘٣ش‬ ‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔز٤يحص‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬
ِٕ‫حُو‬،٢‫حُظ‬‫حُظِق‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ َِ‫طو‬ ‫هي‬،ٝ ‫ٝحُز٤ج٤ش‬ ‫حُٜل٤ش‬ ‫طخػ٤َحطٜخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٌُٖ‫ىٍحٓش‬
ُِٔ َ‫حُزيحث‬ ‫حهظَحكخص‬‫ؼخٓالص‬‫ِِٓٔش‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬ ‫حٌُ٤ٔ٤خٝ٣ش‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوطٞحص‬ ٖٓ
‫حُلٜخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٍٝ‫حُظيح‬ ‫حٗظٔش‬‫ى‬‫حطزخػٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬٢‫ك‬ َ‫طظٔؼ‬‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓخص‬،‫ٝ١َم‬
ِ٤ٜ‫حُظـ‬،‫حُظـل٤ل‬ ‫ٝحُؼالؽ‬٢ٍ‫ٝحالرٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُيٍٗخص‬ ‫حُـٌٍ٣ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬،
‫حُظؼزجش‬ ‫ر٤ٞص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظويحٜٓخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣،ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُظـِ٤ق‬ ‫ٝ١َم‬‫ظ‬٢‫ؿٞىس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طلخكع‬
ِ‫ٝطو‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ٍ‫حالَٟح‬ َ.
ٕ‫ح‬‫كلع‬‫ٓ٘ول‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ٓ ‫٠ش‬ْ‫الث‬ٍٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٌَُ
ٞٛٝ٠ٔٔ٣‫ٓخ‬(‫حُللع‬‫رخُظزَ٣ي‬)‫الٓ٤ٔخ‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٠‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلخٍس‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٢‫ك‬
ّ‫حُوي‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٕ‫حالٗٔخ‬.‫ٓخثيس‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُزخٍىس‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظلخى‬ ‫كوي‬
‫حُـزِ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔطلؼخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ّ‫حٓظوي‬ ً‫ح‬ ،٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ‫١ز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ُٕ‫ًٔوخ‬ ‫حٌُٜٞف‬
ُٞٔ‫ح‬‫حُلخٍس‬ ْٓ‫ح‬،‫أ‬‫ح‬ ‫حُٔخء‬ ٍ‫حرخ‬ ُٝ‫٣للع‬ ٢‫ظ‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬ِٚ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬‫حُؼِٞؽ‬ ‫كلع‬ ٠‫كظ‬
‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫طَطلغ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٜٗ‫حال‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ُالٓظلخىس‬.
ٍٞ‫ؿ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ‫طو٘٤خص‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫٣ؼٞى‬1853ّٚٗٞٗ‫ٝهخ‬
ٍُٜٞ٘ٔ‫ح‬(ٍٞ‫ؿ‬ ٕٞٗ‫هخ‬)‫هل‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٚ٤‫ٝك‬ٞ٢‫ٛ٘خػ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬،
‫ٝرؼي‬‫ٓض‬‫ػَ٘س‬١‫حال٣َُ٘ي‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ َٛٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٓ٘ش‬Tomas Androseٕ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬
ٞ‫هل‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ ْ٤‫حَُث‬ َٓ‫حُؼخ‬ ٞٛ ٕٞ‫حٌُخٍر‬ ‫حًٝٔ٤ي‬ ٢ٗ‫ػخ‬ ُ‫ؿخ‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬

5. 4
َ‫ٓخث‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ِٚ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬،‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ ُ‫ؿخ‬ ٌَُ ٕ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ َٛٞ‫ط‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ػ‬ ‫كَؿش‬َ‫ر‬ ‫كٜخ‬‫ؤ‬٢‫حُ٠ـ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٜٓٔخ‬ ُ‫حُـخ‬ ‫كٞهٜخ‬ ‫ال٣ظٔ٤غ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍؿش‬ ‫ٜٗخ‬
ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ُِٔٔ‫ح‬‫كخُش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫الطظل‬ ‫حُـخُحص‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخثيح‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬
، ‫حُٔ٤ُٞش‬ٍٞ١ُْٝ‫حُؼخ‬Robert mayer1814-1879ّ‫حُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬
‫حُلَحٍ٣ش‬Thermodynamic٢ٛٝ:‫ؿخُحص‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤‫حَُث‬ َٓ‫حُؼخ‬
‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُل‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫طُٞيص‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬،‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ
‫طئى‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ‫كَحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ى٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ِ٤‫ك‬ ‫ٝطزَ٣ي‬ ‫رخٍى‬ ٢‫ٛٞحث‬ ٍ‫ط٤خ‬ ‫حكيحع‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١
‫ٝحٓظـِض‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝكيس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬‫حُطَ٣وش‬ ٌٙٛ‫حُـٌحء‬ ‫كلع‬ ٢‫ك‬ٌٕٞ‫ُظ‬
‫أ‬‫حُظو٘٤ش‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫ٗخؿق‬ ١‫حهظٜخى‬ ‫ططز٤ن‬ ٍٝ،‫رؼي‬‫أ‬َٔ‫طؼ‬ ‫طزَ٣ي‬ ‫حُش‬ ٍٝ‫ح‬ ‫طٜ٘٤غ‬ ْ‫ط‬ ٕ
٢‫ر٠ـ‬ٖ٤‫حُ٘خ٣ظَٝؿ‬َٕ‫ه‬ َٖٓ‫أًؼ‬ َ‫هز‬ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓHaborّ‫ػخ‬1864ّ،
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬1876ّ٢ِ‫كؼ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ َٗٞ‫ر‬‫ر‬٢٤‫حُٔل‬ َ‫ػز‬ ‫حُٔـٔيس‬ ّٞ‫حُِل‬ َ‫٘و‬
‫حُظـٔ٤ي‬ ّ‫ر٘ظخ‬ ٖ‫حُٔل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِٔ١‫حال‬‫طال‬ ،‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ُٕ‫ٓوخ‬ ٍ‫حرظٌخ‬ ‫ًُي‬،ْ‫ػ‬
‫رَٔػش‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫ططٍٞص‬،٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫كٌخٗض‬‫خ‬‫ٍحص‬‫حُٔزَىس‬‫ٝحُطخثَحص‬
‫حُٔزَىس‬.٢‫ٝك‬1930ّ‫حُٜٞحء‬ ‫طٌ٤٤ق‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ٚ‫حطـ‬ٝ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حٓظـ‬
‫حالر٘٤ش‬ ‫طٌ٤٤ق‬‫ٝٛ٘خػ‬‫ش‬‫حُٜٞحء‬ ‫ٌٓ٤لخص‬‫حُؼالؿش‬ ‫ٝظَٜص‬Refrigerator
‫حُٔـٔيس‬ ‫ٝرؼيٛخ‬Freezer. ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ًَ ‫ٝهظ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ َٔٗٝ
‫حُزٔظخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلخٛالص‬ ِٕ‫ه‬ ‫١َم‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔوظَٜس‬ ‫حُ٘زٌس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝرؼي‬
ِٕ‫رو‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫حُٜٔظ‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٔظل٤ي‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔئُق‬ َٓ‫٣خ‬
‫١الد‬ ٖٓ ‫حُزٔظ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلخٛالص‬‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ‫ٝ١الد‬ ‫حالُٝ٤ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕٞ‫ٝحُزخكؼ‬ٍ‫ٔـخ‬ٖ٤ٔ‫ٝحُٜٔظ‬ ‫حالٓخطٌس‬ ٖٓ‫حُزٔظ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلخٛالص‬ ِٕ‫رو‬
٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ّٞ‫حُٔو‬ ٖٓ ٌَُ ٕ‫ٝحالٓظ٘خ‬ ٌَُ٘‫رخ‬ ‫حُٔئُق‬ ‫٣ظٞؿش‬ ّ‫حُوظخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬.‫أ.ى‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخػي‬ ٖٓ ًَٝ ٢ٗ‫حُلٔيح‬ ‫ٛزخ‬ .‫ى‬ ١ٞ‫حُِـ‬ ّٞ‫ٝحُٔو‬ ‫حُٞٛخد‬ ‫ػزي‬ ‫ٛز٤ق‬
‫حٌُظخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫حهَحؽ‬‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬.
‫أُؤُق‬
١‫أُْو‬ ‫ٗبصو‬ ‫ؿبُت‬ .‫ك‬

6. 5
ٍٝ‫اال‬ َ‫اُلص‬
‫اُؾصبك‬ ‫ثؼل‬ َ‫اُؾبص‬ ٕ‫كولا‬ ‫أٍجبة‬:
‫٣زيأ‬‫حُزٔظ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلخٛالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلوي‬ٌَ٘ٓ‫ٗو‬ ‫ٝحػ٘خء‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ٢٘‫ؿ‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬
‫حُظؼزجش‬ ٢ٗ‫حٝح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬،ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حالكظٌخى‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬،‫حُظؼزجش‬ ‫ٝحػ٘خء‬
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ُللع‬ ‫حُٔوٜٜش‬ ُٕ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حالٓٞحم‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ َ‫ٝحُ٘و‬،ٖٓ ‫ٗوِٜخ‬ ‫ٝرؼي‬
‫حالٓظٜالى‬ ‫حٓٞحم‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ُٕ‫حُٔوخ‬،‫حُٔٔظِٜي‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٍٞٛٝ ٠‫ٝكظ‬.
َ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫رخُلخٛالص‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ‫حٝف‬‫زٔظ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫حُ٘خٓ٤ش‬ ٕ‫حُزِيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٘٤ش‬
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلخٍس‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬(25-75%)‫حال‬ ٖٓ‫ٝرليٝى‬ ‫ٗظخؽ‬(10%)ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ٝح٧َٟح‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ٝ ‫حُظلٔن‬ َ‫ٗؼظز‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ ‫حُٔظويٓش‬
‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٓٔززخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٍٞ‫ػز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُـٌحث٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٞػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜلخص‬ ٍٞٛ‫طي‬
٣ٝ .‫حُلوي‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ‫ٓالكظش‬ ٌٖٖٔٓ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حٗٞحع‬ ‫ػالػش‬ َ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬
َ٠‫حُو‬( ٍٝ‫ؿي‬ ٢‫ك‬1):-
( ٍٝ‫ؿي‬1‫حُٔوِٗش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫ُظِق‬ ٟٜٞ‫حُو‬ ‫حُليٝى‬ )
ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ّ‫أ٣خ‬ ‫ػيى‬
ِٕ‫حُو‬
‫حُظلٔن‬ٍَٟ
٢ٌ٤ٗ‫ٓ٤ٌخ‬
ُٕٝ ‫كوي‬َٓ‫ػٞح‬
َٟ‫حه‬
‫ٓـٔٞع‬
% ‫حُلوي‬
ٞ٤‫ح٧ر‬ َٜ‫حُز‬15015-257-81015-3047-73
‫حُ٤طخ١خ‬3005-152-351022-33
ْ١‫حُطٔخ‬41-124-62-415-2022-42
ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ‫حُظ٘ز٤ض‬ ‫حُظِق‬ ‫ٓزذ‬sprouting in storage
‫أ‬-‫اُزلَـ‬decay
٣‫ٝحُزٌظ٤َ٣ش‬ ‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ٝ‫رخ٧َٓح‬ ‫حالٛخرش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُظلٔن‬ ‫٘ظؾ‬،َ‫ٓؼ‬‫ا‬‫ٛخرش‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُٔـَٜ٣ش‬ ‫رخالك٤خء‬ ‫حُزٔظ٘٤ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬BotritisٝPenciallium
(ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬1( ٝ )2( ٝ )3(ٝ )4)،٩‫ح‬ َ٘‫ٝط٘ظ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حالك٤خء‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ‫ٛخرش‬
‫ىٍؿ‬َٔ‫ر‬ ‫حَُٔطلؼش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫خص‬‫ك‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ‫ػش‬‫ب‬ٕ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ريٍؿخص‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬
ٗ‫ح‬ ٖٓ َِ‫٣و‬ ‫حُٔ٘ول٠ش‬‫ظ‬‫حُـَػٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫حالك٤خء‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫٘خ‬،‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ ٌُٖ

7. 6
‫حُزَٝىس‬ ٍ‫أَٟح‬ ‫طٔزذ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ َٔ‫طل‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ ٖٓ َ‫حًؼ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ول٠ش‬
Chilling injury،‫ٓٔخ‬٩‫ح‬ َ٤ٜٔ‫ٝط‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ّ‫ٛي‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ‫ٛخرش‬
‫ٝحُزٌظ٤َ٣ش‬،‫حُظل‬ ‫ٓؼخُـش‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٓ٘خٓزش‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ريٍؿخص‬ ِٕ‫رخُو‬ ‫ٔن‬ّ‫ٓظويح‬
ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُٔٔٔٞف‬ ‫ٝحُزٌظ٤َ٣ش‬ ‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔز٤يحص‬‫ٝا‬ ،‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫ؿَحء‬
.‫حُٔظ٠ٍَس‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٍِ‫ُؼ‬ ‫ٝحُظيٍ٣ؾ‬ َُ‫حُل‬
ٖٔ‫ٝك‬ ١َُٔ٘‫ح‬ ًًَ(2009)‫ا‬ٍٕ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٓٞ‫حُـَػ‬ ‫حُظِق‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬
ِ‫حُٔو‬ ُٖٔ٘ٔ‫ح‬‫طلض‬ ‫ٗش‬4°٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حٍطلؼض‬ ّ5.6٢‫حُظ‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓيس‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ %
ٖ٤‫حٓزٞػ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حٓظيص‬.ً‫ح‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ‫كٔذ‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫ٝطوظِق‬ّ‫حٗخٗخ‬ ‫رط٤ن‬ ‫كوي‬
9.78‫ٝرط٤ن‬ %Golden beauty10.84‫كوي‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٜٝٗخ‬ ٖٓ %
٢ُ‫كٞح‬ ١ٝ‫ه٠َح‬ ‫ٛ٘ق‬19.21ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫هخ١غ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ق‬ %18.24ٖٓ %
‫ُٔيس‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ُٜٝٗخ‬َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫هٔٔش‬ٓٞ٣‫آ‬.
‫ٍٛٞس‬(1)ُ‫ح‬ ‫حالٛخرخص‬‫لطَ٣ش‬٢‫ك‬.ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬‫ٍٛٞس‬(2‫حالٛخرخص‬ )
‫حُٔوِٗش‬ ْ١‫حُطٔخ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالك٤خث٤ش‬.
‫ة‬-‫أُ٤ٌبٗ٤ٌ٤خ‬ ‫األظواه‬Mechanical injury
ٖ‫ٝحُ٘ل‬ ٍٝ‫ٝحُظيح‬ ‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ح٧َٟح‬ ‫طليع‬
‫ٝؿَٝف‬ ‫ٓطل٤ش‬ ‫ٝطٌَٔحص‬ ٍٟٝٞ ‫كيٝع‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫طئى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظؼزجش‬،َ‫ٓؼ‬
‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓوٞ١ٜخ‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ ‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َُٟٝٞ‫ح‬ٍ‫٧ٗـخ‬،٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُـَٝف‬
‫ُِزطخ١خ‬ ‫طليع‬ٛ‫كٜخى‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ َٜ‫ٝحُز‬،‫ٔخ‬ٝ‫حكظٌخى‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٍٟٝٞ ‫طليع‬

