Joint Venture Failures

Joint Venture Failures
A joint venture is a contractual agreement joining together two or more parties for the purpose of
executing a particular business undertaking (InvestorWords, 2008). Some of the most significant
benefits gained from joint venturing include, a reduced risk of both companies resulting from capital
and resource sharing, the opportunity to increase sales, and enhance technological capabilities
through research and development underwritten by one party (INC, 2009). Joint ventures also
provide a mode for entering foreign markets because the partnering companies join complementary
skills and knowhow with local firms (Qiu, 1984). Companies often jump into joint venture
agreements blinded by these benefits and often fail to research the risks ... Show more content on
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The total investment in joint operation would equal ten million dollars. Although the common goal
between the partnering firms was to successfully extract high quality stone, each firm had its own
individual goal of how to benefit from the project. The difference in goals was a result in the
difference in the financial risk, operating risks, and contributions from each company (Chalos,
2002). Prosperity Ltd's goal was to secure a payback term of five years and continue operations with
high profit, they would have a high operating risk and a high financial risk. Tomiyama construction
Machinery Ltd's goal was to secure initial inroads for the sale of heavy machinery to the Peoples
Republic of China market, they would have a low operating and a low financial risk in the joint
venture. Tagawa Crush Stone International Ltd's goal was to secure source of supply of stone for the
Japanese market, they would have a low operating risk and a low financial risk in the joint venture.
Finally, Tien Shan Ltd's goal in the joint venture was to share a stable return from the quarry
operations, and to ensure employment of local Chinese citizens, they would have a minimal
operating risk and no financial risk in the joint venture (Chalos, 2002). From the combined
resources of each partnering company, the joint venture was able to begin construction in March of
1995, and was able to output the quarry stone
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Corporate Governance of International Joint Ventures
Table of Content
ABSTRACT 1
1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 3
2.1 PARENT FIRMS, IJV MANAGERS RELATION 3
2.2 PARENT FIRM'S RELATIONS 4
3 RIGHTS, FUNCTIONS OF BOD, PARENT FIRMS, IJV MANAGERS 6
3.1 PARENT FIRM'S RIGHTS, FUNCTIONS 7
3.2 BOD'S FUNCTIONS IN IJV 9
3.3 IJV MANAGER'S DUTIES 10
4 CONCLUSION 12
REFERENCES 13
Abstract
This paper figures out IJV structure and mechanisms such as principal agency problems and hold–
up problem in International Joint Ventures. Thereby it is appropriated to examine the relationship
between the parental firms, and how they can elaborate the operation of the Board of Directors and
the Joint Venture managers. This refers to an organization of ... Show more content on
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Additionally, the BOD has a direct relation with IJV managers. The structure of IJV helps us to
understand the challenges that parent firms face in designing the contract.
2.1 Parent firms and IJV managers relation
IJV managers are promoted to the venture by the parent firms in order to represent the parent firm's
culture, goals etc. Therefore, IJV managers are working on behalf of the both parent firm's
objectives in the IJV. In this context, agency theory helps us in understanding the relationship
between the IJV managers and parent firms.
"Agency theory is concerned with resolving two problems that can occur in agency relationships.
The first is the agency problem that arises when (a) the desires or goals of the principal and agent
conflict and (b) it is difficult or expensive for the principal to verify what the agent is actually
doing."
The cause of the agency problem between IJV and parent firm relation is that the parent firm usually
lacks of measuring and controlling the behavior of the managers appropriately. That means that

information is asymmetric and IJV managers have more information about the ongoing works of the
IJV than their parent firms. Therefore, IJV managers generally show the tendency to satisfy their
self–interest instead of the parent firm's interest. In this context, two different kinds of agency
problem arise, namely moral hazard and adverse

