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imagine
all the
people
BrazilianimmigrantsinBoston
imagine all the people:
Brazilian immigrants
in Boston		 	
Large-scale migration from Brazil is a
relatively recent phenomenon. Indeed,
Brazil has historically been a host
country for immigrants from many
nations. From the early 19th
century to
the mid 20th
century, German, Swiss,
Italians, Spaniards, Poles, Czechs,
Russians, Japanese and others joined
the Portuguese in searching for new
opportunities in Brazil.
After the military coup of 1964,
thousands of Brazilians went into
exile. Although most of these
exiles returned to Brazil after the
amnesty of 1979, the number of
economic emigrants grew in the
1980’s. According to a Brazilian
demographer, José Alberto Magno
de Carvalho, Director of the Center of
Development and Regional Planning
at the Federal University of Minas
Gerais, there were approximately one
to 2.5 million Brazilians living outside
Brazil by 1995.1
The United States, Paraguay and
Japan, are the main destinations for
Brazilian immigrants.2
According to
the 2005-2007 American Community
Survey3
(ACS), there are close to
343,000 Brazilians living in the United
States representing 0.9 percent of
the country’s foreign-born population
of 37 million.4
During the early years,
immigrants from Minas Gerais
dominated the immigration flow to
the U.S. Now, Goiás, Paraná and
Santa Catarina have also become
major immigrant exporting regions.
Today, at least sixteen Brazilian states
contribute to the migration stream.
CITY OF BOSTON
Thomas M. Menino
Mayor
New Bostonian Series
August 2007
June 2009–Revised Edition
population share
The majority of Brazilian immigrants to
the United States live in metropolitan
regions. Massachusetts (23%) ranks
first followed by Florida (20%). Other
large concentrations of Brazilians
include New Jersey (10.4%),
California (8.7%) and New York
(7.1%). Combined, these five states
constitute 69 percent of the total
foreign-born population from Brazil in
the United States.
In 2007, almost 77,000 Brazilians
resided in Massachusetts accounting
for 8.4 percent of the State’s total
immigrant population.5
This share
is increasing rapidly and fuelled
by the recent inflow of Brazilian
immigrants. Between 2000 and 2003,
Brazilians made up 19.1 percent
of all new immigrants coming to
Massachusetts.6
Massachusetts is
now the primary U.S. destination for
Brazilian immigrants (27%) followed
imagine
one in two
Brazilians in
Boston are
between the
ages of 20
and 34.
by Florida (15%), California (10%) and
New York (4%), which is reflected in
the fact that Brazilians are now the
fastest growing immigrant community
in Massachusetts.7
There are an estimated 6,8228
Brazilians living in Boston.9
While
we can look at the most recent ACS
for estimating the total Brazilian
population, the most reliable cross-
tabular data for relatively small
groups, such as the foreign-born
communities in Boston is the 2000
Census10
. According to the 2000
Census, most Brazilians were male
(53%), single (45%), and 50 percent
of them were between the ages of
20 and 34 – a greater proportion
of young adults than in the general
population (33%). Fifteen percent of
resident Brazilians were U.S. citizens
by naturalization.
population
Share of Brazilian Population by State
5.1%
7.1%
8.7%
10.4%
20.3%
22.5%
17%
2.1%
2.7%
4.1%
Massachusetts
Florida
New Jersey
California
New York
Connecticut
Georgia
Texas
Maryland
Other States
Source: ACS 2005-2007, BRA Research Division Analysis
imagine
Brazilians
are more likely
to hold a
high school
diploma than
both the foreign-
born and
the native-born
population.
educational attainment
Although many Brazilians living in
Boston have not completed high
school11
, more than a quarter (28%)
of Brazilian immigrants have received
a high school diploma with no further
schooling. Approximately 38% of
Brazilian immigrants have attended
college, with 24% having completed
at least a bachelor’s degree, com-
pared with 27% of the entire foreign-
born population and 40% of the
native-born. With respect to advanced
degrees, only 6% of Brazilians living in
Boston hold a graduate/professional
degree or higher, compared with 12%
of all foreign-born and 17% of the na-
tive-born.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Brazilians Foreign-Born Native-Born
Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA Research Division
Educational Attainment for Population 25 Years and Older
Less than High School Some High School High School Diploma Some College Associate Degree Bachelors Degree Graduate/Professional
Degree or Higher
occupations
Most Brazilians living in Boston
are employed in the following
occupations: services (42%),
technical, sales and administrative
support (19%), construction,
extraction and transportation (13%),
managerial and professional (14%)
and production (6%).