8. 7
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬،‫أ‬‫ٝٓوٞ١ٜخ‬،‫أ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫رؼ٘ق‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢٘‫ؿ‬ ‫ٝػ٘ي‬،٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬
. ‫حالك٤خث٤ش‬ ‫حالٛخرخص‬ ٍ‫حٗظ٘خ‬
٣٢‫٣ؤط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫رخطزخع‬ ‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ح٧َٟح‬ َ٤ِ‫طو‬ ٌٖٔ:-
1-٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓزش‬ ‫حُطَم‬ ‫حطزخع‬.‫حُلٜخى‬
2-ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔٞػي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫كٜخى‬ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٔ٘خٓذ‬‫حُظ‬ ٝ َ‫حُ٘و‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َٔ‫طظل‬ ١ٍٝ‫يح‬
ٝ.ٖ٣ِ‫حُظو‬
3-ٝ َُٟٝٞ‫ٝح‬ ‫حالكظٌخى‬ ٖٓ َِ‫طو‬ ‫ػزٞحص‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬٢‫ك‬ ٕٝ‫حُوي‬
.ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬
‫ط‬-ٕ‫اُٞى‬ ٕ‫كولا‬:-
‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔخء‬ ‫كوي‬ ٞٛ،‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ ‫٣ٔزذ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ٌّٖٔ‫ط‬ ّ‫ُؼي‬ ،
‫حُؼَٔس‬ٖٓ‫حُوطق‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُٔلوٞى‬ ‫حُٔخء‬ ٞ٣ٞ‫طؼ‬،ٕ‫كويح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًَٝٓ٘ش‬ ٍٞ‫ًر‬ ‫ٝكيٝع‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬،‫ٓٔخ‬‫طلوي‬‫هٔٔآ‬ ‫ٛخ‬‫ه٤ٔظٜخ‬ ٖٓ
ٖ٤ٓ‫ٝك٤ظخ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ٞػ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬(‫ؽ‬)‫حُظٔٞ٣و٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔظٜخ‬ ‫ٝطلوي‬.‫ٝؿي‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫ا‬ٍّٕ‫ػٔخ‬
‫طلوي‬ ُٖٔ٘ٔ‫ح‬6.04‫حُٔزَى‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤‫حٓزٞػ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ُٜٝٗخ‬ ٖٓ %،ٝ‫طَطلغ‬
٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُظِق‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬8.66ٓ ‫حٓخر٤غ‬ ‫ػالع‬ ‫رؼي‬ %( ‫حُٔزَى‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٕ‫ػِٞح‬،
2010) ّ،ّٝ٤‫ر‬( ١َُٔ٘‫ح‬ ٖ1986ّ)‫ح‬١ٞ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ٞ‫هل‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حىص‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓيس‬ ٕ
‫ك‬٧‫ح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ُٕٝ ٍ‫ٓؼي‬ ٢ّ‫ؿ‬ِٝ‫حُٔو‬ ٙ‫خ‬ِٗ‫ه‬ ‫ٗش‬‫آ‬‫ٓزَى‬‫آ‬‫ُٔيس‬َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫هٔٔش‬ٝ‫ح‬
ٖ٤‫ػالػ‬‫٣ٞٓخ‬،ٝ‫ا‬ّٕ‫كخكظض‬ ١ٞ‫حُٔج‬ َ‫حُٜل‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫ٓؼي‬ ٠ِ‫حػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ُٕٝ،ُ‫ح‬ ‫طِظٜخ‬‫ىٍؿش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔوِٝٗش‬ ٍ‫ؼٔخ‬‫كَحٍس‬5°‫حُلوي‬ ‫حُىحى‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ، ّ
٢ٛٝ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ِٕ‫ه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔظويٓش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ ‫حٍطلخع‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬(0°
،5°،10°،20) °ّ. °‫ٝهي‬ّ٤‫ر‬(١ٍٝ‫ٝحُي‬ َٟ‫كخ‬ ٖ2007)ٚٗ‫ا‬ِٕ‫ه‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬
ٌُّٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬َٟ‫ؼ‬٢‫ك‬( ِٕ‫ه‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ٢‫ىٍؿظ‬0°ٝ5) °( ‫ُٔيس‬ ّ20ٝ40ٝ
60ٓٞ٣ )‫آ‬‫ح‬ ،‫ُى٣خى‬‫حُلوي‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬‫س‬ّ‫ي‬ٓ ٟ‫ٓي‬ِٕ‫حُو‬،ٝ‫أ‬‫ٗٔزش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫ُٔيس‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖ٣ِ‫طو‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫كوي‬60. ‫٣ٞٓخ‬

9. 8
( ‫ٍٛٞس‬3. ‫حُزط٤ن‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫طِق‬ ).
‫ٍٛٞس‬(4)ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ‫حُِ٘٤ي‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ‫حالٛخرخص‬
‫ى‬-: َٟ‫حه‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬-‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًٌَٗ ، ٍ‫ٝحُؼٔخ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫ُلوي‬ َٟ‫حه‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬ ‫طٞؿي‬
:َٜ‫حُل‬ ‫ال‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬-
‫أ‬-: ‫حُظٍِ٣غ‬-ٞٛٝ‫ٓخ‬ّٞ‫ٝحُؼ‬ َٜ‫ٝحُز‬ ‫ُِزطخ١خ‬ ‫٣ليع‬‫حُٔخء‬ ‫٣ٔظِٜي‬ ‫ٝحُظٍِ٣غ‬
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوِٝٗش‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞحى‬،ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬ ‫َٓػش‬ ‫ُِ٣خىس‬‫حُٔٞحى‬ ّ‫ٝٛي‬ ،
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬‫أ‬ّٕ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ‫حُظٍِ٣غ‬ْ‫طٜخؿ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٝ‫رخالَٓح‬ ‫حالٛخرخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
. ‫حُ٘خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُـ٠ش‬ ‫حالؿِحء‬
‫ة‬-‫اُلَِغ٤خ‬ ‫االظواه‬:-ٍٛٝ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫طٜ٤ذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حالَٟح‬ ٢‫الطٔززٜخ‬
‫حُٔـَٜ٣ش‬ ‫حالك٤خء‬،‫حٓزخر‬ ْٛ‫ٝح‬‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ‫رخُٔٞػي‬ ‫حُلٜخى‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ‫ٜخ‬،‫ٝظ‬‫َٝف‬
‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٍٞ‫ٝػز‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓزش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬over ripeningِٕ‫ٝحُو‬
‫حُزَٝىس‬ ٍ‫ٝحَٟح‬ ‫ٓ٘خٓزش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كَحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ريٍؿخص‬chilling injury‫ٝحُوِذ‬

10. 9
٢٘‫حُز‬Brown heartٝ ،‫حػ٘خء‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػخىس‬ ‫حُلِٔـ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حالَٟح‬ ‫طليع‬
َٓ‫ػٞح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫ٓخرؼي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ ٝ‫حٗولخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حٍطلخع‬
‫حَُ١ٞرش‬ ‫هِش‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٓلخؿت‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٠ُٛٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُليٝى‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ٝ‫ح‬
، ‫أكٔخٗ٤٘خ‬ ( ) ‫ٓ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حَٟح‬ ( ‫حُٔزخَٗس‬ ‫حالٛخرخص‬2000١‫حُٜخى‬ ‫ػزي‬ ٝ
،1989ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫ٝ٣الكع‬ ،)‫حُلِٔـ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حالَٟح‬َ‫طو‬‫حُٔيس‬ ٖٟٔ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ِٕ‫ه‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬
ِٕ‫ُِو‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٠ُٛٞٔ‫ح‬ّ‫ي‬‫ٝطؼ‬ .‫حُظوِ٣٘٤ش‬ ‫هيٍحطٜخ‬ ‫كٔذ‬ ٝ‫حُ٘ٞحس‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُلخًٜش‬
‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ُالَٟح‬ ‫كٔخٓش‬ ‫حُلـَ٣ش‬٧ ،ّٕ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ْ‫ُل‬‫ٝؿيحٍٛخ‬ ٞ‫ؿ‬
َ‫حَُٔحك‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫رِطق‬ ٍٝ‫حُظيح‬ ‫َٓحػخس‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ، ‫ٍه٤ن‬ ٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬
، ٞٓ‫حُلخ‬ ( ‫حالٓظٜالى‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬ ٢٘‫حُـ‬ ٖٓ ‫حرظيحء‬2001)

11. 10
‫ٍٛٞس‬(5)‫حالٛخرخص‬ ٍ‫حٗظ٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حَُٔطلؼش‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ َ٤‫طخػ‬
ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلطَ٣ش‬
. ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ‫ٝحُظلخف‬ ‫حُِ٘٤ي‬
‫طِي‬ ٍٖٓٝ‫ح٧َٟح‬‫ٓخ‬‫حَُٔطلؼش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ريٍؿخص‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ُِظلخف‬ ‫٣ليع‬
ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬ ‫ُٝ٣خىس‬ًّ‫ا‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫هِذ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢٘‫حُز‬ ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬( ‫ٍٛٞس‬5)،ًًَٝ
ٖٔ‫ٝك‬ ١َُٔ٘‫ح‬(2009)ّٕ‫ا‬‫حُٔوِٗش‬ ُٖٔ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫حُظِق‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬
‫طلض‬4°٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حٍطلؼض‬ ّ12.2‫ح‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓيس‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ %‫ٓظَٔص‬
ٖ٤‫حٓزٞػ‬.‫ٝحٍُٜٞس‬(6)ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حَٟح‬ ٖ٤‫طز‬‫زَٝىس‬٢‫ك‬: ٢ِ‫حُٔل‬ ٍ‫حُزَطوخ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬-
‫ٍٛٞس‬(6‫حُزَٝىس‬ ٍ‫حَٟح‬ )٢‫ك‬ٍ‫حُزَطوخ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫هَ٘س‬.

12. 11
:‫اُضٔبه‬ ‫رِق‬ َ‫ٓواؽ‬-
1-: ‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫ٝهض‬ ‫حُظِق‬-‫حُ٘خطـش‬ ‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ُ٨َٟح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫٣ليع‬ٖ‫ػ‬
‫حُلٜخى‬،‫طلض‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ‫روخء‬ ٝ‫أ‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٜو٤غ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫طلض‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ُْٔ٘‫ح‬
. ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُؼزٞحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُظؼزجش‬ ٢٘‫حُـ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫حَُ١ٞرش‬
2-: ‫ٝحُظؼزجش‬ ‫ٝحُظيٍ٣ؾ‬ َُ‫حُل‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُظِق‬-ّٕ‫ا‬‫ر٤ٞص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ َ٤‫طؤه‬
‫حُظؼزجش‬ٍٞ‫حُلو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،٧‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ‫كٔذ‬ ‫ٝحُظيٍ٣ؾ‬ َُ‫حُل‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ٗظظخ‬،
‫ح‬ ‫٣ٔزذ‬ ‫هي‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬ ٝ‫أ‬‫ح٧ك٤خء‬ ٍ‫ٗظ٘خ‬.‫حَُٟٔ٤ش‬
3-ُ‫ح‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُظِق‬: ‫ظٜ٘٤غ‬-ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ ‫طِق‬ ‫٣ليع‬٧ٍ‫ٗظظخ‬‫ػِٔ٤خص‬‫حُظٜ٘٤غ‬،
ٝ‫أ‬ٍ‫هال‬‫هخٛش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ُِٔل‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤غ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬. ‫حُظوط٤غ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤٘‫حُظو‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬
4-:ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُظِق‬-ِٕ‫حُو‬ ّ‫حٗظظخ‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫٣ليع‬‫أ‬ ،ِٕ‫حُو‬ ٝ٢‫ك‬‫ىٍؿش‬
‫ٓ٘خٓزش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كَحٍس‬،‫حٌَُٜرخ‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫حٗوطخع‬ ٝ‫أ‬‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ُٕ‫ٓوخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ث‬،ٝ‫أ‬
‫حٗظ٘خ‬‫حال‬ ٍ‫حُزٌظ٤َ٣ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ‫ٛخرخص‬،‫ٝٛ٘خُي‬‫حُظِق‬ ‫َٓ٣ؼش‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬َٔ‫الطظل‬
‫١ٞ٣ِش‬ ‫ُٔيس‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬،ُٖٔ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ًؼٔخ‬،ٗ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫ض‬‫حُظِق‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬٢ُ‫كٞح‬
17.8٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔزَى‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤‫حٓزٞػ‬ ‫رؼي‬ %4،ٖٔ‫ٝك‬ ١َُٔ٘‫(ح‬ ّ
2009).
5-: ٖ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُظِق‬-‫٣ليع‬‫حُظِق‬٠ُ‫ح‬ َ‫حُلو‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ٗل‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬
‫حُٔٞم‬،ُٕ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬،‫حُٔٞم‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ُٕ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٖٓ ٝ‫أ‬،٠ُ‫ح‬ َ٣‫حُظٜي‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٝ‫أ‬
‫حُزؼ٤يس‬ ‫ح٧ٓٞحم‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬،ٞ٣َ‫طؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓ٘خٓزش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ػزٞحص‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٝ‫أ‬
. ٖ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ‫ٝح١جش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫كَحٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬

13. 12
٢ٗ‫اُضب‬ َ‫اُلص‬
ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ر‬ َ‫(ٓواؽ‬ ‫اُضٔبه‬ ‫ٝٗعظ‬ ٞٔٗ) ‫اُضٔبه‬
‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٌٕٞ‫طظ‬‫ٓز‬ ٖٜٓ‫ِٓلوخط‬ ٝ َُِٙٛ‫ح‬ ٞ٤ٖ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫ٝط٘ظؾ‬‫حهٜخد‬ ٖٓ
َُِٛ‫ح‬‫س‬ٝ ،‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٠‫كظ‬ َ‫رَٔحك‬ َٔ‫ط‬: ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬-
1-‫َٓكِش‬: ٍ‫حالُٛخ‬Flowring stage
‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫طزيأ‬ُِٛ‫ح‬ ْ‫حُزَحػ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٖٓ٢ٜ‫ٝط٘ظ‬ ‫َ٣ش‬‫ر‬٢‫ٝطٔخه‬ ‫خالهٜخد‬
‫حال‬ٍَٝ‫حَُٔحك‬ ٖٓ ٢ٛٝ ،‫حُظٞ٣ـ٤ش‬ ‫حم‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝطليع‬ ،‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜٔٔش‬
‫ػِٔ٤ش‬‫حُظِو٤ق‬pollination‫كيٝع‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حَُِٛس‬ ٞٔٗ ‫ٝ٣ظٞهق‬ ،
‫حالهٜخد‬‫حٗولخ‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ً‫ا‬ ٞ٣‫حُٔزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٜٓٞٗخص‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ِٝ٤ًَ‫ط‬ َ‫٣و‬
‫ٝحالًٝٔ٤٘خص‬ ‫حُـزَُ٤٘خص‬٠ٗ‫حالى‬ ‫حُلي‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حالُٛخ‬ ‫طلظق‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬،ّ‫ػي‬ ‫ٝػ٘ي‬
‫كيٝع‬ٍ‫حالُٛخ‬ ٢‫طظٔخه‬ ‫حُظِو٤ق‬ُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ ،‫حٟخكش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ ‫ظِو٤ق‬‫حَُٜٓٞٗخص‬ ٌٙٛ
‫طٌٞ٣ٜ٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٗٔ٤ؾ‬ ‫ط٘ـ٤غ‬ ٝ‫ح‬.
2-‫َٓكِش‬٩‫ح‬: ‫هٜخد‬fertilization
‫حُظِو٤ق‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ّ‫حطٔخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫طزيأ‬،‫ٝػِٔ٤ش‬ٔ‫ط‬ ‫حالهٜخد‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫خػي‬
‫حُ٘خطـش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٍ‫حٓظَٔح‬‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزٞد‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٝ ‫حُظِو٤ق‬ ‫حؿَحء‬ َُٖٓ‫طل‬‫َٛٓٞٗخ‬
٢‫ك‬ٞ٣‫حُٔزخ‬‫ًخٗض‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ٓ‫ػٞح‬ ٝ ‫حِٗ٣ٔخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٞ‫طلظ‬ ‫حٜٗخ‬ ‫٣ؼظوي‬ ٝ ِٚ٤ِ‫ه‬َ
‫ٓٔخػيس‬‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫َٛٓٞٗخص‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫طٔزذ‬.
3-‫َٓكِش‬: ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ػوي‬fruit sit
‫حَُِٛس‬ ٞ٤‫ُٔز‬ ‫حَُٔ٣غ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ َ‫طٔؼ‬‫حُظِو٤ق‬ ٢‫ػِٔ٤ظ‬ ‫رؼي‬
‫ٝحالهٜخد‬ً‫ا‬‫٣ِىحى‬‫حُظٜخم‬‫حَُِٛس‬‫حُٜـ٤َس‬‫رخُ٘زخص‬‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٌٙٛٝ ،‫طلظخؽ‬
‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٢َٗٞٓٛ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬‫حالًٝٔ٤٘خص‬‫ٝحُـزَُ٤٘خص‬‫ٝحُٔخ٣ظًٞخ٣٘٤٘خص‬.ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬
‫ُالًٝٔ٤٘خص‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ٍ‫ؿيح‬ ‫طِٝ٣ي‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ‫ػٌٍ٣خ‬ ‫طؼوي‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬،‫َٓكِش‬ ‫ٝطؼَف‬
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ػوي‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫كزؼي‬ ‫ػَٔس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حَُِٛس‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫رخٜٗخ‬‫طزيأ‬ ‫ح٩هٜخد‬ ٝ ‫ظِو٤ق‬
‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ٍ‫٣ليع‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٌٍٝ‫حُز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزٌٍس‬ ‫ٝريحهِٜخ‬

14. 13
‫أٛخرٜخ‬ ْٓ‫ٓ٤خ‬ ٖٓ ‫طلِٜٔخ‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ّ‫ح٧هال‬ ٢‫طٔخه‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝطٔخهطٜخ‬ ‫ُِزظالص‬ ٍٞ‫ًر‬
. ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬ ‫أىص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُـلخف‬
)‫حُؼوي‬ ( ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حَُِٛس‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٖٓ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬ ْ‫ٝ٣ظ‬‫طظَحٝف‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ٓيس‬ ٢‫ك‬ٖ٤‫ر‬
‫ٓخػخص‬ ‫ػيس‬،ٞ‫حُٔخٗـ‬ ٍ‫أُٛخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ،ْ١‫حُطٔخ‬ ٍ‫أُٛخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ّ‫أ٣خ‬ ‫ػيس‬
ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ٍ‫ؿيح‬ ‫هال٣خ‬ ّ‫حٗؤخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ُظٌٞ٣ٜ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝطلظخؽ‬،٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣لظخؽ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬
ٍ‫رخُـيح‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼَٝكش‬ ‫حُؼالػش‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ٍ‫ؿي‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ َٜ‫طل‬ ٢َٗٞٓٛ ٢٘٘ٓ
٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬Exocarp٢ٓٝ٧‫ح‬ ٝ ،Mesocarp٢ِ‫ٝحُيحه‬Endocarpٖٓ
‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزٞد‬،٢٘‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬‫رز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤ًٔ‫رخال‬‫حال‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ‫خىة‬ٖٝ٤ًٔ
Auxin precursor‫حُل‬ ٞٛٝ‫خ‬٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٕ‫حُظَرظٞكخ‬ ٢٘٤ٓ٧‫ح‬ ٞٓ
‫ك‬ ٍٝ‫حٗي‬‫خ‬‫حُوال٣خ‬ ّ‫حٗؤخ‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ُظ‬ ١ٍَٝ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤ًٔ‫حُل٤ظٞح‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُوِ٤ي‬ ٞٓ
٧‫ح‬ ‫٣ِؼذ‬ ‫ٝال‬ٙ‫ٝكي‬ ٖ٤ًٖٔٝ٤َُ‫حُـز‬ ٖٓ ًَ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫٣٘ظَى‬ َ‫ر‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
ُٝٔ‫ح‬‫خ‬ًٞ‫٣ظ‬‫خ‬. ٖ٤٘٣
ٓ ‫طٌٞ٣ٜ٘خ‬ ‫كؼ٘ي‬ ‫حُزٌٍس‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٢‫٣ؤط‬ ْ‫ػ‬‫ح٩هٜخد‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ّ‫اطٔخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُِ٣ـٞص‬ ٖ،
‫حُٞحٍىس‬ ‫حٌَُٔ٣خص‬ ٝ ‫حُؼ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ٝ‫ح٧كٔخ‬ ٝ ‫ح٧ٓ٤٘٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح٧كٔخ‬ َ‫ُظٞك‬ ‫ٝٗظَح‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫َٛٓٞٗخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُِٔ٣ي‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ‫حُؼخهيس‬ ‫ُِؼَٔس‬ ‫حٍُٞهش‬ ٖٓ
ًٔٝ‫أال‬٤ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ٖ٤َُ‫حُـز‬ ٝ ٖ‫خ‬ًٞ‫٣ظ‬‫خ‬٣٤ّ٘‫الٗؤخ‬ ُّ‫حُال‬ ٖٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ‫هال٣خ‬ِ٤٤ٔ‫ٝط‬‫ٛخ‬
‫ٝطوِ٤و‬،‫ٜخ‬‫ٝرٌُي‬ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ‫حُزٌٍس‬ ‫طٜزق‬‫آ‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٜٓٞٗخص‬ ‫ُظِي‬‫طظَٔد‬
Releaseٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ٍ‫ؿيح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬،‫ٝ٣ٔخػي‬‫ًُي‬ّ‫حٗؤخ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ّ‫اطٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫هال٣خٛخ‬
‫ٝحٓظطخُظٜخ‬‫ٝؿي‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫حًظٔخ‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ُٜٝٛٞخ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ْ‫ػ‬
٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ‫ُحى‬ ٌٍٝ‫حُز‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫ُحى‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬.ً‫ا‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫ح‬
‫ح‬ ‫طُٞ٣غ‬‫ح٧ٗٞحع‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌَٗٝ ٌٍٝ‫ُز‬.
4-ٞٔٗ ِٚ‫َٓك‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬fruit growth
‫ا‬ّٕ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬‫ط‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞٔٗ‫طؼي‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُ٘خٓ٤ش‬ ٌٍٙ‫رخُز‬ ٢‫َطز‬َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖٓ
ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬‫ظٔش‬ُٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞٔٗ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔ٤طَس‬‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ِ٤ً‫طَح‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ،ٖٓ
‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫حَُٜٓٞٗخص‬،ٝ‫ا‬ّٕ٘ٛ‫حال‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝط٘٠ؾ‬ ٞٔ٘‫ط‬ ‫خف‬ٖٓ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ٕٝ‫ى‬
‫حُلخؿش‬ٌٍٝ‫حُز‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ٝط‬ ‫حالهٜخد‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬،‫٣ؼَف‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬‫حُؼوي‬١ٌَ‫حُز‬)١ٌٍ‫(حُؼ‬

15. 14
parthenocarpyٖ٤‫ٝحُظ‬ ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬ ‫حٛ٘خف‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬ ‫كخُ٘٘٤خ‬ ٍ‫رَطوخ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬
. ‫ٝحُؼ٘ذ‬
١ٌٍ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رخُؼوي‬ ‫٣وٜي‬ٕٝ‫ري‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ٝط‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ‫اهٜخد‬ ٕٝ‫ري‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ػوي‬
ٌٍٝ‫ر‬‫ٌٝٛح‬٢٘٤٘‫حُـ‬ ْ٤ٌُ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ػ٤ذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُـخُذ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫٣َؿغ‬،‫رخُؼوي‬ ‫ك٤ؼَف‬
١ٌَ‫حُز‬Parthenocarpy‫طٔ٤ِآ‬ ‫؛‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ُٚStemospermocarpyً‫ا‬ ‫؛‬
ٍ‫ؿي‬ ٍ‫حٓظَٔح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٔٞص‬ َٔ٠٣ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٝح٩هٜخد‬ ‫حُظِو٤ق‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫ٓالالص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ‫طِي‬ َ٘‫ٝط٘ظ‬ ، ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ُظ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬
‫طِي‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٗزخط٤ش‬ُُٞٔ‫ح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ػَٔس‬ ٌَُ ‫رٞ٣٠خص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫رٞؿٞى‬ ِ٤ٔ‫طظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫ُِؼوي‬ ‫كخالص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬ ّ‫ٝح٧ٗخٗخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝحُظ‬٢‫٣ؤط‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًٌَٗ:
1-‫رخُؼوي‬ ٠ٔٔ٣ٝ ‫اهٜخد‬ ٕٝ‫ٝري‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ‫طِو٤ق‬ ٕٝ‫ري‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬
‫ح‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬َ‫ٓؼ‬ ١َ٠‫ُو‬ْ١‫حُطٔخ‬ّ‫ٝح٧ٗخٗخ‬ ُُٞٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫َٓس‬ ٞ‫أر‬ ٍ‫ٝحُزَطوخ‬.
2-ٞ٤‫ُِٔز‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫أٗزٞرش‬ ٍٞٛٝ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُظِو٤ق‬ ٖٓ ‫رظ٘ـ٤غ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬
ٖٓ ٢٤٘٘‫حُظ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ٢‫حُظ٘٘٤ط‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٠ٔٔ٣ٝ ‫حُزط٤ن‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬
ٍ‫حُـزخ‬ ‫ًٍحص‬ َ٤‫رظؤػ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ‫طـَ٣ق‬ ٖٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫َُِِٛس‬ ‫حُلَ٘حص‬ ‫ُ٣خٍس‬
.
3-‫حُز٤ج‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٌْ‫حُظل‬٤‫ُي‬ ‫حُ٘زخطخص‬ ٞ٣َ‫طؼ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ش‬‫كَحٍس‬ ‫ٍؿخص‬
‫اٟخءس‬ ‫ٗيس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٓ٘ول٠ش‬‫ٓ٘ول‬ ‫حُظِو٤ق‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ٌٕٞ‫كظ‬‫حُظَٝف‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫٠ش‬
ْ١‫حُطٔخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُِٜو٤غ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞ٣َ‫رظؼ‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ‫حهظلخء‬ ‫ط٘ـ٤غ‬ ٝ‫أ‬
َٟ‫حٌُٔؼ‬ ٝ ‫حُظلخف‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ول٠ش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬.
4-‫حُ٘زخطخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٍٗخ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٔخص‬ ّ‫رخٓظويح‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫ط٘ـ٤غ‬
‫رخال‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٖ٤ًْٔٝ١‫حُطٔخ‬‫حُؼ٘ذ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٖ٤َُ‫رخُـز‬ ٝ.
‫رخٍطلخع‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٝ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ٞ٣‫ٓزخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫طظ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫كخالص‬ ٠‫ٝك‬
ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ك٤يكؼٜخ‬ ‫حُؼخى٣ش‬ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٓؼ٤الطٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢َُٜٗٞٓ‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬
‫حَُٔطلغ‬ ٢َُٜٗٞٓ‫ح‬‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬٢‫حُظٔخه‬ ّ‫ٝػي‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٍ‫الٓظَٔح‬،‫ح٧ٗٞحع‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫أٓخ‬
‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ٔ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كظٔو‬ٝ ‫حُظِو٤ق‬ َ٘‫ك‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫خٍٛخ‬‫ح٩هٜخد‬،‫اؿ٘ظٜخ‬ ٍٟٞٔ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٝ‫أ‬

16. 15
‫حُوخٍؽ‬ ٖٓ ‫رخَُٜٓٞٗخص‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝٓؼخىُش‬ ‫حُؼخهيس‬ ٍ‫رخُؼٔخ‬Exogenous
ٝٞ‫٣ؼ‬ ‫هي‬‫٣ٔٔق‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ‫ؿ٤خد‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞ٤‫ُٔز‬َٔ‫٣ٔظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬.
‫ٓؼخِٓش‬ ّ‫حٓظوي‬ ‫ٝهي‬ٞ‫ٝحُٔخ٣ظ‬ ‫ٝحُـزَُ٤٘خص‬ ‫رخالًٝٔ٤٘خص‬ ٍ‫حالُٛخ‬٘٣‫ًخ‬‫٤٘خص‬
‫الكيحع‬‫حُؼوي‬١ٌٍ‫حُؼ‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ‫حُزيح٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ًَِٓ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫رؼي‬‫آ‬‫حٗؤخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ّ
‫حُوال٣خ‬cell divitionٚ‫ٓيط‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ٝ‫ػٔخٗ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ّ‫ح٣خ‬ ‫هٔٔش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ّ‫ح٣خ‬٢‫ك‬
‫حُو‬ٝ ‫َع‬‫حٍرؼش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ّ‫ح٣خ‬ ‫ػالػش‬‫حُظلخف‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ح٣خ‬.
‫طِ٤ٜخ‬‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ‫َٓكِش‬‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٢‫ك‬Cell enlargement‫رؼي‬ ٢‫طؤط‬
‫َٓكِش‬ّ‫حٗؤخ‬‫هي‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬‫ٓؼٜخ‬ ِٚ‫ٓظيحه‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬‫٣ِىحى‬ ً‫ا‬ْ‫كـ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬٤‫ٗظ‬‫ـش‬
‫حُٔٔظٜش‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٍ‫حٗظوخ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حالٍٝحم‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٌٍٝ‫حُـ‬ ٖٓ
٠ُ‫ح‬ َٜ٣ ‫هي‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٙ‫(ُٝ٣خى‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫حًظٔخ‬ ٠‫كظ‬6000‫َٓس‬).
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ْٔ‫ط٘و‬ٔ‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٓـٔٞػظ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞٔٗ ٠٘‫ٓ٘ل‬ ٌَٗٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ذ‬:-
‫أ‬-‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬‫اُضٔبه‬‫ماد‬‫كٝهح‬ُٞٔ٘‫ا‬‫اُٞاؽلح‬Single sigmoid
‫ٝحكيس‬ ‫ىٍٝس‬ ًٝ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٠٘‫ٓ٘ل‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ٣‫كَف‬ ٌَٗ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝS
(ٌَٗ1)ٝٗ‫ٝحال‬ ‫ٝحُلٔ٠٤خص‬ ‫حُظلخك٤خص‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬١‫ٝحُطٔخ‬ ّ‫خٗخ‬ْ‫ٝحُزِحُ٤خ‬ٍ‫ٝػٔخ‬
‫حُؼخثِش‬‫ٝٓؼظ‬ ‫حُوَػ٤ش‬َ‫َٓحك‬ ‫ػالع‬ ‫رٞؿٞى‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ‫حُو٠َٝحص‬ ْ،َٓ ٢ٛ‫كِش‬
‫حُوال٣خ‬ ّ‫حٗؤخ‬‫َٓكِش‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ‫َٝٓكِش‬‫حُزِٞؽ‬
Maturation
‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُوال٣خ‬ ّ‫حٗؤخ‬Cell division‫ُ٣خىس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗخطؾ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ٣‫ػيى‬
‫ٗٔز٤خ‬ ‫رط٢ء‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ ‫حُوال٣خ‬،
‫َٓكِش‬‫حُِ٣خىس‬‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٢‫ك‬Cell enlargement‫ط‬‫رَٔكِش‬ ٠ٔٔ
‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫حَُٔ٣غ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬‫طؾ‬ٖ‫ػ‬‫ُ٣خىس‬ٔ‫ٝطٔظ‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫كـ‬٠ُ‫ح‬ َٞٔٗ ٍ‫حًظٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬
‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫حُِ٣خى‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ ٚ٤‫حُـٌحث‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ‫رـٔغ‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝطظ‬ َٙٔ‫حُؼ‬ْ‫ـ‬
‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ٖٓ َ‫حًز‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ُٕٝ ٢‫ك‬‫رٔزذ‬‫ٝحُلَحؿخص‬ ‫حُز٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخكخص‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬
‫حُٜٞحث٤ش‬. ‫حُؼَٔس‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬

17. 16
( ٌَٗ1)‫ًحص‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞٔٗ ٠٘‫ٓ٘ل‬‫حُٞحكيس‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫ىٍٝس‬.
‫َٓكِش‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخُؼش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ‫حٓخ‬‫حًظ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُزِٞؽ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٔخ‬
‫حُؼَٔس‬ ْ‫كـ‬ َٔ‫٣ٌظ‬ ‫ٝك٤ٜخ‬‫ح‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ َٜ‫ٝط‬٢‫ك‬ ‫رط٢ء‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ ٢‫ُٜ٘خث‬
‫حَُٔكِش‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬‫حُلـ‬ ٍ‫حًظٔخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫٣ظٞهق‬ ْ‫ػ‬‫حُظلٞالص‬ ٍ‫حٓظَٔح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ْ
‫حٌُ٤ٔ٤خٝ٣ش‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫ٝحُلِٔـ٤شىحه‬. ‫س‬
‫ة‬-‫اُضبٗ٤خ‬ ‫أُغٔٞػخ‬ٝ‫م‬‫اد‬ُٞٔ٘‫ا‬ ٢‫كٝهر‬
Double-sigmoid curve
‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬ ٌٙٛ َٔ٘‫ط‬‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ٚ٣ُُِٞ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ٙ‫ٝحالؿخ‬ ‫ٝحُوٞم‬ ُٖٔ٘ٔ‫ح‬
ٌُ‫ٝح‬‫ٝحُظٞص‬ ‫ٝحُؼ٘ذ‬ ٕٞ‫ٝحُِ٣ظ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝحُظ‬ َُ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٞٔٗ ٠٘‫ٝٓ٘ل‬ ‫ٝحُِ٘٤ي‬ٍ
‫ًحص‬ ٌٕٞ٣‫حٍرؼش‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ٖ٤‫ىٍٝط‬َ‫َٓحك‬(ٌَٗ2)َٔ٘‫ط‬ٖ٤‫كظَط‬ٖٓ
‫ٓلُٜٞش‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬‫رلظَس‬ٍٞٔ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ‫حُ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ط٠خف‬‫َٓكِش‬‫حُزِٞؽ‬
ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٝحًظٔخ‬maturationٝ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ُ‫طٔظخ‬‫ٗخطؾ‬ ‫ٗٔز٤خ‬ ‫رط٢ء‬ ٞٔ٘‫ر‬ ٠ُٝ‫حال‬
‫حُوال٣خ‬ ّ‫حٗؤخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ٔٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٌُح‬ ،ٝ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ّ‫حٗؤخ‬‫٣ٞٓآ‬ ٖ٤‫ػالػ‬ ‫طٔظـَم‬
ٝ ُٖٔ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬‫٣ٞٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫أٍرؼ‬‫حُوٞم‬ ٢‫ك‬.
‫ػوي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝطزيأ‬‫َٓكِش‬ ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٍ‫حالُٛخ‬٢‫حُ٘ٔز‬ ٍٞٔ‫حُو‬
Depressed periodٝ‫َٓكِش‬ ‫ريأ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫٣ٔظي‬٢‫حُ٘ٔز‬ ٍٞٔ‫حُو‬‫ر‬‫ظٞهق‬

18. 17
‫حُِ٣خىس‬ْ‫كـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ٝ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ُٗٝ‫ٜخ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔ٘ل‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ْ٤‫ٓٔظو‬ ٢‫ه‬ ٌَٗ،
‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝطزيأ‬‫١َف‬ ‫رظِٜذ‬‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ُ‫ٝطٔظخ‬ ١َُِٛ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ٞحس‬
‫رخ‬ٔٗ ٍ‫ًظٔخ‬ُٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ّٞ‫ػي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫زذ‬‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬،
‫ُٔلظٞ٣خص‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ٙ‫حٓظٜخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣ؼٞى‬َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬‫حالًٝٔ٤٘خص‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ٝ‫ح‬
‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞٔٗ ّ‫حٗؼيح‬ ‫٣ٔزذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬.
‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُؼخُؼش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬) ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫حُلـْ(كـ‬ ٢‫ك‬Cell enlargmentٝ
‫حك٤خٗخ‬ ٠ٔٔ‫ط‬final swell.‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝطظ‬ْ‫كـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخُِ٣خىس‬‫حُؼَٔس‬
ُٝٗٝٝ ‫ٜخ‬َ‫هط‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ٛخ‬‫حُ٘زخص‬ ‫حؿِحء‬ ٢‫رخه‬ ٖٓ ‫حُـٌحء‬ ‫طـٔغ‬.
‫خ‬ّٓ‫أ‬‫َٓكِش‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حَُحرؼش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ٞٔٗ ‫٣ظٞهق‬ ‫ٝك٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُزِٞؽ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫حًظٔخ‬
‫ح‬‫ُؼَٔس‬،١‫طئى‬ ‫ٝكِٔـ٤ش‬ ‫ً٤ٔ٤خث٤ش‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫رخُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫ٝطزيأ‬
‫رخُ٘ظ٤ـش‬‫١زوش‬ ٌٕٞ‫طظ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬‫ٗٔؼ٤ش‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫ٓطق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
( ٍٝ‫ٝحُـي‬2‫حُطٔخ١ش‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ َ٤‫طخػ‬ ٖ٤‫٣ز‬ ).
( ٌَٗ2)‫ًحص‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞٔٗ ٠٘‫ٓ٘ل‬ٖ٤‫حُيٍٝط‬.

19. 18
( ٍٝ‫ؿي‬2)‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ َ٤‫طخػ‬٢‫ك‬ْ١‫حُطٔخ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬.
٢ٗٞٓ‫اُٜو‬ ٕ‫ٝاُزٞاى‬ ‫اُؼول‬٢ِ‫اُلاف‬:
‫اال‬ٝ: ‫ٝاُؼول‬ ٖ٤ًَ
‫٣زيأ‬‫حٗظوخ‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حَُٜٓٞٗخص‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزش‬ ٍ
ً‫ا‬ ‫حَُِٛس‬ ْٔ٤ٓ‫حُو‬ ‫أٗٔـش‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫أٗزٞرش‬ ٞٔ٘‫ط‬ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٢ٛٝ ِْ
١ٞ‫طلظ‬ ،‫حُؼَٔس‬‫حال‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزش‬ٝ‫ٝطٜزق‬ ٢٘٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٖ٤َُ‫حُـز‬ ٝ ٖ٤ًٔ
‫اٗزخص‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫كؼخُش‬‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزش‬،٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫أٗزٞرش‬ ٞٔٗٝ٣ ِْ‫حُو‬ ‫أٗٔـش‬‫ر٘خء‬ ٢٘٘
‫حال‬ٝ‫رؤٗٔـش‬ ٖ٤ًٔ‫ِٓلٞظش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫ٝ٣َطلغ‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬
، ‫حُ٘خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫أٗزٞرش‬ ‫رؤش‬ ‫حُٔل٤طش‬ ‫رخ٧ٗٔـش‬ْٔ‫ٝ٣٘و‬ ‫ح٩هٜخد‬ ‫ٝ٣ليع‬
ٞٔ٘٣ٝ ‫َٓ٣ؼخ‬ َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫ك٤َطلغ‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬،‫حُ٘خطؾ‬ ‫ُِ٣خىس‬
‫حالٗيٝٓز‬ ‫ٗٔ٤ؾ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٚ٘ٓ٤ً‫ا‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ٝ َّٟٞ‫ٓلظ‬ ٢‫ٝ٣َطز‬ ‫َٓٓظ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫أٗٔـش‬ ‫اٜٗخ‬
‫حال‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼَٔس‬٢‫ك‬ ٌٍٝ‫حُز‬ ٍٞ‫ٝطط‬ ٞٔ٘‫ر‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٖ٤ًٔٝ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫حٍطزخ١خ‬
‫ٝػ٤وخ‬ٍٞ‫ٝحُظط‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٍ‫حٓظَٔح‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ‫٣ظٞهق‬ َ‫ر‬٠‫ك‬ ‫كـٜٔخ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ٝ
‫ىٍٝس‬‫رؼي‬ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫ٗٔٞٛخ‬.‫رٜخ‬ ٠٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ٝٝ‫حٗولخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬
ٖ٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُِٛس‬ ٢‫طٔخه‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼٞى‬ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٢‫طٔخه‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬
ٖ٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫كِ٘ض‬.
‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٝؿي‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫ال‬ٝ،ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ٢‫طٔخه‬ ٖٓ َ‫٣ئه‬ ٖ٤ًٔ‫ك‬‫ٝهض‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٍٞ‫ظط‬
‫حَُِٛس‬ ‫حٓظؼيحى‬‫طٔخهطٜخ‬ ‫ٝهض‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ُِظِو٤ق‬ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ِ٣ي‬‫كيٝع‬ ٍ‫حكظٔخ‬

20. 19
‫ٝحُؼو‬ ‫ح٩هٜخد‬٢‫حُطز٤ؼ‬ ‫ي‬،‫أ‬ ‫كوي‬‫رخال‬ ‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬ ‫ىص‬ٖ٤ًٔٝ٠ُ‫ح‬‫ػوي‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫طل‬
‫حُزط٤ن‬.
٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ٓؼخِٓش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫رخُؼوي‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُل‬ ٌٖٓ‫أ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬
ٝ‫رخال‬ ‫ًؼ٤َس‬ ‫٧ٗٞحع‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ٞ٤‫ٓز‬ٖٔ‫ك‬ ٚٔ٤ٔ‫طؼ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ٖ٤ًٔ
‫ح‬ ‫حُؼخرض‬ٖٓ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٌَ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُل‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ُْ ٚٗ80‫ح٧ٗٞحع‬ ٖٓ %
‫ري‬ ‫كال‬ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬‫ح‬ ‫حالٓظؼيحى‬ َ‫طٞك‬ ٖٓ‫رٌَ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ُظ‬ ‫حٍُٔٞٝع‬ ٢‫ُطز٤ؼ‬
ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫طؼوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ح٧ٗٞحع‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫طِىحى‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫كيٝع‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫حُؼوي‬
‫الٓ٤ٔخ‬ ‫١ز٤ؼ٤خ‬ ‫رٌَ٣خ‬ ‫ح٧ٛ٘خف‬‫حَُٜٓٞٗ٤ش‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫رٔ٘ظٔخص‬ ‫ػِٞٓض‬ ‫اًح‬.
٧‫ح‬ ‫٣٘لَى‬ ‫ٝال‬ٍٝٞ‫حُظط‬ ٝ ُِٞٔ٘ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫ىكغ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ٍٝ‫رخُي‬ ٖ٤ًٔ،َ‫ر‬
٘٣‫ظ‬ٖ٤َُ‫حُـز‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫َٛٓٞٗخص‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫َى‬.
٧‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝؿي‬ ‫ٝهي‬ٝ‫حٍطلخػخ‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٖ٤ًٖٔٓ
٢‫حُ٘زخط‬ ‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ْ‫ُ٘ل‬ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٙ٤‫ٗظ‬‫رؼي‬ ّ‫أ٣خ‬ ‫ُٝؼيس‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ٍٞ١ ٠‫ك‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ّٞ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُٔظٔخهطش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫حٍطلؼض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ،‫ٓزخَٗس‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫كيٝع‬
‫حُؼ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٖ٤ٓٞ٤‫ر‬‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ٔخ‬،٧‫ح‬ ٝ‫الٗولخ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬٢‫ك‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٖ٤ًٔٝ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
ٟٚ‫حٗولخ‬ ‫ٓزذ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٞ‫رـ‬.
٣ُٝ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞٔٗ ٠‫ك‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُزٌٍس‬ ًُٞٔ٘ٝ‫ا‬ ‫كـٜٔخ‬ ‫خىس‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫حُزٌٍس‬ ‫طٔي‬
‫رخال‬ٍٝ‫ُالٗظ٘خ‬ َ‫حُوخر‬ ٖ٤ًٔDiffusible auxinٍ‫ٝٓؼخ‬ ،ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ػَٔس‬ ‫ًُي‬٤ِ‫ي‬
‫حُٔظـٔؼش‬،‫حُؼٔ٤َح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ظٞهق‬ ‫كـٜٔخ‬ ٕ‫كخ‬‫حالً٤٘٤ش‬ ‫ص‬Achenes‫طٔي‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫رخال‬ ٢ٔ‫حُِل‬ ‫حُظوض‬ ‫ٗٔ٤ؾ‬ٞٔ٘‫كظ‬ ٖ٤ًٔٝ‫حٗٔـظٜخ‬ٝ‫ط‬ٜ‫ٓؼ‬ ٞٔ٘‫خ‬‫حُؼَٔس‬،‫ٝؿ٤خد‬
‫حال‬ ‫ح٩ٓيحى‬ ‫٣ٔ٘غ‬ ‫حالً٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔ٤َحص‬ ٟ‫أكي‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حُظوض‬ ‫ُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬،‫٣ٔ٘غ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ِ‫حُـ‬ ‫رٌٜح‬ ‫ح٧ٗٔـش‬ ٌَُٞٔٗ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٓ٘ظظٔش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٝ‫ٝطزي‬ ‫ء‬.ٌٖٝٓ‫أ‬
‫ػـ٤٘ش‬ ‫رٟٞغ‬ ‫حُؼٔ٤َس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حالٓظؼخٟش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔلظٞ٣ش‬ ٖ٤ُٞٗ‫حُال‬2
Naphthoxyacetic acidِ٤ًَ‫رظ‬100‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞٔ٘‫كظ‬ ٕٞ٤ُِٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ؿِء‬
‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬ ‫حُؼٔ٤َحص‬ ًَ ‫ًخٗض‬ ُٞ.
ّٕ‫ا‬٢‫ك‬ ٌٍٝ‫حُز‬ ‫ػيى‬٧‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ٠‫ك‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ُٚ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ٝ‫رٜخ‬ ٖ٤ًٔ
ٌ‫حُز‬ ‫رؼيى‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ‫رٜخ‬ ٍٝ،ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٟٞ‫ٓلظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝؿي‬ ‫كوي‬
‫رخُؼٔخٍحُٜـ٤َس‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫أٟؼخف‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حٌُز٤َس‬ٝ ،‫َٓكِش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ٓوطض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ١َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫حُظٔخه‬،‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٞ‫حٗول‬ ‫ٝهي‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫ػويص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫رخُؼٔخ‬