A Rare Success in China
Disclaimer: It is against the The Negotiation Experts' principles to offer its services to the tobacco
industry. The Celanese case study has been reproduced for the purposes of study only, and is in no
way a condonement of the damage the tobacco is causing.
Overview
One of the most closely studied Chinese joint ventures is that involving Celanese Corporation of the
United States, a producer of value–added industrial chemicals, and China National Tobacco
Corporation (CNTC). The venture produces tow, the fluffy synthetic fiber in cigarette filters.
In 1982, when CNTC decided to increase its production of filter cigarettes, it was on the lookout for
international suppliers. Since all tow providers refused to sell their technology to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
New cultural difficulties arose daily, as Chinese practices collided with Western performance
imperatives. Celanese employees noted:
*
Crews of Chinese subcontractors would disappear for days at a time, leaving work unfinished. *
In work units supervised by foreigners, the Chinese observed workloads; but in those supervised by
Chinese, the workloads were usually reduced and additional employees hired. *
Many employees appeared indifferent to the satisfactory completion of the project. *
The Celanese habit of flagging errors or shortcomings was taken by many Chinese as a personal
affront–compounded by the indignity of seemingly being "talked down to."
The Nantong factory was completed in 1989, when the joint venture went into operation, with a
mixture of Chinese and U.S. managers and staff. Most of the Chinese managers appointed to the
new enterprise saw themselves as loyal to CNTC, and their allegiance to the new venture was
initially fragile. The Chinese managers discussed problems with their seniors at CNTC, rather than
with their U.S. venture colleagues. Neither side could identify with the new entity at first, and
managers held meetings in their native tongue, which upset those on the other side.
But overall, a long–term perspective was taken regarding the factory, where training was provided to

enable employees to carry out prescribed operations.
At the same time,

A Joint Venture Between Nora And Sakari
The negotiations for a joint venture between Nora and Sakari have been taking place for over two
years and 20 meetings. Meeting locations have varied, but have been held in both of the firm's
respective countries of Helsinki and KL. So far, the meetings sunk costs in promoting the JV
between the two companies are estimated at RM3 million.
There are mutual benefits for a cooperative effort. The main benefit for Sakari would be to meet its
strategy of expanding R&D centres in to South–east Asia which is a market of unexploited potential.
They would be to meet this strategy if they gained access through Malaysia. Nora's main benefit
would be able to fulfill its TMB contract since its bid was reliant on providing "Sakari's 4G LTE
technology" (XX). Despite the benefits that would occur due to the agreement the negotiation efforts
failed to reach a JV agreement between the two entities. Some of the major reasons for negotiation
failure were due to difference in goals, negotiation and interaction styles, cultural differences and
behaviors, and lack of trust.
GOALS, NEGOTIATION AND INTERACTION STYLES
Their approaches to negotiation and objectives were very different for each party. Nora went in with
an integrative negotiation strategy since they had already won their bid based on using Sakari's 4G
technology and having a successful agreement would be important in fulfilling the contract with
TGMXX. The were interested in creating a win–win situation. On the other–hand Sakari's

Joint Venture Essay
The first country we will look at is China. The first thing to consider, when setting up a business in
China, especially for a foreign national, is to determine the legality of the business. Many types of
businesses are not allowed to be run by foreign nationals in China. For example, an export trade
company cannot be run by a citizen of another country in China (Harris, 2017). Next, you need to
decide if your corporation is going to be a joint venture or what is called a wholly foreign owned
enterprise (WFOE). A joint venture is a partnership with a Chinese citizen. While setting up a joint
venture may make the process easier, Issie Lapowsky of Inc. strongly suggests against it, as it often
leads to the Chinese citizen winding up with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be of some tax benefit to form a special purpose company to act as the investor for the
WFOE according to Harris, who mentions Hong Kong as a common location for this (2011). After
all documents have been submitted, it is required that you formally ask for and receive approval for
the project from the Chinese government (Harris, 2011). This must be done in order to get the
company registered. Then you need to submit your articles of association, a feasibility study and
your lease for government approval (Harris, 2011). It is important that you understand that the
government typically requires the first year of the lease to be paid in advance (Harris, 2011). Finally,
salary and benefits packages and any other documentation needed for the specific project will need
to be submitted (Harris, 2011). After all documentation has been submitted it typically takes
between two and five months for approval, provided everything has been properly submitted
(Harris, 2011). It should be noted that this process can take significantly longer if there the company
is large or complex and there may be licenses or other fees involved (Harris, 2011). The process for
setting up a corporation in China seems to be very complex, but well established with little
surprises. Dan Harris, who appears to be the subject matter expert on all things WOFE, states that if
the process is complied with, there is essentially a 100% approval (2011). In fact, considering