Brazilians are over represented
in service occupations compared
to native (15%) and foreign-born
(24%) populations. They are
over represented in construction
occupations relative to the native-born
and foreign-born populations (8%
and 10% respectively). And, they are
over represented in the arts, design,
entertainment, sports and media
occupations (4%) relative to both the
native (3.6%) and the foreign-born
(2%). Brazilians are under represented
in all other occupations. They are
least represented in managerial and
technical occupations.
occupations
Occupations for Population 25 Years and Older
A little over two-thirds of Brazilians in
Boston are employed. The labor force
participation rate12
of Brazilians is
75%, compared with 63% for the rest
of the population. The unemployment
rate among Brazilians is 3%
compared to 7.2% citywide.13
This high rate of labor force
participation and low unemployment
rate is not uncommon among
immigrants and reflects a common
reason for immigrating, namely to
secure income through employment.
The majority of Brazilians working in
Boston (61%) work for a private for
profit company. Another 5% work for a
private not for profit organization.
Brazilians Foreign-Born Native-Born
0%
5%
0%
5%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Managerial and
Professional
Technical,
Sales 
Administrative
Support
Service
Occupations
Construction,
Extraction 
Transportation
Production
Occupations
Community
and Social
Services
Occupations
Arts, Design,
Entertainment,
Sports and
Media
Occupations
Other
Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA Research
self-employed
More than 16 percent are self-
employed; a rate almost three times
that of the foreign-born population
and more than double the self-
employment rate of the native-born
population.
Such a high self-employment rate
may be explained by high rates of
financial capital among Brazilians as
well as the fact that they emigrated
from a country that also has a high
self-employment rate. 14
imagine
More than 16%
of Brazilians are
self-employed,
a rate almost three
times that of other
foreign-born and
more than double
that of the native-
born population.
Share of Self Employed Workers
Brazilians Foreign-Born Native-Born
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
Self Employed
Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA
8.0%
imagine
.
				 6,822 Brazilians in Boston
Main destinations for
Brazilian immigrants:
• U.S.
• Paraguay
• Japan
Major Brazilian emigrant regions:
• Minas Gerais
• Goias
• Parana
• Santa Catarina
occupations
13%	 construction,
	 extraction, and
	 transportation
43%	 services
15%	 managerial and
	 professional
19%	 technical, sales and 		
	 administrative support
6%	 production
4%	 arts, design and
	 media
contributing
$132 million
annual spending
$157 million
to the gross state product
$38 million
in state and federal taxes
1,733 direct and indirect
jobs for the local economy
entrepreneurship
annual sales
$40 million
business ownership
150 small businesses
homebuying
Brazilians bought
3 out of 10 homes
sold to immigrants in
Massachusetts
Brazilians by Gender
53%47%
M ale Female
Brazilians by Age
9%
50%
41%
0-19 20-34 35+
More than 342,732
Brazilians live in
the U.S.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Not in Labor
Force
UnemployedEmployed
Employment Status
0
10
20
30
40
50
Never
Married
SeparatedDivorcedWidowedNow
Married
Marital Status
June 2009
Brazilians as a Percentage of
Foreign-Born by Census Tract
Roxbury
Hyde Park
East Boston
West Roxbury
Roslindale
Mattapan
Allston/Brighton
South Dorchester
Jamaica Plain
South Boston
Central
North
Dorchester
Charlestown
South End
Fenway/
Kenmore
Back Bay/
Beacon Hill
Harbor
Islands
Milton
Quincy
Dedham
Brookline
Newton
Cambridge
Belmont
Somerville
Everett
Revere
Braintree
Chelsea
Watertown
Arlington
Medford
Medford
Winthrop
Westwood Canton
Boston’s Brazilians by Census Tract
Brazilians as a Percent of
Foreign-Born by Census Tract
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau,
Census 2000 Summary File 3.
10.1 - 21.6
5.1 - 10
1.1 - 5
0.1 - 1
0 1 2
Miles
0
Shown for residential area only
contributions spending
Brazilian immigrants further contribute
to the local economy through
their labor as well as through their
spending. For example, for every
10 homes sold to immigrants in
Massachusetts in 2005, three were
purchased by Brazilians making
them the largest home buying group,
second only to the Chinese.18
The total value of their contributions is
estimated using a regional economic
model (REMI) that calculates
the value of goods and services
consumed on each dollar spent.
Brazilians spend, from their after
tax earnings, nearly $132 million in
Boston, annually.19
These annual
expenditures generate a regional
product of $133 million in local
spending and $36 million in State and
Federal taxes.20
This expenditure in
turn, generates 1,080 indirect jobs. in
the local economy. 21
Beyond the contributions Brazilian-
born immigrants living in Boston make
to the local economy, they continue
to play a vital role in the economy of
their home country by sending back
remittances of $10.4 million each year.
This breaks down to an average of
approximately $342 per month sent
back by each Brazilian household22
.
This trend is also witnessed
throughout the U.S. and beyond, with
Brazilians living abroad contributing
more than $4.25 billion, or 0.4% of
GDP, to Brazil’s economy 2006.23
entrepreneurship
Brazilians contribute to Boston’s
economy through entrepreneurship.