21. 20
‫طِو‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ػويص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫طِو٤ق‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓوطض‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫اهٜخرٜخ‬ ٝ ‫٤لٜخ‬
ُ‫ح‬ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ٢‫ظٔخه‬،‫ح‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًُي‬ َٔ‫ٝك‬٧‫ح‬ ‫ًٔ٤خص‬ ٕٝ‫رخُؼَٔس‬ ‫حُٔطِوش‬ ٖ٤ًٔ
ٓ‫ػي‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظٔخه‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظلٌٔش‬ ٢ٛ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٙ‫٣ليى‬ ٌُٖٝ ٚ
‫رخ‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫رخُٔٔظ‬ ٚ‫ٝػالهظ‬ ‫ُؼَٔس‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫حُٔظخهٔش‬ ٍ‫رخُؼٔخ‬٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ‫حُؼ٘وٞى‬
‫ط‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ٝ ‫ِٓولش‬ ٍ‫أُٛخ‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫٘ظؾ‬َ٘‫ك‬ ٍ‫أُٛخ‬ ٖٓ ٞ‫حُزؼ‬
٤‫طِو‬ُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ‫لٜخ‬َ‫ل‬‫أ‬ ٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ‫م‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُظيٍؽ‬ ١
ُ ‫حَُٔ٣غ‬ ٢‫حُظٔخه‬ ‫٣ٔزذ‬٢٘٤ًٔٝ‫حال‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٍ‫ِؼٔخ‬‫أ‬٧َ‫ه‬،ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ُٞكع‬ ‫ٝهي‬
٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ٍٞٛ‫طي‬ٓٝ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ِ٣ٌَُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُوٞم‬‫ٝهي‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫ٞػي‬
‫ٍٟٔٞس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ‫ٓٞط‬ ‫٣ٔزذ‬،‫ح‬١‫٣ئى‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٢‫ُظٔخه‬ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ٍٟٞٔ٠‫ك‬
ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ َ‫آه‬(‫حُز٤َ٣ٌخٍد‬‫ا‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٞٔٗ ٖٓ ‫٣ِ٣ي‬ ‫هي‬ ).َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ُٚ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ٕ
‫األ‬ ‫ٓصله‬ٖٝ٤ًَ٢‫ك‬‫اُضٔوح‬:
‫ُال‬ ‫حُٔخٗق‬ ‫حُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫٣وظِق‬ٝ" ‫رخُزٌٍس‬ ٖ٤ًَّٔ٤‫حٗيٝٓز‬ ، ‫ٗ٤ٞٓ٤ِش‬
َٜٙ‫،ه‬ ٖ٤٘‫ؿ‬،‫حُزٌٍس‬ َٔ‫ٝػ‬ ٢‫حُ٘زخط‬ ‫ُِ٘ٞع‬ ‫طزؼخ‬،‫حٌٌٍُٞٗٞى‬ ‫حُؼ٘ذ‬ ٢‫كل‬
ّ‫حٗؤخ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ٞٓ٤ِش‬ ٞٔٗ ٢‫حٍطز‬ ٢ٌ٣َٓ٧‫ح‬‫رؼي‬ ‫أٓزٞع‬ ‫ُٔيس‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ ْ‫ٝط٠و‬
٩‫ح‬٧‫ح‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ر٘٘خ١ٜخ‬ ٍ‫ُٛخ‬ٝ‫رخُزٌٍس‬ ٖ٤ًٔ،َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫ُال‬ َ‫آه‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ‫٣زيأ‬ ‫ٝرٌُي‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ّٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ١ِٞ‫حُو‬ٝ‫رخُزٌٍس‬ ٖ٤ًٔ
٠‫كظ‬ٍ‫حُٜٔي‬ ‫طيٍ٣ـ٤خ‬ َ‫٣و‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬٢ِ٤ٓٞ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ٍ‫حُٜٔي‬ َ‫حُٔوخر‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ٝ٣ِ٣ي‬
َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬ٍ‫ح‬ ‫رؼي‬ ّ‫حالٗؤخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُـ‬ ‫٣زيأ‬ ْ‫ػ‬‫ر‬ٞٔ٘٣ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٖٓ ّٞ٣ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ؼش‬
ٖ٣َ٘‫ٝػ‬ ‫هٔٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُٚ ٞٔٗ ٠ٜ‫أه‬ َٜ٣ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫رز٢ء‬ٓٞ٣‫آ‬ٝ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٖٓ‫ر‬‫ٌُي‬
٧‫ح‬ ‫اٗظخؽ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ٓظؤهَح‬ ‫٣٘خٍى‬ٖٝ٤ًٔ،ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫كِٜخ‬ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ‫ح٧ؿِلش‬ ‫أٓخ‬
َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬ ‫رـخٗذ‬،ُ‫اٗظخؽ‬ ًَِٓ ٞٛ َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٟ٣ ‫حػظوخى‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٌٖ
‫حال‬ٍٝٞ‫طل‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٙ‫٧هٜخ‬ ‫ح٩ٗظخؽ‬ َٜ٣ٝ ٖ٤ًٔ‫حُلَس‬ ‫حُ٘ٞحس‬Free nuclear
٠ُ‫ح‬١ِٞ‫حُو‬ َّ٤‫حالٗيٝٓز‬Cellular endosperm.
٤ٔٛ‫أ‬ ‫٣ظ٠ق‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ٞ‫حُل٤ظ‬ ‫ش‬ٚٓ‫ػي‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ػوي‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫َٛٓٞٗخص‬،ٍٝ‫ٝكخ‬
َ٤‫ًؼ‬‫حالكخىس‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫رٔ٘ظٔخص‬ َُٕ‫ح‬ ٖٓ،ٝ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزش‬ ‫اٗزخص‬ ‫٩َٓحع‬‫آَحع‬
‫أٗزٞرش‬ ‫حٓظطخُش‬،‫حُِوخف‬٢٘ٗ َ‫ٝرخُلؼ‬IAA،IBA،NAAٖٝ٤َُ‫حُـز‬

22. 21
ُٝٔ‫ح‬‫خ‬ًٞ‫٣ظ‬‫خ‬٤٘٣‫٘خص‬‫حُظًَ٤ِحص‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬ ٝ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزش‬ ٞٔٗ ٖٓ
ٖٓ ‫ُِـخ٣ش‬ ‫ٟ٤وش‬ ‫كيٝى‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔظؼِٔش‬1-50‫ؿِء‬‫آ‬ٕٞ٤ُِٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬،‫طٔ٘غ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
ٗ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ِحص‬‫زخص‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ٔظلخى‬ ‫حُِوخف‬ ‫كزش‬‫ح‬ ‫رَحٓؾ‬‫ُظَر٤ش‬
ُ ٚ٘ٓ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٖ‫ٛـ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ُِل‬‫حُؼوي‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫طل‬ َٝ‫ـ‬.
: ‫اُؼول‬ ٝ ٖ٤ُ‫اُغجو‬
َ‫رخُـز‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫حُزٌٍس‬ ‫طٔي‬‫ا‬ ، ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫أٗٔـش‬ ُٞٔ٘ ُّ‫حُال‬ ٖ٤ُّٕ
ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ؿي‬ ‫حكظٞحء‬‫ٔز‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػيٛخ‬ ‫َٛٓٞٗخص‬ ٞ‫حُل٤ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٞ٤ٍٝ‫ري‬ ّ‫حُو٤خ‬
٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬‫حُؼالهش‬Sink/Source Relation،١‫طئى‬ ٠‫ٝحُظ‬‫ؿٌد‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬
، ‫حُٔظٌٞٗش‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫هال٣خ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ِٕ‫ُظو‬ ‫ح٧ٍٝحم‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظٌٞٗش‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬
‫حال‬ ‫ُٔؼخٓالص‬ ‫حُوَػ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼخثِش‬ ‫ٗزخطخص‬ ‫ٝطٔظـ٤ذ‬ٝ٩ ٖ٤َُ‫ٝحُـز‬ ٖ٤ًٔ‫كيحع‬
َ‫حُظ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝطظ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬‫اًآ‬ ‫ٓيحٛخ‬ ‫رخطٔخع‬ ‫حُٔٔظؼِٔش‬ ‫ً٤ِحص‬٠‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫٣وغ‬
‫كيٝى‬10–200‫ؿِء‬‫آ‬. ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫ُِؼوي‬ ‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ‫ىكغ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٕٞ٤ُِٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٝطي‬‫٘ظخثؾ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬٢‫٣ؼط‬ ٖ٤َُ‫ؿز‬ ٖٓ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٢ِ‫ه‬ ٕ‫أ‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬‫آ‬٠‫ك‬ َ‫حًز‬‫اكيحع‬
‫حُو‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬‫َػ٤ش‬.
ٝ‫حٓظـخرظٜخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ح٧ٛ٘خف‬ ‫طوظِق‬‫ك‬‫ػوي‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٖٔ‫طل‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ز٤٘ٔخ‬
٘ٛ ‫حُظلخف‬‫ق‬Golden delicious‫ؿزَ٣ِ٤٘خص‬ ‫رظٔؼش‬ ‫حُٔؼخىُش‬ ‫رؼي‬،ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗـي‬
‫ُحى‬ ‫حُؼوي‬40-80‫د‬ ‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬ ‫رؼي‬ %100–800ppm‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ٠‫ك‬
Lombartacol villa١ٌَ‫ر‬ ‫ػوي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُل‬ ٌٖٓ‫أ‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ،‫ال‬ ِ٣ٌَُِ
ٖٓ ١ِٞ‫رٔو‬ ‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُؼخى٣ش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫طوظِق‬D–2,4ٝT-2,4,5ٝ
NAAٝGA3ِ٤ًَ‫رظ‬20‫ؿِء‬ٕٞ٤ُِٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬.
ّٕ‫ٝا‬‫ُِظٞه٤ض‬٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ َٙ‫أػ‬ ‫ُِٔؼخِٓش‬ ‫حُٜل٤ق‬‫ح‬ ‫ٗـخف‬ٖٓ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫ُؼوي‬
ٚٓ‫ػي‬،ٌّ‫ر‬ ‫ًِٝٔخ‬٢‫ك‬ ٍَ‫حالٓظؼٔخ‬‫رٌَ٣خ‬ ‫طؼوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫ُحى‬،‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬
‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫هق‬ ‫اؿَحء‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬‫حُلزخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓؼال‬ ‫حُؼ٘ذ‬ ‫ه٤ي‬،ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫ال‬ ‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬ َ٤‫طؤه‬
‫حُلزش‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔؿٞرش‬ ‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫٣ظلون‬‫أ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌُح‬ ،‫ُِٔؼخىُش‬ ‫ٝهض‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬
‫ٓزخَٗس‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫كِ٘ض‬ ٠‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ ٢‫طٔخه‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٌٕٞ٣.

23. 22
١‫طزي‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزٌٍ٣ش‬ ‫ح٧ٛ٘خف‬‫رــ‬ ‫ُِٔؼخِٓش‬ ‫حٓظـخرش‬ ‫ؿخُز٤ظٜخ‬GA3‫هي‬ َ‫ر‬
‫حُلزخص‬ ٍ‫حٗلٜخ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٍَٟح‬ ‫٣ٔزذ‬ٞٔٗ ‫ٝهِش‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ‫ٝهِش‬‫ح٧كَع‬
‫حُو‬‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫٠َ٣ش‬‫حُو٘ذ‬ ‫ٗ٠ؾ‬ َ٤‫طؤه‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٙ٤‫ُظؤػ‬ ‫ً٘ظ٤ـش‬ ‫ُِٔؼخِٓش‬ ٢ُ‫ُظخ‬
ٓ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ٓ٘ش‬‫ِش‬ِٝ‫ه‬‫ش‬٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬.
ٝ ٖ٤٘٤ًٞ‫اَُ٤ز‬:‫اُؼول‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫ُٞكع‬‫خ‬ًٞ‫٣ظ‬٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٘٣‫خ‬‫حُزٌَ٣ش‬ ُُٞٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬،ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫حكظٞص‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
َ٤‫حُـ‬ُٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ َ٤ِ‫حُو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزٌَ٣ش‬‫خ‬ًٞ‫٣ظ‬‫خ‬‫أػطض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ‫ًِ٤خ‬ ٚ‫ؿ٤خر‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤٘٣
ٖٓ ١ِٞ‫رٔو‬ ‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬BA + GA3ُُٞٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ ١ٌَ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬.
‫ٝاُؼول‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ا‬ ‫ٓؼ٤وبد‬:
‫حُٔؼخِٓش‬ ‫أىص‬‫رـ‬CCC١ٌٍ‫حُز‬ ‫حُؼ٘ذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫حٓزٞع‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫طظَحٝف‬ ‫ُٔيس‬
‫ٝػالػش‬ ‫ٝحكي‬ِ٤ًَ‫رظ‬ ٍ‫ح٧ُٛخ‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫أٓخر٤غ‬10–100‫ؿِء‬‫آ‬٠ُ‫ح‬ ٕٞ٤ُِٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬
‫حُؼخهيس‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬٢ُ‫رلٞح‬20%،٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ‫ٝحٍطزطض‬‫حُلزخص‬ ‫ػيى‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫رخُِ٣خىس‬ ‫حُؼخهيس‬‫خ‬َٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ َ٤ٌٓٞ٣.
. ‫اُ٘عظ‬ ٍ‫اًزٔب‬ ‫ٓصطِؾبد‬
ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣indices‫ُلٜخى‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ‫حُٔٞػي‬ ‫ُظلي٣ي‬
. ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬
1-‫حُزِٞؽ‬maturation
‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬َٜ٣ْ‫كـ‬‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬‫ُٜ٘ل‬‫ٜخ‬ٍ‫ٝحًظٔخ‬
‫ريء‬ َ‫ٝهز‬ ْ‫ٝحُلـ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬‫ٓ٘ظظ‬ ٢‫حُـٌحث‬ َ٤‫حُظٔؼ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ٔ‫آ‬‫ٝحُؼَٔس‬
‫ٓٔظؼي‬‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫ُِيه‬ ‫س‬‫ح‬٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫ُ٘٠ؾ‬،‫رَٔكِش‬ ٠ٔٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٝحك٤خٗخ‬‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬
٢‫حُلِٔـ‬maturation physiological،‫ٛلخص‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٝط‬
‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬‫هِٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝهخرِ٤ش‬ ‫ؿ٤يس‬،‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٢ٛٝ‫ك‬ َٔ‫طٌظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣ظٜخ‬ ٢
‫ٝحُلِٔـ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُظـ٤٤َحص‬‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬‫ُِٜ٘ق‬،‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫طويٓض‬ ‫ًِٝٔخ‬