Management and Joint Ventures
Komatsu Ltd.: Project Gs Globalization
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Komatsu Ltd. is operating in challenging market conditions that are made more complicated by the
centralized production and operations strategy and the variability of the currency markets,
particularly the value of the Japanese Yen. To combat these challenges, Komatsu has replaced
CEOs, changed their corporate focus from "Beat Cat" to the three "G"s – "Growth, Global,
Groupwide". Key issues identified in the case are Komatsu's approach to international expansion,
organizational structure and localizing management, and product diversification. Komatsu was at
crossroads on how to most efficiently and effectively leverage cost savings and expertise in local
markets, from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the more productive partnerships was with Cummings Diesel of the United States. Ryoichi
Kawai looked to his overall strategy to help tackle the efficiency challenges his company faced; a
strategy which at this point had become obvious. It was clear a Global business strategy would be
the right method to focus on improving product quality and efficiency while keeping costs as low as
possible. Komatsu saw an upcoming price war in its industry and centralized planning and
production was the best strategy to fight this war.
By the time Kawai's 18–year tenure as president came to an end, his company had emerged as a
major player in the construction equipment game. His strategy had paid off and Komatsu's quality,
technology and efficiency rivaled any competitor. However, the 80's ushered in a new set of
challenges. The industry started to suffer from falling demand. Trade frictions were heating up, and
the yen was experiencing dramatic appreciation. All of this was happening at a time when the
industry price wars were reaching their zenith. It became clear Komatsu's global strategy no longer
gave the company the focus needed to compete in this changing environment. The company needed
to reduce its sole dependency on the struggling construction equipment industry. It also needed to
reduce its foreign exchange exposure. And with growing international

Marketing and Joint Ventures
1. a. General analysis (i.e. identification) of factors firms should focus on when deciding whether to
internationalise their business via joint ventures, Greenfield sites or acquisitions: (20–30% of marks)
b. Identify appropriate analytical framework to use when presenting these factors (and justify). (20–
30% of marks) c. Utilise this framework to analyse Elecdyne 's situation for a UK location,
comparing at least two different possible ways (joint ventures, Greenfield sites or acquisitions) to
internationalise (20–30% of marks) d. and at least two different possible locations in the UK for
Elecdyne 's activities. (20–30% of marks) Introduction In economics, internationalization has been
viewed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Promotion/selling support – Advertising – Promotion – literature – Direct mail – Exhibitions, trade
shows – Printing – Selling (direct) – Sales force – Agents commissions – Sale or returns | 4.
Inventory support – Inventory management – Warehousing – Distribution – Parts supply – Credit
authorisation | 5. Distribution support – Funds provision – Raising of capital – Order processing –
Export preparation and documentation – Freight forwarding – Insurance – Arbitration | 6. Service
support – Market information/intelligence – Quotes processing – Technical aid assistance – After
sales – Guarantees – Warranties/claims – Merchandising – Sales reports, catalogues literature –
Customer care – Budgets – Data processing systems – Insurance – Tax services – Legal services –
Translation | 7. Financial support – Billing, collecting invoices – Hire, rentals – Planning, scheduling
budget data – Auditing | Cunningham1 (1986) identified five strategies used by firms for entry into
new foreign markets: i) Technical innovation strategy – perceived and demonstrable superior
products ii) Product adaptation strategy – modifications to existing products iii) Availability and
security strategy – overcome transport risks by countering perceived risks iv) Low price strategy –
penetration price and, v)