As noted earlier, Brazilians have a
very high self-employment rate.
They own more than 150 small
businesses in the greater Boston
area, specializing in restaurants,
grocery, travel and insurance among
other industry sectors.
Combined, these businesses
represent more than $40 million in
annual sales, employ more than 400
people15
and contribute $24 million
to the regional product, $2 million
in State and Federal taxes16  
and
253 indirect jobs. Collectively, these
buisnesses contribute a total of 653
direct and indirect jobs to the region.
Despite these contributions, only 21%
of Brazilians have achieved at best
a middle class standard of living17
,
compared to 47% of Boston’s native-
born population and 29% of all adult
foreign-born.
imagine
Collectively,
Brazilians
contribute
$157 million
to the economy,
pay $38 million
in taxes, and
create 1,733 direct
and indirect jobs.
standard of living
Only 20.6 percent of Brazilians have
achieved a middle class standard of
living compared to 38% of Boston’s
native-born population and 25% of all
foreign-born.24
A combination of factors may
contribute to Brazilians poor
standing. In part, this may reflect the
effect of the barriers to opportunity
that non-recognition of foreign
qualifications presents to Brazilian
workers. There is a high rate of
low educational levels and English
proficiency among Brazilians. For
example, while 45% of Boston’s
adult foreign-born population either
lacks a high school diploma or has
limited English-speaking skills, an
already high proportion, rates among
adult Brazilians living in Boston are
substantially higher at 59.3%.25
civic engagement
Brazilians further contribute to the
city’s economic and social life
through their civic participation.
Grassroots organizations such as the
Brazilian Women’s Group and the
Brazilian Immigrant Center are very
active and have celebrated their tenth
anniversaries this year.
In addition, Brazilian press and
media are establishing a permanent
presence in the U.S. In the
metropolitan Boston area, Brazilians
produce fourteen newspapers with a
weekly distribution of 20,000 issues
and nine monthly magazines with
a distribution of 12,000. They also
support two of the largest Brazilian
television networks transmitting
directly from Brazil on a daily basis. 27
Education/English Proficiency		 # of Brazilian	 % Brazilian	 % Foreign-Born	 % Native-Born
Lack H.S. Diploma  English Proficient		 417		12.3%		16.9%		14.5%
Lack H.S. Diploma  Limited English Proficiency	 793		 23.4%		17.2%		1.1%
Have H.S. Diploma  Limited English Proficiency	 801		 23.6%		11.3%		 0.7%
Lack H.S. Diploma or Limited English Proficiency	 2,011		 59.3%		 45.4%		 16.3%
Distribution of Education and English Proficiency26
in the Brazilian Population (25+)
Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA Research Division Analysis
10
endnotes
11
statistic at the 90% confidence interval is ± 2,071.
Meaning, the actual population size of Brazilians
in Boston is likely to be between 4,751 and 8,893.
Throughout this report we will report the adjusted
population estimate provided by the 2005-2007
ACS for foreign-born Brazilians in Boston. These
population counts are estimates, however.
10 Cross-tabulations of the ACS from relatively
small groups can lead to making generalizations
about subsections of a group from a very small
sample and may not be reliable. As a result, in this
report we will use 2000 Census data for all cross-
tabulations of the Brazilian community, while using
the 2005-2007 adjusted ACS estimate to express
the total population.
11 The proportion of Brazilians with less than a
high school education (34%), is equal to that of the
foreign-born population and much greater than the
native-born (16%). U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
12 Defined as the share of the working-age popu-
lation that is either currently employed or seeking
work. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. (2005).
13 These unemployment data are from the 2000
Census. It should be noted that unemployment
rates are subjected to a much greater level of
fluctuation, varying from quarter to quarter, than all
of the other demographic data in this report.
14 There is no agreement among researchers
regarding the reasons for variations in the
self-employment rates among different
immigrant groups. Reasons cited include
human and financial capital of individual
immigrants, high rates of solidarity and social
capital in some immigrant communities, as
well as the opportunity structure encountered by
immigrant entrepreneurs.
15 Lima, A. (1997) Brazilian Businesses in Greater
Boston. Boston: Consulate General
of Brazil (Boston)
16 Brazilian-owned businesses generate $0.426
million in State income taxes,
$0.025 million in State sales taxes paid,
and $1.5 million in Federal income taxes.
BRA Research Division. (2009). Regional
Economic Model, Inc. REMI calculations.
17 A family income four times the poverty
line is used as a proxy for the middle-class stan-
dard of living. The actual income needed
to achieve this standard depends on the
number of people in the family. For a two person
family the income would be at least $44,856 which
is at the 43rd percentile of all families. Massachu-
setts Institute for a New Commonwealth. (2005).