24. 23
‫حالًِ٤ش‬ ‫ٛلخطٜخ‬ ‫طلٔ٘ض‬‫حُوِٗ٤ش‬ ‫هخرِ٤ظٜخ‬ ‫ٝهِض‬‫حالٓظيال‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ .٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ
‫َٓػش‬ ‫ػزخص‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬‫ٝحًح‬ ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬‫هط‬‫ل‬ِٚ‫حَُٔك‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ض‬
‫ك‬ ‫رخُ٘٠ؾ‬ َٔ‫طٔظ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ك٤ٌٜٔ٘خ‬َٜ‫ط‬ ٠‫ظ‬٠ُ‫ح‬‫َٓكِش‬. ٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬
2-٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬Ripening
َٔ‫ط‬‫رِِٔٔش‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ٖٓ‫ٝحٌُٜ٘ش‬ ْ‫ٝحُطؼ‬ ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬َُ‫ٝح‬‫ح‬‫ثلش‬
ٚ‫ٛخُل‬ ‫ٝطٜزق‬ ‫ٛالرظٜخ‬ َ‫ٝطو‬ ‫حُلٟٔٞش‬ ٝ‫ٝحٗولخ‬ ‫حٌَُٔ٣خص‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫ُٝ٣خىس‬
ًَ‫ُال‬.
3-‫حُزِٞؽ‬٢ٗ‫حُزٔظخ‬Horticultural maturation
‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٢ٛٝ‫ػ٘ي‬ ًَ‫حال‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ُالٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ٛخُلش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ٖٓ ‫َٓكِش‬ ١‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوطق‬،‫٣وغ‬ ‫ٝهي‬٢ٗ‫ٝحُزٔظخ‬ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬
ٝ‫٣و‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٖٟٔ ‫غ‬Ripening
٢ٗ‫حُزٔظخ‬ ‫حُزِٞؽ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـخٓ٤غ‬ ‫ػالع‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٔ‫طو‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ:
‫أ‬-‫َٓكِش‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫كٜخىٛخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُزِٞؽ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬
َ‫ٝحُلِل‬ ‫ٝحُوَع‬.
‫د‬-ٔ‫ػ‬‫َٓكِش‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫كٜخىٛخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٍ‫خ‬‫ح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُلِٔـ‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬‫ٛخُلش‬ ‫ٝطٜزق‬ ‫ُزِٞؽ‬
‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫كظَس‬ ‫رؼي‬ ًَ‫ُال‬ُُٞٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٝحُظلخف‬ َٟ‫حٌُٔؼ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حالٗ٠خؽ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ.
‫ؽ‬-٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ِٚ‫َٓك‬ ‫رِٞؽ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫كٜخىٛخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬Ripeningَ‫ٓؼ‬
١‫ٝحُطٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼ٘ذ‬ ‫حُِ٘٤ي‬ْ‫حُلَٔحء‬

25. 24
‫اُ٘عظ‬ ٌ٤٣‫ٓوب‬
َ‫رو‬‫اُ٘عظ‬ ٌ٤٣‫ٓوب‬ ْ: ٠ُ‫ا‬-
‫أ‬-‫َٓث٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٚ٤ٔ‫ك‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬visual indices
‫حُظ‬ ْ٤٣‫حُٔوخ‬ ٢ٛٝ٢‫ًخُ٘ظ‬ ٚ٣َ٘‫حُز‬ ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ُِْٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٝحٌُٝم‬ َ
: َٔ٘‫ٝط‬-
1-‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫هَ٘س‬ ُٕٞ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬skin colorَ٠‫حاله‬ ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حٗلال‬ ٞٛٝ
ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝظ‬ّ‫حالٓخ‬
2-ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ْ‫ُل‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ُذ‬ ُٕٞ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬Flesh color
3-‫ٌٜٗش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ْ‫١ؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬
4-‫ٍحثلش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬
5-‫ح‬‫ٛالرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫ُظـ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬
‫ة‬-‫اُل٤ي٣بئ٤خ‬ ٌ٤٣‫أُوب‬:
‫ح‬ ْ٤٣‫حُٔوخ‬ ٢ٛٝ ْ‫حُلـ‬ ٝ ‫حُوٞس‬ ّ‫ٓو٤خ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ك٤ِ٣خث٤ش‬ ‫رؤٓخُ٤ذ‬ ‫ه٤خٜٓخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫ُظ‬
‫حٌُؼخكش‬َٔ٘‫ط‬ ٝ
1-‫حُ٘ٞػ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُؼخكش‬ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬
= ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘ٞػ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُؼخكش‬
‫حُؼَٔس‬ ُٕٝ
‫كـٜٔخ‬
2-‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ْ‫كـ‬‫ُِٜ٘ق‬.
3-ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌَٗ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬‫حُزِٞؽ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ُِٜ٘ق‬.
4-‫ُٜٓٞش‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حٗلٜخ‬‫حُ٘زخطخص‬.
5-‫ٛالرش‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬.
‫ط‬-‫اٌُ٤ٔ٤بٝ٣خ‬ ٌ٤٣‫أُوب‬Chemical indices
ُ‫ح‬ ْ٤٣‫حُٔوخ‬‫حٌُ٤ٔ٤خٝ٣ش‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٢‫ظ‬‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬،
‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬:-
1-ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌَُٔ٣خص‬ ٚ‫ٗٔز‬.
2-‫ٗٔزش‬٤ٌُِ‫ح‬ ‫حٌُحثزش‬ ‫حُِٜزش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬‫ش‬TSS.

26. 25
3-‫ٗٔزش‬‫حٌُِ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٟٔٞش‬Total acids.
4‫ٛزـش‬ ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬َ٤‫حٌٍُِٞٝك‬chlorophyiiٖ٤‫حٌُخٍٝط‬ ٝ‫ح‬caroteneٝ‫ح‬
‫حالٗؼ‬ٖٞ٤ٗ‫ٓ٤خ‬Anthocyanine‫هَ٘س‬ ٢‫ك‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬َ٤ٜ‫ػ‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٛخ‬.
5-‫ٗٔز‬‫ش‬‫حٌُحثزش‬ ‫حُِٜزش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬‫ٗٔزش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬‫حُلٟٔٞش‬TSSacid.
6-‫(هخٛش‬ ‫حُ٘٘ؤ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬) ٌٞٗ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫ٗ٠ؾ‬ ‫ُظلي٣ي‬.
7٢ُٝ‫حال‬ ٖ٤‫حُزٌظ‬ َِ‫طل‬Proto pectin Hydrolysis
8-‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬) ٝ‫حالكٌخى‬ ٝ ٕٞ‫(حُِ٣ظ‬ ‫حُِ٣ض‬.
9-‫حُٔٔئُٝش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬‫ظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫ٌٜٗش‬ ٍٜٞ‫حال‬ ‫ًخُٔٞحى‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫٣ٔظَ٣ش‬Esters
.
‫ك‬-‫اُلَِغ٤خ‬ ٌ٤٣‫أُوب‬physiological indices
‫حُلِٔـ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬‫ٝحُ٘٠ؾ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ٝ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬:-
1-ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬.
2-‫ُِ٘٠ؾ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓوخٝٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫حُ٘و‬،َ‫ٓؼ‬:ٖ٤ِ‫ُالػ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫كٔخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬
‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫حٗظخؿ‬ ‫ُٝ٣خىس‬.
3-‫حُل٤ِ٣خٝ٣ش‬ ٙ‫حُوٞح‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬‫ُِز‬ُّ‫َٝطٞرال‬٠ُ‫ح‬ ُّ‫حُٔخ٣ظٞرال‬ َٔ‫٣٘ل‬
ٜ‫ؿ‬‫ش‬ِ‫حُو‬ ٍ‫ؿيح‬‫٤ش‬‫حُزالٓظ٤يحص‬ َ‫ٝط٘ل‬ ‫حُوال٣خ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫حُلـٞحس‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ‫ٝ٣ِىحى‬.
4-‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ِٕ‫ُِو‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫طل‬ ‫هخرِ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬‫ٓالثٔش‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ ‫َٝف‬Stress.
5-‫اُؾَبث٤خ‬ ٌ٤٣‫أُوب‬:
1-‫حُلٜخى‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ َ٤ِٛ‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حًظٔخ‬ ٖٓ ّ‫حال٣خ‬ ‫ػيى‬.
2-‫حُٔظـٔؼش‬ ‫حُلَحٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٞكيحص‬ ‫ػيى‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞٔٗ َٙ‫كظ‬ ٍ‫هال‬.
ٟ‫حُٔي‬ ٕ‫ح‬( ١ٞ٤‫حُل‬7-30ّ)˚ٟ‫حُٔي‬ ‫هخٍؽ‬ ‫ىه٤ن‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ّ‫حُٔو٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٌُٖ
( ١ٞ٤‫حُل‬7-30ّ)˚‫ك٤ٞ٣ظخ‬ ٕ‫َٓكِظخ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬ْ٤٣‫حُٔوخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ:-
‫أ‬-‫حُلَؿش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ٍ‫هال‬ ٠ُٝ‫حال‬ٖ٤‫ٓظ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٕٞ‫ػالػ‬ٓٞ٣‫آ‬َ٤ِٛ‫حُظ‬ ‫رؼي‬.
ٞٔٗ َ‫طئه‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫هال‬ ‫حُٔ٘ول٠ش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ٝٗ٠ـ‬‫ٜخ‬‫ٝحُلَحٍس‬
‫حُيحكجش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼظيُش‬ٞٔٗ َ٤ٌ‫طز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طٔخػي‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ٝٗ٠ـ‬. ‫ٜخ‬
‫د‬-‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَؿش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ٍ‫هال‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ :ٖ٤‫ػالػ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫ػ‬ٓٞ٣‫آ‬َ‫هز‬
٢٘‫حُـ‬،‫حُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ٖٓ َ‫حه‬ ‫حُٔ٘ول٠ش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗ٠ؾ‬ ٖٓ ‫طَٔع‬
َ٤ٜ‫ه‬ ٢ِٗ‫حُو‬ ‫ػَٔٛخ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٌُٖ‫آ‬ُ‫حُلخ‬ ٌٙٛ َٔ٘‫ط‬ ٝ‫ش‬premature

27. 26
ripeningٍ‫حُلَح‬ ١‫طئى‬ ‫هي‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫س‬٠‫حُٔ٘ول‬‫ش‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫طٔخه‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬،‫ىٍؿ‬ ٕ‫ال‬‫ش‬
ٍ‫حُلَح‬‫س‬‫حُٔ٘ول٠ش‬َ‫حُلظ‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫هال‬‫س‬ٝ ٌَٓ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘٘ؤ‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ٖ٤‫حُزٌظ‬ َِ‫طل‬،
. ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬
‫اُ٘عظ‬ ‫اص٘بء‬ ‫اُضٔبه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رؾلس‬ ٢‫اُز‬ ‫اُزـ٤٤واد‬:-
1-ٍّٞ‫طل‬ٌَٓ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘٘ؤ‬.
2-ٖ٤‫حُزٌظ‬ ٍّٞ‫طل‬َ٤‫ؿ‬‫حٌُحثذ‬‫ًحثذ‬ ٖ٤‫رٌظ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬.
3-َ‫طو‬.‫حُلٟٔٞش‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬
4-.‫حُل٤ُ٘ٞ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬ َ‫٣و‬
5-‫حُظخٗ٤٘٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُوخر٠ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬٢‫طوظل‬ ٝ‫ح‬ َِ‫طظل‬.
6-٣ٞ٠‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫ٝحالكٔخ‬ ‫حٌَُٔ٣خص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ُٕ‫طٞح‬ ‫٣ليع‬‫ش‬.
7-ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ُذ‬ ِٕٞ‫ط‬.
8-ٝ‫كال‬ ‫طِىحى‬‫س‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ،‫ُ٣خى‬‫س‬‫حٌَُٔ٣خص‬.
9-ٝ َ٠‫حاله‬ ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫٣وظل‬َٟ‫حاله‬ ٕ‫حالُٞح‬ َٜ‫طظ‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ،َ٤‫حٌٍُِٞٝك‬ َِ‫طل‬
10-‫َٓػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓلخؿت‬ ‫حٍطلخع‬ ‫٣ليع‬‫ش‬ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬.
11-‫حُٔظطخ٣َس‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٌٕٞ‫طظ‬volatiles.
12-ٖ٤‫حٌُخٍٝط‬ ‫ٛزـخص‬ ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬ ٙ‫ُ٣خى‬caroteneَ٤‫ٝحُِحٗؼٞك‬
xanthophylls٤ٗ‫ٝحالٗؼٞٓ٤خ‬ٖ٤athocyanins.
13-‫حُِٜزش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫طِىحى‬‫حٌُحثزش‬.
14-‫حُـخكش‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٟٞ‫ٓلظ‬ ‫٣ِىحى‬.

