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Skeletal Cartilage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hyaline Cartilage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],BIOL 2010 – Chapter 6
Elastic Cartilage ,[object Object],[object Object],Fibrocartilage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Growth of Cartilage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body Figure 6.1
Classification of Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Function of Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bone Markings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bone Markings  Table 6.1 Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:  Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.3 Compact bone – dense outer layer Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red bone marrow
Bone Membranes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RED BONE MARROW In infants - Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone  In adults - Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.6a
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.6b
Bone Development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stages of Intramembranous Ossification Figure 6.7.1 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Endochondral Ossification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cartilage Model Formation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cartilage Model Formation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Stages of Endochondral Ossification Figure 6.8 Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model. Hyaline cartilage Cavitation of the hyaline carti- lage within the cartilage model. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of sec- ondary ossification centers in the epiphy- ses in preparation for stage 5. Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. Deteriorating cartilage matrix Epiphyseal blood vessel Spongy bone formation Epiphyseal plate cartilage Secondary ossificaton center Blood vessel of periosteal bud Medullary cavity Articular cartilage Spongy bone Primary ossification center Bone collar 1 2 3 4 5
Postnatal Bone Growth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Long Bone Growth and Remodeling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.10 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Bone Deposition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bone Resorption ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of Ionic Calcium in the Body ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hormonal Mechanism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hormonal Control of Blood Ca Figure 6.11 PTH; calcitonin secreted Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+  into blood Falling blood Ca 2+  levels Rising blood Ca 2+  levels Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 ml PTH Imbalance Imbalance
Response to Mechanical Stress ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Response to Mechanical Stress Figure 6.12
Bone Fractures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.1 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.2 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.3 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.13.1
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.13.2
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.13.3
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 6.13.4
Homeostatic Imbalances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Homeostatic Imbalances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Homeostatic Imbalances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Paget’s Disease ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Developmental Aspects of Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Anatomy and Phisology PP

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body Figure 6.1
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Bone Markings Table 6.1 Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as: Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
  • 9. Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.3 Compact bone – dense outer layer Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red bone marrow
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.  
  • 20. Stages of Endochondral Ossification Figure 6.8 Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model. Hyaline cartilage Cavitation of the hyaline carti- lage within the cartilage model. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of sec- ondary ossification centers in the epiphy- ses in preparation for stage 5. Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. Deteriorating cartilage matrix Epiphyseal blood vessel Spongy bone formation Epiphyseal plate cartilage Secondary ossificaton center Blood vessel of periosteal bud Medullary cavity Articular cartilage Spongy bone Primary ossification center Bone collar 1 2 3 4 5
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. Hormonal Control of Blood Ca Figure 6.11 PTH; calcitonin secreted Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into blood Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 ml PTH Imbalance Imbalance
  • 28.
  • 29. Response to Mechanical Stress Figure 6.12
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.