The Changing Face of Massachusetts.
18 Moraes, C. (2005). Brazilians Bought 3
out of 10 Homes Sold to Immigrants in
Massachusetts. Metropolitan Brazilian News, Edi-
tion 242, Year V, 09/30/05 to10/06/05.
1 The Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute
registered the statistical “absence” of 1,379,928
Brazilians between the ages of 20 and 44 from
the 1991 Brazilian Census, a fact that can only be
explained by emigration. Brazilian Geography and
Statistics Institute (IBGE) (2000).
2 World Bank, Research and Data, Remit-
tances Data 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.
org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-
1199807908806/Brazil.pdf
3 The ACS is a yearly survey conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau intended to allow communi-
ties to see how they are changing in the years
between decennial censuses. The ACS is based
on a sample of the population. While the data in
this document are reported as specific numbers
and percentages, all results from the ACS are sub-
ject to sampling error. The data in this report are
from the 2005-2007 ACS 3 year averages. These
data are the combination of 3 distinct years which
reduces the level of sampling error. For more
information on the ACS, please see: http://www.
census.gov/acs/www/index.html
4 The “foreign-born” population includes all
people who are born outside the U.S., naturalized
citizens, and non-U.S. citizens. The “native-born”
population includes all people born in the United
States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Island Areas
and persons born abroad by American parents.
Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) Research
Division. (2005).
5 American Community Survey, 2005-2007, Ameri-
can Fact Finder, BRA Research Analysis (2009).
6 Massachusetts Institute for a New
Commonwealth. (2005). The Changing Face
of Massachusetts.
7 Brazilian population estimates vary widely. For
example, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
estimated that in 2001 there were
between 800,000 and 1.1 million Brazilians living
in the United States. Cited in Margolis, Maxine L.
(2005). Involving the Brazilian
Diaspora in Brazilian Studies: Brazilian
Immigration to the United States.
Department of Anthropology, University
of Florida.
8 The ACS’s American Fact Finder website reports
that there are an estimated 6,731 Brazilians in Bos-
ton. However, the American Fact Finder website
reports a total population for Boston that is lower
than the currently accepted population total for the
city (600,980 compared to 608,352 respectively).
We adjusted the total number of immigrants in
each group in order to account for lower total
number of Bostonians estimated by the ACS. For
more information on American Fact Finder please
see: http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.
html?_lang=en
9 As mentioned earlier, ACS data is subject to
sampling error. While our adjusted estimate using
the 2005-2007 ACS for foreign-born Brazilians
in Boston is 6,822, the margin of error for this
19 Total gross income of Braz­ilians to­­taled $177
million in 2004. Adjustments were
made for remittances assuming a monthly
transfer of $342 per household. This amount is in
accordance with estimates made by the Federal
Reserve Bank of Boston. Marcuss, M. (2005).
International Remittances: Information for New
England Financial Institutions.
Remittances are another way Brazilians have an
economic impact, and in this case, on the Brazilian
economy. In 2004, Boston’s Brazilians sent back
to Brazil $10.9 million in remittances. Worldwide,
in 1995, Brazil received a total of $2.9 billion in
remittances. International Monetary Fund. (2000).
Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook.
20 Brazilians generate $7.4 million in State income
taxes, $2.1 million in State sales taxes paid, and
$26.5 million in Federal income taxes. Boston
Redevelopment Authority (BRA) Research Division.
(2009). (REMI) calculations.
21 BRA Research Division. (2009). REMI calcula-
tions.
22 Orozco, M. (2002), Remittances, Costs, and
Market Competition, presentation of the Federal
Reserve Bank of Chicago.
23 World Bank, Research and Data, Remit-
tances Data 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.
org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-
1199807908806/Brazil.pdf
24 A family income four times the poverty line is
used as a proxy for the middle-class standard of
living. The actual income needed to achieve this
standard depends on the number of people in the
family. For a two person family the income would
be at least $44,856 which is at the 43rd percentile
of all families. Massachusetts Institute for a New
Commonwealth. (2005). The Changing Face of
Massachusetts.
25 The Limited English Proficient includes im-
migrant adults who do not speak English at all or
who do not speak it well. The English Proficient
includes immigrant adults who speak only English,
speak it very well or speak it well. In MassINC’s
The Changing Face of Massachusetts report, the
authors used these same definitions, but labeled
the two categories language challenge and no
language challenge, respectively.
26 Ibid
27 Galvão, H. M. (2002). The Brazilian Community
of New England: An Economic Profile.