28. 27
ٕ‫اُٞى‬ ٕ‫كولا‬weight loss
‫حُ٘ٔز‬‫ش‬٣ٞ‫حُٔج‬‫ش‬ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُلويح‬‫ط‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ْ‫ظ‬‫؟‬ٝ‫حُٔليى‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬‫س‬ٕ‫ُلويح‬
ُُٕٞ‫ح‬‫؟‬‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫رؼي‬‫كو٤و‬ ‫ٗؼَف‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫الري‬‫ش‬ٜٔٓٚ٢ٛ‫ا‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫س‬ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬
‫ِٓظٜوش‬ّ‫حال‬ ‫رخُ٘زخص‬،َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ِٜ‫ٓ٤ـ‬ ‫كخُ٘زخص‬‫س‬‫ٓخء‬ ٖٓ ٚ٤ُ‫ح‬ ‫طلظخؽ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٌَ‫ر‬
َٝٛ‫ػ٘خ‬‫ؿٌحث٤ش‬‫كويص‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠‫ٓظ‬‫حُؼَٔس‬٢‫ظَك‬ ‫ٓزذ‬ ١٧ٝ‫أ‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫س‬‫ػ٘يٓخ‬
ٌُٜ ِٜ‫حُٔـ‬ ٍ‫رخُٜٔي‬ ‫ػالهظٜخ‬ ‫ٓظ٘وطغ‬ ‫طوطق‬‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٙ،َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖٓ
‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ ‫ظَٝف‬ ٢‫ك‬ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ًَ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ٓزز‬ ٕ‫آ‬ٕ‫كويح‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٌٙٛ٧ ،ًّٕ٤‫حُـٌحث‬ ‫ٝه٤ٔظٜخ‬ ‫ٌِٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ِٓزخ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ‫ٓٞف‬ ‫ُي‬‫ش‬ٝ ،٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬
٢ِٗ‫حُو‬ ‫ػَٔٛخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬،ٝ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫طِق‬ ‫حٓزخد‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ُُٕٞ‫رخ‬ ‫حُلوي‬ َ‫حػظز‬ ّ‫حالٓخ‬
. ‫كِٔـ٤خ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬
‫حُظِق‬ ٍ‫حٌٗخ‬ ‫حكي‬ ٞٛ ُُٕٞ‫رخ‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ٕ‫ح‬،ٕ‫كويح‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬5ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬ ٖٓ %
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫ٓ٤ـؼ‬ ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬‫س‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫ٓلظٞحٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫اؿٜخى‬ ‫طلض‬
٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حَُ١ٞرش‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫اُىحىص‬ ‫ٝاًح‬7‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫ٓظٜزق‬ %‫ٓل٤ي‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬‫س‬
‫ٝؿٌحث٤خ‬ ‫حهظٜخى٣خ‬٦‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُزطخ١خ‬ ‫ىٍٗش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٕ‫ال‬ ،ٕ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫ٓ٤ئى‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬‫س‬‫ٓـؼي‬‫س‬٣ٝ ١‫ؿِي‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢‫حٓل٘ـ‬ ّ‫هٞح‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٝ‫الكع‬‫ؿالف‬ ‫طِٜذ‬
‫حُيٍٗش‬‫حُِذ‬ ْ٤ُ ٝ
‫حُلوي‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬5ٕ‫كويح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫ٓ٤ئى‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٖٓ %c.v،‫طلوي‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬
ٕ‫كويح‬ ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٝ ٖ٤‫حٌُخٍٝط‬c.v،ٍٙ‫ٜٓخى‬ ‫حكي‬ ٚٗ‫ال‬‫ٗٔزش‬ َ‫ٝطو‬ ،‫حٌَُٔ٣خص‬
ِ‫ؿ‬ َٔ‫ٓ٘و‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫ء‬‫ح‬"‫حُطخه‬ ٖٓ‫ش‬‫حُٔٞؿٞى‬‫س‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫س‬ٝ‫حالكٔخ‬ ‫ًٌُي‬
٣ٞ٠‫حُؼ‬‫ش‬‫أ‬ ٢ُٛٝٝ٠‫حُٔلوٞىس‬ ٞٓ‫حُلٞح‬. ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ
‫ُ٣خى‬ ٕ‫ح‬‫س‬٤ِٔ‫ػ‬‫ش‬٤ِ‫هخر‬ ٖٓ َِ‫طو‬ ‫ٓٞف‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ُٕٝ ٕ‫كويح‬‫ش‬‫حُل٤ش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ٠ِ‫ػ‬
ٓٝ‫ٓوخ‬‫ش‬٣َٜ‫حُٔـ‬ ‫حالك٤خء‬‫ش‬‫ٝحُلَ٘حص‬،‫ٗظ٤ـ‬‫ش‬٤‫حُوخٍؿ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫هال٣خ‬ َ‫ُظؤػ‬‫ش‬.
‫ُ٣خى‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬‫س‬٤ِٔ‫ػ‬‫ش‬‫ط‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كويح‬٤ٓ‫كٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ِ٣ي‬ٍ‫رخالَٟح‬ ٚ‫ُالٛخر‬ ٍ‫شحُؼٔخ‬
‫حُلِٔـ٤ش‬ٓ‫ال‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ َ٤‫حٌٍُِٞٝك‬ َِ‫طل‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ‫ُحى‬ ‫ًِٝٔخ‬ ،‫٤ٔخ‬٢‫ك‬
ٚ٤‫حٍُٞه‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬،ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗ٠ؾ‬ ‫طَٔ٣غ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ َٟ‫حه‬‫.ٝالري‬
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٗؼَف‬ ٕ‫ح‬‫حٍُٞه٤ش‬‫ٗٔز‬ َٔ‫طظل‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣‫ش‬٠ُ‫ح‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ُٕٝ ٕ‫كويح‬
10ٛ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ %‫حُل٤ِ٣خٝ٣ش‬ ‫لخطٜخ‬٣ٝ‫ٝحٌُ٤ٔ٤خ‬‫ش‬،‫ُ٣خى‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫ٝ٣ئى‬‫س‬
٤ٓ‫كٔخ‬‫ش‬‫ُٝ٣خى‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫س‬٤ُ‫كؼخ‬‫ش‬‫حُل٤ُ٘ٞ٤ش‬ ‫حًَُٔزخص‬،٢‫ك‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫ٝحُلوي‬

29. 28
‫ٓ٘طو‬‫ش‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍ‫حطٜخ‬‫س‬ٖٜ‫رخُـ‬،٠ُ‫ح‬ َٜ٣ ‫كوي‬60ٖٓ %ُ‫ح‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ٕ‫لويح‬ٖٓ
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬.
‫رؼي‬ ٢ُٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫طزَ٣ي‬ َ٤‫طخه‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ‫ٝ٣ِىحى‬
ٍٝ‫حُـي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٢٘‫حُـ‬(3)
ٍٝ‫ؿي‬-3.ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظزَ٣ي‬ َ٤‫طخه‬ َ٤‫طخػ‬
Table 3. Effect of Delayed Cooling on Snap Bean Quality
Delay Time (hours) Weight Loss (%)
1 2.2
3 2.8
5 10.0
Duplicate boxes held, cold stored, and reweighed.
Source: W. Hurst, University of Georgia, 1982.

30. 29
‫أُؤصوح‬ َٓ‫اُؼٞا‬٢‫ك‬‫ٍوػخ‬‫اُضٔبه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫اُٞى‬ ٕ‫كولا‬:-
٢‫ك‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ح٣ـخرخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ِٓزخ‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬
‫رخ‬ ‫ٓظؼِن‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ . ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫رخُظ‬ ‫ٓظؼِن‬ َ‫حه‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ٝ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ٍٜٞ‫ُٔل‬‫َٝف‬
: ٍٜٞ‫رخُٔل‬ ٚ‫حُٔل٤ط‬-
‫أ‬-‫اُقبصخ‬ َٓ‫اُؼٞا‬‫ث‬: ٍٞ‫بُٔؾص‬-
ً‫حُلٞح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫طوظِق‬‫رو٤ٔش‬ ‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُو٠َٝحص‬ ُُٕٚٞ‫رخ‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬،
‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حالٓخ‬ ٞٛ ١ٝ‫ٝحٌُ٤ٔ٤خ‬ ١ٝ‫ٝحُل٤ِ٣خ‬ ٢‫حُظَ٘٣ل‬ َٓ‫ٝحُؼخ‬،‫ٌٛح‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
‫حُلوي‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ًِٓٞ٤ظ‬ ‫ٓظوظِق‬ ٢‫ٗزخط‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ًَ ٕ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٌٔ٘٘خ‬ ّ‫حالٓخ‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫طزؼخ‬ َ‫حاله‬‫ٝحٜٛٔخ‬:-
1j-‫حُؼَٔس‬ ْ‫كـ‬:Fruit size
٤ِٔ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬‫ش‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ُٕٝ ٕ‫كويح‬َُٙ٤‫ظؤػ‬‫ٗٔز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ش‬‫حُٔٔخك‬‫ش‬
٤‫حُٔطل‬‫ش‬َٔ‫ُِؼ‬‫س‬‫ٓلٔٞر‬‫ش‬‫ح‬ٍ‫رؼزخ‬ ٝ ‫ُٜٝٗخ‬ ٠ُ‫س‬‫ُ٣خى‬ َٟ‫حه‬‫س‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ْ‫كـ‬‫س‬٣٢٘‫ؼ‬
ِ‫ه‬‫ش‬‫ٗٔز‬‫ش‬‫ٓٔخكظٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٓظ‬ ‫حُٜـ٤َس‬ ٍ‫كخُؼٔخ‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔطل٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخكش‬
‫حُٔطل٤ش‬َ٤‫ًز‬‫س‬‫ُٜٝٗخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ه٤خٓخ‬ ‫ؿيح‬،‫حُٔٔخك‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٓظ‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ش‬٤‫حُٔطل‬‫ش‬
َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬‫س‬ِ٤ِ‫ه‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬‫ش‬َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ‫ُٜٝٗخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ه٤خٓخ‬.
‫حُٔٔخك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫حُ٘ظق‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬‫ش‬ُٔ‫ح‬٤‫طل‬‫ش‬‫ػاله‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ‫ٌُُي‬‫ش‬٣‫١َى‬‫ش‬ٖ٤‫ر‬
‫حَُ١ٞر‬‫ش‬‫حُٔلوٞى‬‫س‬‫حُٔٔخك‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬‫ش‬٤‫حُٔطل‬‫ش‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٗظٞهغ‬ ‫ٌُح‬ ‫ُِؼَٔس‬
‫حُٜـ٤َس‬َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬‫س‬‫حُٔٔخك‬‫ش‬ُ‫حُلخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٓظ‬‫ش‬َ٤‫ًز‬‫س‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ه٤خٓخ‬‫س‬َ٤‫حٌُز‬‫س‬ْ‫حُلـ‬،َ٤‫حُٜـ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٗظٞهغ‬ ‫ٌُح‬‫س‬َ‫ٓظٌر‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬
َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حَٓع‬‫س‬‫كب‬ ‫ًٌُي‬ ،َ٤‫حُٜـ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫س‬ٞٔٗ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ َٔ‫٣ٌظ‬ ُْ َٔ‫حُؼ‬
‫حُطزو‬‫ش‬٤‫حُ٘ٔؼ‬‫ش‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬ َٜٔ٣ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫ؿيٍحٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬
. ‫حُٜـ٤َس‬

31. 30
4-‫ٝغج٤ؼ‬ ‫ٍٔي‬‫خ‬ٌَ‫اٌُ٤ٞر‬Cuticle thickness:-
‫ػاله‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬‫ش‬‫ػٌٔ٤ش‬‫١زو‬ ‫ٓٔي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬‫ش‬٤‫حُ٘ٔؼ‬ ٌَ‫حٌُ٤ٞط‬‫ش‬ٝ‫َٓػ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬‫ش‬‫حُ٘ظق‬
٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬ ٝ‫ح‬،ٝ‫حُطزو‬ ‫ٓٔي‬ ‫ُحى‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬‫ش‬٤‫حُ٘ٔؼ‬‫ش‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬ َ‫ه‬
‫ٗظ٤ـ‬‫ش‬٢٤‫ُظؼز‬‫ػِٔ٤ش‬‫حُ٘ظق‬،‫ٓ٘لٌس‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٓٞحى‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُ٘ٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬‫ُِٔخء‬،ٝ‫طوظِق‬
‫حُطزو‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رويٍطٜخ‬ ‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ش‬٤‫حُ٘ٔؼ‬‫ش‬‫ٗٔز‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍٕ‫طوخ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬‫ش‬
‫ٗٔز‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫ٝحُظلخف‬ َٟ‫حٌُٔؼ‬ ٍ‫ُؼٔخ‬ ُُٕٞ‫رخ‬ ‫حُلوي‬‫ش‬٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖٓ،
ِ‫ه‬ ‫رٔزذ‬‫ش‬‫حُٔخى‬‫س‬٤‫حُ٘ٔؼ‬‫ش‬،‫حٗؼيحٜٓخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٝػ٘يٓخ‬‫ػَٔس‬ ٍٕ‫ٗوخ‬َٟ‫حٌُٔؼ‬‫ػَٔس‬ ‫ٓغ‬
‫ٗالكع‬ ‫حُِ٘٤ي‬ٖ٤ٓٞ٣ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٜٝٗخ‬ ٖٓ ‫طلوي‬ ‫حُِ٘٤ي‬ َٙٔ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ٙ‫طلوي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫ٓخ٣ؼخى‬
‫ػَٔس‬٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫حٌُٔؼ‬ٖ٤‫ٓظ‬ٓٞ٣‫آ‬‫حُظ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫طلض‬‫َٝف‬،‫رٔزذ‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ّ‫ػي‬‫طزوش‬
‫حُ٘ٔؼ٤ش‬‫ُ٣خىس‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حٟخكش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬‫حُٔطل٤ش‬ ‫ٓٔخكظٜخ‬‫ه‬ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٤خٓخ‬،
ٌُُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ُي‬‫طظِق‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ِ٘٤ي‬100‫حٍرؼش‬ ‫رؼي‬ %ّ‫ح٣خ‬
.‫حُلٜخى‬ ٖٓ
‫ٝا‬ّٕ‫حُـٌٍ٣ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ْ‫ٝحُِ٘ـ‬ ٍ‫ٝحُ٘ٞٗي‬ ٍِ‫ًخُـ‬‫ٝحُيٍٗ٤ش‬ ،‫ًخُزطخ١خ‬،
ّٝٞ‫ٝحُؼ‬ َٜ‫ًخُز‬ ٚ٤ِٜ‫حُز‬‫حُٔخىس‬ ‫ػي٣ٔش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬‫حُ٘ٔؼ٤ش‬‫كب‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ٕ‫كويح‬ َ٤ِ‫طو‬ ٕ
‫هي‬ ‫حالٗٞحع‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬‫حُظَ٘٣ل٤ش‬ ‫حُظَحً٤ذ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣ؼٞى‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬‫كخُزطخ١خ‬
‫كِ٤٘٤ش‬ ٚ‫١زو‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬َٜ‫ٝحُز‬‫هَ٘س‬ ْ‫ٝحُِ٘ـ‬ ‫كَٗل٤ش‬ ‫حٍٝحم‬‫ؿِي٣ش‬ًَ ٢‫ٝك‬
‫ٗٔزش‬ ٠ِ‫حػ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ك‬َٜ‫ط‬ ٢‫ٍ١ٞر‬ ٕ‫ويح‬60‫ٓ٘طوش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طليع‬ %ٍ‫حطٜخ‬
َٓ‫حُلخ‬‫رخُؼَٔس‬‫ٝحُظ‬‫ػزخٍس‬ ّ‫حالٓخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٛ ٢‫٣ِ٘ف‬ ‫ؿَف‬ ٖ‫ػ‬.
‫آ‬ُ‫٤خ‬: ٢‫اُوغٞث‬ ٕ‫اُلولا‬
‫رطزوش‬ ‫ٓلخ١ش‬ ‫ػَٔس‬ ًَ٤‫ٍه‬‫حَُ١ٞرش‬ ٖٓ ‫وش‬moisture micro
film،‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫حٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ٌُٜٙ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حالٓخ‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫ؿيح‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬،
‫طوِن‬ ‫٧ٜٗخ‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫حَُ١ٞرش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔٞحُٗش‬ ٖٓ ‫كخُش‬‫.ٝػ٘ي‬ ‫ٝهخٍؿٜخ‬
‫ط‬ ‫كيٝع‬‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫ًَى‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔس‬ ِٚ٤ِ‫حُو‬ ‫حَُ١زش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٓ٤ِ٣ق‬ ٢‫ٛٞحث‬ ٍ‫٤خ‬
‫حُِٔحكش‬ ‫حُٔ٘طوش‬ ٍ‫ري‬ ‫ٍ١ٞرش‬ ٍ‫ٓظٜي‬٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٟٓٞق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬.

