1. Bovine Babesiosis: Overview and Current Issues Jose S. Portugal III1 and Pete D. Teel2 1Senior, Entomology Major and, 2Professor and Associate Department Head Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 1

2. 2 Bovine Babesiosis Common Names Tick Fever Cattle Fever Texas Fever Redwater Piroplasmosis

4. Spread over 14 southern states and California

5. Major cause for the demise of early cattle drives

6. Retarded economic development of cattle industry

7. Tick Eradication Programs initiated 1906

8. Declared successful by the USDA in 1943

11. Red blood cell destruction leads to anemia & death

12. No effective vaccines

13. No anti-babesial drugs approved for use in US

16. South America

17. Southern Asia

18. Australia

19. Brazil

20. Indian Subcontinent

21. Parts of AfricaIdentified in quarantine zones on Texas/Mexico border typically east of Laredo as well as on the California/Mexico border

23. Middle East

24. Mediterranean Area

25. Southern AsiaIdentified in quarantine zones on US/Mexico border typically west of Laredo

27. The on-host sequence requires 20-25 days

28. Engorged female ticks drop to ground to lay eggs and produce 6-legged larvae

29. The off-host sequence may last 6-9 months without a subsequent host

31. 10 Transmission Sporozoites pass to cattle from infected ticks through blood feeding & enter red blood cells Reproduce asexually rupturing red blood cells upon release of merozoites Re-enter gut of subsequent ticks through feeding process Reproduce sexually within tick Infect developing eggs of next tick generation

32. 11 Extended Risk-Native and Exotic Ungulates Native Cattle Buffalo White-tailed Deer Horses Exotic European red deer Nilgai Antelope Possible Babesia reservoir

33. 12 Physical Symptoms Hemoglobinuria Fever Malaise Confusion Icterus/Jaundice Weight loss Depression Lack of coordination

36. Detects presence of antigen only

38. Not specific

40. Tick surveillance and detection by physical scratching of animals

41. Quarantine infested areas

42. Treat infested animals in Acaracide dips on 14 day cycle

43. Regulate animal movement

45. Develop endemic stability

46. Utilize supportive therapy to aid the recovery of infected animals

47. Directly or indirectly induce immunity in cattle through exposure

49. tickGARDIvermectin treated corn feeders and protein blocks to treat wildlife

50. 17 Recent Issues Dealing With Bovine Babesiosis Acaricideresistance increasing Ungulate reservoirs intermingling with cattle Eradication vs. Disease Control incompatibility Rapid transport of cattle between regions Increased demand for beef and dairy Lack of funding

51. 18 Sources and Additional Information http://www.tahc.state.tx.us/animal_health/fevertick/fevertick.html http://nsu.aphis.usda.gov/inventory/activity.faces?INVENTORY_NUMBER=89 http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm?ID=196 http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/4696674.html http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/archives/NSEP/babesia/ENG/epidemiology.htm http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/10189/1/IND43901455.pdf http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/bovine_babesiosis.pdf http://www.tahc.state.tx.us/animal_health/fevertick/FeverTickProgram.pdf http://www.animalagriculture.org/Information/Publications/Cattle/2007/Spring.pdf http://www.conasamexico.org.mx/conasaplanestratgarrap.pdf http://www.nrrbs.com.au/animalhealthivomec.htm http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/bosetrag.htm http://wiienvis.nic.in/ungulatesofindia/meghalaya.htm http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/cattle_fever_ticks.pdf http://lib.bioinfo.pl/paper:17186273 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs-tx/tick.htm