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ACETYLCHOLINE
* SYNTHESIS
* STORAGE
* RELEASE & ITS REGULATION
* ACTION TERMINATION
Acetylcholine is an organic molecule that acts as a
neurotransmitter in humans. It is an ester of acetic
acid and choline
WHERE? ANS
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYMPATHETIC
GANGLIONIC
TRANSMITTER
NEUROEFFECTOR
TRANSMITTER *
#
WHEN ACETYL-CoA & CHOLINE ARE AVAILABLE
WHEN?
HOW? Na Choline
Na
Acetyl CoA
Choline acetyl
transferase
Acetylcholine
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
NEURON
Choline
CHOLINE COMES FROM :
* Recycled from Ach degradation
* Phosphatidylcholine breakdown
* Diet
mitochondria
WHERE?
IN PRESYNAPTIC VESICLES
WHEN?
AFTER SYNTHESIS
HOW?
The uptake of ACh into storage vesicle occurs through an energy-
dependent pump that acidifies the vesicle. The acidified vesicle
then uses a vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) to exchange
protons for ACh molecules
H
H H
Ach
Ach
WHERE?
FROM THE NEURONAL END TO THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT
WHEN?
WHEN THE ACTION POTENTIAL PASSES THROUGH CELL
MEMBRANE BY ANY STIMULUS
Na
K
HOW?
Ca
Action
potential
There is Ca sensitive protein on the vesicle surface(synaptotagmin) and
also in the membrane of the nerve ending (snare complex) Both protein
will interact and contract making the vesicle membrane fuse with the
neuronal membrane and the ACH will release to the synaptic cleft
NOTE
THERE ARE SOME TOXINS (e.g. BOTULINUM TOXIN) THAT INHIBIT
THE RELEASE OF THE VESICLES BY INTERACTION WITH SNARE
COMPLEX PROTEINS
WHERE?
AT THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT(at Ach receptors in postsynaptic
membrane)
WHEN?
After the activation of the postsynaptic receptors by
binding of Ach, the signal is rapidly terminated.
HOW?
AchE
THANK YOU
very few blood
vessels
There are some exceptions:
*
piloerector muscles
of the hairs
the sweat glands
(other than that of the palm & sole)
chromaffin cell

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ACETYLCHOLINE