12
Produced by the BRA Research Division
	 Alvaro Lima, Director of Research
	 Martina Toponarski	
	 Nanette Dyer Blake
	 Mark Melnik
For more info:
http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/pdr/pdr.asp
Map by the Digital Cartography  GIS
	 Alla Ziskin
Brazilian Immigrant Center
139 Brighton Avenue Suite 7
Allston, MA 02134
tel: 617.783.8001
fax: 617.783.4010
www.braziliancenter.org
Center for the Immigrant Worker
68 Central Square
East Boston, MA 02128
tel: 617.569.0006
fax: 617.569.8440
e-mail: ctbeua@yahoo.com.br
Brazilian Women’s Group
1060 Broadway
Somerville, MA 02144
tel: 625.6600, Ext. 6064.
e-mail: heloisa@verdeamarelo.org
Massachusetts Alliance of
Portuguese Speakers (MAPS)
569 Cambridge Street
Allston, MA 02134
tel.  TTY: 617.787.0557 • 800.232.7725
fax: 617.779.9586
Boston
Redevelopment
Authority
Mayor’s Office Of New Bostonians
Cheng Imm Tan, Director
Publication: 610-2

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Brazilian Immigrants in Boston - 2009

  • 1. imagine all the people BrazilianimmigrantsinBoston imagine all the people: Brazilian immigrants in Boston Large-scale migration from Brazil is a relatively recent phenomenon. Indeed, Brazil has historically been a host country for immigrants from many nations. From the early 19th century to the mid 20th century, German, Swiss, Italians, Spaniards, Poles, Czechs, Russians, Japanese and others joined the Portuguese in searching for new opportunities in Brazil. After the military coup of 1964, thousands of Brazilians went into exile. Although most of these exiles returned to Brazil after the amnesty of 1979, the number of economic emigrants grew in the 1980’s. According to a Brazilian demographer, José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, Director of the Center of Development and Regional Planning at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, there were approximately one to 2.5 million Brazilians living outside Brazil by 1995.1 The United States, Paraguay and Japan, are the main destinations for Brazilian immigrants.2 According to the 2005-2007 American Community Survey3 (ACS), there are close to 343,000 Brazilians living in the United States representing 0.9 percent of the country’s foreign-born population of 37 million.4 During the early years, immigrants from Minas Gerais dominated the immigration flow to the U.S. Now, Goiás, Paraná and Santa Catarina have also become major immigrant exporting regions. Today, at least sixteen Brazilian states contribute to the migration stream. CITY OF BOSTON Thomas M. Menino Mayor New Bostonian Series August 2007 June 2009–Revised Edition
  • 2. population share The majority of Brazilian immigrants to the United States live in metropolitan regions. Massachusetts (23%) ranks first followed by Florida (20%). Other large concentrations of Brazilians include New Jersey (10.4%), California (8.7%) and New York (7.1%). Combined, these five states constitute 69 percent of the total foreign-born population from Brazil in the United States. In 2007, almost 77,000 Brazilians resided in Massachusetts accounting for 8.4 percent of the State’s total immigrant population.5 This share is increasing rapidly and fuelled by the recent inflow of Brazilian immigrants. Between 2000 and 2003, Brazilians made up 19.1 percent of all new immigrants coming to Massachusetts.6 Massachusetts is now the primary U.S. destination for Brazilian immigrants (27%) followed imagine one in two Brazilians in Boston are between the ages of 20 and 34. by Florida (15%), California (10%) and New York (4%), which is reflected in the fact that Brazilians are now the fastest growing immigrant community in Massachusetts.7 There are an estimated 6,8228 Brazilians living in Boston.9 While we can look at the most recent ACS for estimating the total Brazilian population, the most reliable cross- tabular data for relatively small groups, such as the foreign-born communities in Boston is the 2000 Census10 . According to the 2000 Census, most Brazilians were male (53%), single (45%), and 50 percent of them were between the ages of 20 and 34 – a greater proportion of young adults than in the general population (33%). Fifteen percent of resident Brazilians were U.S. citizens by naturalization. population Share of Brazilian Population by State 5.1% 7.1% 8.7% 10.4% 20.3% 22.5% 17% 2.1% 2.7% 4.1% Massachusetts Florida New Jersey California New York Connecticut Georgia Texas Maryland Other States Source: ACS 2005-2007, BRA Research Division Analysis
  • 3. imagine Brazilians are more likely to hold a high school diploma than both the foreign- born and the native-born population. educational attainment Although many Brazilians living in Boston have not completed high school11 , more than a quarter (28%) of Brazilian immigrants have received a high school diploma with no further schooling. Approximately 38% of Brazilian immigrants have attended college, with 24% having completed at least a bachelor’s degree, com- pared with 27% of the entire foreign- born population and 40% of the native-born. With respect to advanced degrees, only 6% of Brazilians living in Boston hold a graduate/professional degree or higher, compared with 12% of all foreign-born and 17% of the na- tive-born. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Brazilians Foreign-Born Native-Born Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA Research Division Educational Attainment for Population 25 Years and Older Less than High School Some High School High School Diploma Some College Associate Degree Bachelors Degree Graduate/Professional Degree or Higher