32. 31
4-‫ػلك‬‫اُضـٞه‬ٔ‫ؽغ‬ ٝ‫ٜب‬No. and size of stomata
‫كظلش‬ َ‫حُؼـ‬‫١ز٤ؼ٤ش‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٍ‫ؿيح‬ ٢‫ك‬َ‫ٝٓٔ٤ط‬، ‫حٝؿِوٜخ‬ ‫رلظلٜخ‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬
‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬‫رَ٘س‬ ‫ٓطق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٝطِؼذ‬ ‫حُ٘زخط٤ش‬ ‫حالٗٔـش‬‫آ‬‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ٛخ‬ٍ‫حُظزخى‬
١ُ‫حُـخ‬‫ٝحُ٘ظق‬ ْ‫ٝحُظ٘ل‬،ًٌ ‫طِؼذ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٍٝٝ‫ى‬ ‫ُي‬‫آ‬. ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗ٠ؾ‬ ٢‫ك‬
ِ٤ٔ٣‫ٓخ‬‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حُلظلخص‬ ٌَٙٛ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ َ‫ٓٔ٤ط‬ ‫ٝؿِوٜخ‬ ‫كظلٜخ‬‫حُ٘زخ‬‫ص‬،
‫ػيى‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٍٞ‫حُؼـ‬ٔ‫ٝكـ‬‫ر‬ ‫٣وظِق‬ ‫ٜخ‬،‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫بهظالف‬‫طوظِق‬ ‫ٌُُي‬
ٞ‫حُٔج‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُلويح‬ ‫٣ش‬َ٤‫ٝطظـ‬. ٍٞ‫حُؼـ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫رخهظالف‬‫حٍُٞه٤ش‬ َ٠‫حُو‬
‫حٟخكش‬ِ‫ُِـ‬ٍٞ‫حُؼـ‬ ٖٓ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رخكظٞحثٜخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫طظ‬ ٍ،ٌُ‫حُلوي‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫ُي‬
٤ُ‫ػخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬‫آ‬ً‫حُلٞح‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫حؿِذ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ٜ‫ش‬‫ػيى‬ ٌٕٞ٣ َ٠‫حُو‬ ٝ
٦٤ِ‫ه‬ ٍٞ‫حُؼـ‬ٝ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬‫ٝحُـٌٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُيٍٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلخٛالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ط٘ؼي‬.
4-: ‫حُؼي٣ٔخص‬Lanticels
ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ٓٔ٤ط‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫حُؼي٣ٔخص‬ ‫ٝؿِن‬ ‫كظق‬ ٌٕٞ٣‫ػزخٍس‬ ٢ٛٝ ،ٖ‫ػ‬
١ ‫كظلخص‬‫ز٤ؼ٤ش‬‫ػالهش‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ّ‫حالٓخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬‫١َى٣ش‬ٌٙٛ ‫ػيى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬
٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫ٝحُلوي‬ ‫حُؼي٣ٔخص‬،‫ٓخ٣ٔ٤ِٛخ‬ٌٍٝ‫حُـ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫ٓٞؿٞى‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣
ٕ‫ٝحُٔ٤وخ‬ٍ‫ٝحُؼٔخ‬،‫ٓؼي‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٌُٜ٘خ‬.‫حٍُٞه٤ش‬ ‫حُو٠َٝحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓش‬‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ح‬
‫حُؼي‬ ‫حٗلظخف‬ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٝرٔخ‬ ١ُ‫حُـخ‬ ٍ‫حُظزخى‬ ‫رؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫٣ٔٔق‬ ‫ٓٞف‬ ّ‫حُيٝح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخص‬
‫ػِٔ٤ش‬َٔ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ َٙ‫ٝطٞك‬ ٙ‫رٞؿٞى‬ ‫حَٓع‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬،ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٗظٞهغ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬
‫حُ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ٟـش‬‫ر‬ ‫ػي٣ٔخص‬ ١ٞ‫طلظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ٝحًؼ‬ َ‫حًز‬ ٌَ٘
‫حُظ‬٣ٌٖٞ،‫حُٜـ٤َس‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ َ‫هز‬ َ‫ٓظٌر‬. ٠ُٝ‫حال‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫الُحُض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
5-)‫(حُِؿخرخص‬ ‫حُ٘ؼ٤َحص‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬trichomes
‫حُؼَٔس‬ ‫هَ٘س‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗؼ٤َحص‬ ١‫ح‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬ َ٤ِ‫طو‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬
ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٠‫حُظزو‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ظق‬َ،َ٤ِ‫طو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘ؼ٤َحص‬ ٌٙٛ ٍٝ‫ُي‬

33. 32
‫ٗيس‬‫َٝٓػش‬‫حُظ‬‫حُٜٞحث٤ش‬ ‫٤خٍحص‬‫حُٔلخكظش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬٢‫َُ١ٞر‬
،‫حُٔ٘طوش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬‫ٗالكع‬ ‫ٌُُي‬َ‫حُٔلَؿ‬ ٖٓ ‫حَٓع‬ َ‫٣ٌر‬ ِْٓ‫حال‬ ‫حُوٞم‬ ٕ‫ح‬
٢‫حُٜٞك‬ ‫ٝحُوٞم‬.
6-ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ِٚ‫َٓك‬growth stage
‫طؼظ‬‫َٓكِش‬ َ‫ز‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ٛ‫خٓش‬‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُلوي‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ؤػ‬ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ُُٕٞ‫رخ‬
٢‫ك‬‫ٓوخٍٗش‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫ٓلظٞحٛخ‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَٓع‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٠ُٝ‫حال‬ ‫ٗٔٞٛخ‬ َ‫َٓحك‬
‫ٓخروآ‬ ‫ًًَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ُالٓزخد‬ ‫حُ٘خٟـش‬ ٍ‫رخُؼٔخ‬( ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬3)ٖ٤‫٣ز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫ٓزخَٗس‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ُٚ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ط٘لٜٔخ‬ ‫َٝٓػش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٞٔٗ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬
( ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حَُ١ٞرش‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ‫ر٘ٔزش‬4. )
( ٌَٗ3ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬ ‫َٓػش‬ ٍ‫ٝٓؼي‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ )
7-ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ ١ٝ‫حٌُ٤ٔ٤خ‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬
‫٣ِؼذ‬‫ىٍٝح‬ ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ ١ٝ‫حٌُ٤ٔ٤خ‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬ٛ‫خٓآ‬ًٝ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظخػ‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ز٤َح‬
‫حُٔجٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُلويح‬.‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ِْ‫ٗؼ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٝالري‬‫ػٌٔ٤ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬ٖ٣ٌٛ ٖ٤‫ر‬
ٖ٤ِٓ‫حُؼخ‬‫رخ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ٔ٤خٝ٣ش‬ ‫حٌُٔٞٗخص‬ ٙ‫كِ٣خى‬ ،‫حٌُحثزش‬ ٚ‫اله‬َ٤ِ‫طو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬
ً‫ٝحُلٞح‬ ‫حُو٠َٝحص‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬‫ش‬‫الٓ٤ٔخ‬‫ح‬‫حٌُحثزش‬ ‫ٌَُٔ٣خص‬
‫حُؼ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ٝ‫ٝحالكٔخ‬. ٕ‫ٝحُٔؼخى‬ ‫ٝحُل٤ظخٓ٤٘خص‬
‫ُ٣خىس‬‫حٌُحثزش‬ ‫حُِٜزش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬TSSٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ُُٕٞ‫رخ‬ ٕ‫حُلويح‬ َ٤ِ‫طو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬
‫حُزو‬ ٢‫حُ٠ـ‬ َ٤ِ‫طو‬،‫حُؼَٔس‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫ُِٔخء‬ ١ٍ‫خ‬‫هِش‬ٝ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٔ٘غ‬ ١ٍ‫حُزوخ‬ ٢‫حُ٠ـ‬
‫حُٔخء‬ ‫ؿِ٣جخص‬ ‫٣ؼٞم‬َِ‫ٝ٣و‬٢ُ‫حُوخ‬ ٢‫حُ٘و‬ ‫كخُٔخء‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ َ‫حُظزو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخرِ٤ظٜخ‬ ٖٓ
ٖٓ‫ًحص‬ ٌٕٞ٤ٓ ٚ‫ًحثز‬ ٚ‫ِٛز‬ ‫ٓٞحى‬ ١‫ح‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬‫ٟـ‬ٕ‫كؤ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٢ُ‫ػخ‬ ١ٍ‫روخ‬ ٢
‫هخرِ٤ش‬َ‫ُِظزو‬ ‫حُٔخء‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬،‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٓظ‬‫هِش‬ ‫ٗظٞهغ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ٞ١َُ‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬٢‫ر‬
٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫ُ٣خى‬ ‫ٓظَحكوٜخ‬ ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬‫ًٔ٤ش‬ُ‫ح‬‫ــ‬TSS‫هِش‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬. ‫ُِٔخء‬ ١ٍ‫حُزوخ‬ ٢‫حُ٠ـ‬

34. 33
ٝ‫حُ٘زخط٤ش‬ ‫حُوِ٤ش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬‫ٛـ٤َس‬ ‫الُحُض‬ ١‫ح‬ .‫كظ٤ش‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ‫حُىحى‬،
‫ُحى‬ ‫ًِٝٔخ‬TSS‫ح‬١ٍ‫حُزوخ‬ ٢‫حُ٠ـ‬ ٞ‫ٗول‬ٝ‫حُلوي‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ َ‫ٓ٤و‬ ٟٚ‫رؤٗولخ‬
‫ُحى‬ ‫ًِٝٔخ‬ ُُٕٞ‫رخ‬‫ص‬‫ٗٔزش‬TSSُ ‫حٛزلض‬ٔ‫ِؼ‬‫َس‬‫حُويٍس‬‫ٓوخٝٓش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫حُلطَ٣خص‬َ‫أًؼ‬‫ًحص‬ َٟ‫حه‬ َٙٔ‫ػ‬ ٖٓTSSَ‫حه‬،ٕ‫ال‬TSS‫ٓٞحى‬ َ‫طؼظز‬‫آ‬
‫كخكظ‬‫ش‬.
8-ٍ‫ُِؼٔخ‬ ٢‫حَُٔكُٞٞؿ‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬fruit morphology:-
‫٣ئ‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٌَٗ َ‫ػ‬٢‫ٍ١ٞر‬ ٟٞ‫ٓلظ‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫طلوي‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬،
ٝ‫حٌٗخُٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼَٝف‬‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٢‫ٝك‬‫حؿِحثٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِء‬ ًَ
‫حُِٜخٗش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ٍٝه٤ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ‫كٜ٘خى‬‫ٝحُٔزخٗؾ‬ ‫ٝحُِٔن‬ ْ‫ٝحُو‬،ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ٕ‫ح‬
‫ػزخٍس‬ َٛ‫حال‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٛ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫ٛ٘خُي‬ٌٍ‫ؿ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬،ٍ‫حُ٘ٞٗي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٍِ‫ٝحُـ‬
ٕ‫ٓ٤وخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ػزخٍس‬ َٟ‫حه‬ ٍ‫ٝػٔخ‬ ْ‫ٝحُِ٘ـ‬،‫ػزخٍس‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُزطخ١خ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ٍٗٞس‬٢٤‫حُوَٗخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢ًَُٞٝ‫ٝحُز‬‫ػخى٣ش‬ ‫ػَٔس‬ ٌٌَٕٗٞ‫طظ‬
‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُ٘خٟؾ‬ ٞ٤‫حُٔز‬ ٖٓ‫حَُِٛس‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫حاله‬ ‫حالؿِحء‬ٗٝ‫ري‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٜخ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
١‫حُطٔخ‬ْٝ،‫ػٔٞٓآ‬ ‫حٍُٞه٤ش‬ َ٠‫ٝحُو‬ ٕ‫ٝحُزخًٗـخ‬ ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬‫حٍُٞه٤ش‬ ‫ٓٔخكظٜخ‬ ٕ‫ال‬
‫ٝحٓؼش‬٤ُ‫ػخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ٌٕٞ٤‫ك‬ً‫ا‬ ،‫آ‬‫ٝحُ٘ظق‬ ْ‫حُظ٘ل‬ٜ٤‫ك‬٤ُ‫ػخ‬ ‫خ‬‫خ‬ٌٕٞ٤‫ك‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬
. ‫حُظلخف‬ ٍ‫ٝػٔخ‬ ‫حُزطخ١خ‬ ‫ىٍٗخص‬ ٖٓ ٠ِ‫حػ‬ ٢ُ‫ػخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬
‫حٍُٞه٤ش‬ ‫حُو٠َٝحص‬ ِ٤ٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ٌُٖ‫ٛخُلش‬ ٠‫طزو‬ُ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ِظٔٞ٣ن‬ٍٛٝٞ
٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُلوي‬10%،‫حاله‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫حٓخ‬‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ٛخُلش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ َٟ
ٝ‫ٛخُلش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ١َ٘‫حُز‬ ‫ُالٓظٜالى‬َ‫حًؼ‬5%
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬.
( ٌَٗ4ٞٔٗ ‫ٓغ‬ ُُٕٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كويح‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ )ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬‫ٝٗ٠ـ‬‫ٜخ‬

35. 34
‫ة‬-‫أُؾ٤ط‬ ‫اُظوٝف‬‫خ‬ٍٞ‫ثبُٔؾص‬:-
‫ػَٔس‬ ًَ‫طل٤ط‬ ‫حُلٜخى‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘زخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫ٜخ‬
‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ٝ‫رٜخ‬ َ‫طئػ‬ٕٝ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬‫ح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ِٓزخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َ‫طئػ‬٣‫ـخرخ‬،ٍٝ‫ٝٓ٘لخ‬
َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٌِْ‫ٗظ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ٍ‫هي‬:-
1-‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬:Temperature
‫ٌٛح‬‫ك‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ‫حكي‬٢‫ُِٔخء‬ ٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬،‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ػِٔخ‬
‫ىٍؿ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫١َى٣ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬‫ش‬‫حُلو‬ ‫ُٝ٣خىس‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫ي‬،‫حٍطلخع‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫رٔزذ‬
‫ىٍؿش‬ٍ‫حُلَح‬‫س‬٣ِ‫ٓظ‬٤ِ‫هخر‬ ٖٓ ‫ي‬‫ش‬٤ًٔ َ‫حًز‬ َٔ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٜٞحء‬‫ش‬‫حُٔخء‬ ٍ‫روخ‬ ٖٓ
ٝ‫حُؼَٔس‬ ٖٓ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُل‬ ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.
‫ىٍؿ‬ ‫حٍطلخع‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫ش‬ٍ‫كَح‬‫س‬‫حُؼَٔس‬‫ُ٣خى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫ٓ٤ؼ‬‫س‬‫الٓ٤ٔخ‬ ‫حُٔخء‬ َ‫طزو‬
٤٘٤‫حُز‬ ‫حُٔٔخكخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٞؿٞى‬ َ‫حُل‬ ‫حُٔخء‬‫ش‬‫حٝال‬ ‫حُؼَٔس‬ َ‫ىحه‬ٍ‫ٝحُلَح‬‫س‬َٓ‫ػخ‬
ُ‫حُلخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔخء‬ َ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜٓ‫ش‬ُٔ‫ح‬ِ‫خث‬‫ش‬ُ‫حُلخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬‫ش‬٣ُ‫حُـخ‬‫ش‬،ًَ ٕ‫ٝح‬1ْ‫ؿ‬
H2O٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣لظخؽ‬ ‫ٓخء‬ ٍ‫روخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬540 calٝ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ٕ‫ح‬ٖٓ ‫ٓظَكغ‬
‫ىٍؿ‬‫ش‬ٍ‫كَح‬‫س‬‫حُؼَٔس‬ًِٔٝ ‫ٌٝٓٞٗخطٜخ‬‫ىٍؿ‬ ‫حٍطلؼض‬ ‫خ‬‫ش‬ٍ‫حُلَح‬‫س‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫س‬‫ُحى‬
٢‫حَُ١ٞر‬ ‫حُلوي‬( ٍٝ‫ٝحُـي‬4ٞ‫رؼ‬ ِٕ‫ُو‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓزش‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿخص‬ )
َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬.
( ٍٝ‫ؿي‬4‫ىٍؿخص‬ )‫حُزٔظ٘٤ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٞ‫ُزؼ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓزش‬ ِٕ‫حُو‬ ‫كَحٍس‬
Recommended storage temperature a selection of fruits
and vegetables
1 - 4 °C 5 - 9 °C > 10 °C
Apple
Avocado (temperate
origin)
Avocado (sub-
tropical)
Asparagus Zucchini Pawpaw
Berry fruits French Bean
Grape fruit and
Lemon