  • 4. occupations Most Brazilians living in Boston are employed in the following occupations: services (42%), technical, sales and administrative support (19%), construction, extraction and transportation (13%), managerial and professional (14%) and production (6%). Brazilians are over represented in service occupations compared to native (15%) and foreign-born (24%) populations. They are over represented in construction occupations relative to the native-born and foreign-born populations (8% and 10% respectively). And, they are over represented in the arts, design, entertainment, sports and media occupations (4%) relative to both the native (3.6%) and the foreign-born (2%). Brazilians are under represented in all other occupations. They are least represented in managerial and technical occupations. occupations Occupations for Population 25 Years and Older A little over two-thirds of Brazilians in Boston are employed. The labor force participation rate12 of Brazilians is 75%, compared with 63% for the rest of the population. The unemployment rate among Brazilians is 3% compared to 7.2% citywide.13 This high rate of labor force participation and low unemployment rate is not uncommon among immigrants and reflects a common reason for immigrating, namely to secure income through employment. The majority of Brazilians working in Boston (61%) work for a private for profit company. Another 5% work for a private not for profit organization. Brazilians Foreign-Born Native-Born 0% 5% 0% 5% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Managerial and Professional Technical, Sales Administrative Support Service Occupations Construction, Extraction Transportation Production Occupations Community and Social Services Occupations Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports and Media Occupations Other Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA Research
  • 5. self-employed More than 16 percent are self- employed; a rate almost three times that of the foreign-born population and more than double the self- employment rate of the native-born population. Such a high self-employment rate may be explained by high rates of financial capital among Brazilians as well as the fact that they emigrated from a country that also has a high self-employment rate. 14 imagine More than 16% of Brazilians are self-employed, a rate almost three times that of other foreign-born and more than double that of the native- born population. Share of Self Employed Workers Brazilians Foreign-Born Native-Born 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% Self Employed Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA 8.0%
  • 6. imagine . 6,822 Brazilians in Boston Main destinations for Brazilian immigrants: • U.S. • Paraguay • Japan Major Brazilian emigrant regions: • Minas Gerais • Goias • Parana • Santa Catarina occupations 13% construction, extraction, and transportation 43% services 15% managerial and professional 19% technical, sales and administrative support 6% production 4% arts, design and media contributing $132 million annual spending $157 million to the gross state product $38 million in state and federal taxes 1,733 direct and indirect jobs for the local economy entrepreneurship annual sales $40 million business ownership 150 small businesses homebuying Brazilians bought 3 out of 10 homes sold to immigrants in Massachusetts Brazilians by Gender 53%47% M ale Female Brazilians by Age 9% 50% 41% 0-19 20-34 35+ More than 342,732 Brazilians live in the U.S. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Not in Labor Force UnemployedEmployed Employment Status 0 10 20 30 40 50 Never Married SeparatedDivorcedWidowedNow Married Marital Status
  • 7. June 2009 Brazilians as a Percentage of Foreign-Born by Census Tract Roxbury Hyde Park East Boston West Roxbury Roslindale Mattapan Allston/Brighton South Dorchester Jamaica Plain South Boston Central North Dorchester Charlestown South End Fenway/ Kenmore Back Bay/ Beacon Hill Harbor Islands Milton Quincy Dedham Brookline Newton Cambridge Belmont Somerville Everett Revere Braintree Chelsea Watertown Arlington Medford Medford Winthrop Westwood Canton Boston’s Brazilians by Census Tract Brazilians as a Percent of Foreign-Born by Census Tract Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3. 10.1 - 21.6 5.1 - 10 1.1 - 5 0.1 - 1 0 1 2 Miles 0 Shown for residential area only
  • 8. contributions spending Brazilian immigrants further contribute to the local economy through their labor as well as through their spending. For example, for every 10 homes sold to immigrants in Massachusetts in 2005, three were purchased by Brazilians making them the largest home buying group, second only to the Chinese.18 The total value of their contributions is estimated using a regional economic model (REMI) that calculates the value of goods and services consumed on each dollar spent. Brazilians spend, from their after tax earnings, nearly $132 million in Boston, annually.19 These annual expenditures generate a regional product of $133 million in local spending and $36 million in State and Federal taxes.20 This expenditure in turn, generates 1,080 indirect jobs. in the local economy. 21 Beyond the contributions Brazilian- born immigrants living in Boston make to the local economy, they continue to play a vital role in the economy of their home country by sending back remittances of $10.4 million each year. This breaks down to an average of approximately $342 per month sent back by each Brazilian household22 . This trend is also witnessed throughout the U.S. and beyond, with Brazilians living abroad contributing more than $4.25 billion, or 0.4% of GDP, to Brazil’s economy 2006.23 entrepreneurship Brazilians contribute to Boston’s economy through entrepreneurship. As noted earlier, Brazilians have a very high self-employment rate. They own more than 150 small businesses in the greater Boston area, specializing in restaurants, grocery, travel and insurance among other industry sectors. Combined, these businesses represent more than $40 million in annual sales, employ more than 400 people15 and contribute $24 million to the regional product, $2 million in State and Federal taxes16 and 253 indirect jobs. Collectively, these buisnesses contribute a total of 653 direct and indirect jobs to the region. Despite these contributions, only 21% of Brazilians have achieved at best a middle class standard of living17 , compared to 47% of Boston’s native- born population and 29% of all adult foreign-born.
  • 9. imagine Collectively, Brazilians contribute $157 million to the economy, pay $38 million in taxes, and create 1,733 direct and indirect jobs. standard of living Only 20.6 percent of Brazilians have achieved a middle class standard of living compared to 38% of Boston’s native-born population and 25% of all foreign-born.24 A combination of factors may contribute to Brazilians poor standing. In part, this may reflect the effect of the barriers to opportunity that non-recognition of foreign qualifications presents to Brazilian workers. There is a high rate of low educational levels and English proficiency among Brazilians. For example, while 45% of Boston’s adult foreign-born population either lacks a high school diploma or has limited English-speaking skills, an already high proportion, rates among adult Brazilians living in Boston are substantially higher at 59.3%.25 civic engagement Brazilians further contribute to the city’s economic and social life through their civic participation. Grassroots organizations such as the Brazilian Women’s Group and the Brazilian Immigrant Center are very active and have celebrated their tenth anniversaries this year. In addition, Brazilian press and media are establishing a permanent presence in the U.S. In the metropolitan Boston area, Brazilians produce fourteen newspapers with a weekly distribution of 20,000 issues and nine monthly magazines with a distribution of 12,000. They also support two of the largest Brazilian television networks transmitting directly from Brazil on a daily basis. 27 Education/English Proficiency # of Brazilian % Brazilian % Foreign-Born % Native-Born Lack H.S. Diploma English Proficient 417 12.3% 16.9% 14.5% Lack H.S. Diploma Limited English Proficiency 793 23.4% 17.2% 1.1% Have H.S. Diploma Limited English Proficiency 801 23.6% 11.3% 0.7% Lack H.S. Diploma or Limited English Proficiency 2,011 59.3% 45.4% 16.3% Distribution of Education and English Proficiency26 in the Brazilian Population (25+) Source: U.S. Census 2000, Public Use Microdata (PUM) 5% Sample, BRA Research Division Analysis
  • 11. 11 statistic at the 90% confidence interval is ± 2,071. Meaning, the actual population size of Brazilians in Boston is likely to be between 4,751 and 8,893. Throughout this report we will report the adjusted population estimate provided by the 2005-2007 ACS for foreign-born Brazilians in Boston. These population counts are estimates, however. 10 Cross-tabulations of the ACS from relatively small groups can lead to making generalizations about subsections of a group from a very small sample and may not be reliable. As a result, in this report we will use 2000 Census data for all cross- tabulations of the Brazilian community, while using the 2005-2007 adjusted ACS estimate to express the total population. 11 The proportion of Brazilians with less than a high school education (34%), is equal to that of the foreign-born population and much greater than the native-born (16%). U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. 12 Defined as the share of the working-age popu- lation that is either currently employed or seeking work. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2005). 13 These unemployment data are from the 2000 Census. It should be noted that unemployment rates are subjected to a much greater level of fluctuation, varying from quarter to quarter, than all of the other demographic data in this report. 14 There is no agreement among researchers regarding the reasons for variations in the self-employment rates among different immigrant groups. Reasons cited include human and financial capital of individual immigrants, high rates of solidarity and social capital in some immigrant communities, as well as the opportunity structure encountered by immigrant entrepreneurs. 15 Lima, A. (1997) Brazilian Businesses in Greater Boston. Boston: Consulate General of Brazil (Boston) 16 Brazilian-owned businesses generate $0.426 million in State income taxes, $0.025 million in State sales taxes paid, and $1.5 million in Federal income taxes. BRA Research Division. (2009). Regional Economic Model, Inc. REMI calculations. 17 A family income four times the poverty line is used as a proxy for the middle-class stan- dard of living. The actual income needed to achieve this standard depends on the number of people in the family. For a two person family the income would be at least $44,856 which is at the 43rd percentile of all families. Massachu- setts Institute for a New Commonwealth. (2005). The Changing Face of Massachusetts. 18 Moraes, C. (2005). Brazilians Bought 3 out of 10 Homes Sold to Immigrants in Massachusetts. Metropolitan Brazilian News, Edi- tion 242, Year V, 09/30/05 to10/06/05. 1 The Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute registered the statistical “absence” of 1,379,928 Brazilians between the ages of 20 and 44 from the 1991 Brazilian Census, a fact that can only be explained by emigration. Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE) (2000). 2 World Bank, Research and Data, Remit- tances Data 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank. org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934- 1199807908806/Brazil.pdf 3 The ACS is a yearly survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau intended to allow communi- ties to see how they are changing in the years between decennial censuses. The ACS is based on a sample of the population. While the data in this document are reported as specific numbers and percentages, all results from the ACS are sub- ject to sampling error. The data in this report are from the 2005-2007 ACS 3 year averages. These data are the combination of 3 distinct years which reduces the level of sampling error. For more information on the ACS, please see: http://www. census.gov/acs/www/index.html 4 The “foreign-born” population includes all people who are born outside the U.S., naturalized citizens, and non-U.S. citizens. The “native-born” population includes all people born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Island Areas and persons born abroad by American parents. Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) Research Division. (2005). 5 American Community Survey, 2005-2007, Ameri- can Fact Finder, BRA Research Analysis (2009). 6 Massachusetts Institute for a New Commonwealth. (2005). The Changing Face of Massachusetts. 7 Brazilian population estimates vary widely. For example, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that in 2001 there were between 800,000 and 1.1 million Brazilians living in the United States. Cited in Margolis, Maxine L. (2005). Involving the Brazilian Diaspora in Brazilian Studies: Brazilian Immigration to the United States. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida. 8 The ACS’s American Fact Finder website reports that there are an estimated 6,731 Brazilians in Bos- ton. However, the American Fact Finder website reports a total population for Boston that is lower than the currently accepted population total for the city (600,980 compared to 608,352 respectively). We adjusted the total number of immigrants in each group in order to account for lower total number of Bostonians estimated by the ACS. For more information on American Fact Finder please see: http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main. html?_lang=en 9 As mentioned earlier, ACS data is subject to sampling error. While our adjusted estimate using the 2005-2007 ACS for foreign-born Brazilians in Boston is 6,822, the margin of error for this 19 Total gross income of Braz­ilians to­­taled $177 million in 2004. Adjustments were made for remittances assuming a monthly transfer of $342 per household. This amount is in accordance with estimates made by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Marcuss, M. (2005). International Remittances: Information for New England Financial Institutions. Remittances are another way Brazilians have an economic impact, and in this case, on the Brazilian economy. In 2004, Boston’s Brazilians sent back to Brazil $10.9 million in remittances. Worldwide, in 1995, Brazil received a total of $2.9 billion in remittances. International Monetary Fund. (2000). Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook. 20 Brazilians generate $7.4 million in State income taxes, $2.1 million in State sales taxes paid, and $26.5 million in Federal income taxes. Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) Research Division. (2009). (REMI) calculations. 21 BRA Research Division. (2009). REMI calcula- tions. 22 Orozco, M. (2002), Remittances, Costs, and Market Competition, presentation of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. 23 World Bank, Research and Data, Remit- tances Data 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank. org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934- 1199807908806/Brazil.pdf 24 A family income four times the poverty line is used as a proxy for the middle-class standard of living. The actual income needed to achieve this standard depends on the number of people in the family. For a two person family the income would be at least $44,856 which is at the 43rd percentile of all families. Massachusetts Institute for a New Commonwealth. (2005). The Changing Face of Massachusetts. 25 The Limited English Proficient includes im- migrant adults who do not speak English at all or who do not speak it well. The English Proficient includes immigrant adults who speak only English, speak it very well or speak it well. In MassINC’s The Changing Face of Massachusetts report, the authors used these same definitions, but labeled the two categories language challenge and no language challenge, respectively. 26 Ibid 27 Galvão, H. M. (2002). The Brazilian Community of New England: An Economic Profile.
  • 12. 12 Produced by the BRA Research Division Alvaro Lima, Director of Research Martina Toponarski Nanette Dyer Blake Mark Melnik For more info: http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/pdr/pdr.asp Map by the Digital Cartography GIS Alla Ziskin Brazilian Immigrant Center 139 Brighton Avenue Suite 7 Allston, MA 02134 tel: 617.783.8001 fax: 617.783.4010 www.braziliancenter.org Center for the Immigrant Worker 68 Central Square East Boston, MA 02128 tel: 617.569.0006 fax: 617.569.8440 e-mail: ctbeua@yahoo.com.br Brazilian Women’s Group 1060 Broadway Somerville, MA 02144 tel: 625.6600, Ext. 6064. e-mail: heloisa@verdeamarelo.org Massachusetts Alliance of Portuguese Speakers (MAPS) 569 Cambridge Street Allston, MA 02134 tel. TTY: 617.787.0557 • 800.232.7725 fax: 617.779.9586 Boston Redevelopment Authority Mayor’s Office Of New Bostonians Cheng Imm Tan, Director Publication: 610-2