What Is Joint Ventures
What is a Joint Venture?
Joint ventures can take on many looks, but the basic gist is that two or more companies come
together to pool their talents, resources and customer lists for the benefit of all. The joint venture
allows you to share advertising dollars for a more effective campaign and gives you the opportunity
to ride the coattails of a bigger, more established company in order to boost your reputation and
build your customer base.
Most joint ventures take place between related companies that share a similar target market, but do
not compete directly in the goods and services they offer.
Benefits of a Joint Venture
There are many reasons to consider jumping into a joint venture with another small business,
including: * ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* the objectives of the venture are not totally clear and communicated to everyone involved * the
partners have different objectives for the joint venture * there is an imbalance in levels of expertise,
investment or assets brought into the venture by the different partners * different cultures and
management styles result in poor integration and co–operation * the partners don't provide sufficient
leadership and support in the early

International Business Transactions and Negotiations that...
The biggest apprehensions in international business are related to transactions and negotiations
crossing national as well as cultural borders. In order to make this mechanisms take place on an
international base level, businesses awareness of external uncertainties needs to be tackled and
turned into a beneficial dimension.
Reducing risks and getting access to new markets are major goals of international co–operations
such as mergers, strategic alliances, contractual forms of co–operation and international joint
venture (IJVs).
International Joint Venture
A joint venture is a collaboration agreement between two or more companies, which entails the
sharing of profits and losses, skill and managerial expertise and technology to a ... Show more
Ownership structure
Many managers see the Ownership structure of a joint venture as the key element of the agreement
as it is an indicator for the level of control and power that each party exerts.
Li and Zhou et al., point out that the ownership level also gives an indication of the level of
collaboration between partners, especially in cases where the majority of shares is held by one single
party (2009, pp. 865––884)
Joint venture perspectives
Collaborative perspective The collaborative perspective focuses on the value creation of a Joint
Venture.
Li and Zhou et al. state that a balanced partnership will lead to both parties feeling responsible for
the venture and thus increase engagement with the task and therefore increase productivity.
Knowledge sharing is emphasized and the knowledge is not simply transferred to the joint venture,
but adapted to suit local market conditions.
In case of an equal partnership both parties are likely to perceive themselves as responsible for the
joint venture, as profit and losses are shared.
This responsibility in turn leads to more faith in the venture, which generates a feeling of safety and

ultimately enhances the partner's commitment to the joint venture, which showed to increase
productivity (Li and Zhou

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Starting A Joint Venture
As it has said, there are very good reasons to decide starting a Joint Venture. Joint ventures as a
strategic alliance between companies present lots of benefits for the different parties. They allow to
spread the risk between the venture partners. The co–ventures agree to share profits and losses
depending on the risk taken by each of them. It allows flexibility due to its nature. Flexibility setting
the limits of the business, in structural organization and in decision making processes, overall in
comparison with its parent companies. They also facilitate the access to resources. Here it is
included, as well, financing, the specialized staff and technology. This is an opportunity to gain new
capacity and to benefit improving the ability and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The strategic alliance stablished in the first place should guide the analysis of success. Along the
years there have been lot of different approaches to this subject, the book International Joint
Ventures: Theory and Practice (Aimin Yang and Yadong Luo, 2001) explains a good amount of
them. Therefore depending on the aim of the Joint Venture it could be taken into account different
indicators: increase of profits, share R&D expenses, market position, improvements in distribution
channels, reducing of overall costs, development of new technology, diversity of products, reduction
of competition, reduction of risks among others. There is no magic formula to measure the level of
success of a Joint Venture, each case has its own particularities and it has to be analyzed taking them
into account. As a general approach, the success of a Joint Venture should be determined by the
distance between the objectives and the

A Joint Venture With Pernod Ricard
The Republic of Poland, also known by its shortened name of Poland, has strong ties to the United
States. America has been a very powerful ally to Poland for many years. The spirits sector of
Poland's alcohol market is quickly growing with the vodka segment as one of the country's largest
sources of income. As a lucrative business already established in the US and attempting to enter
Polish markets, we will enter a joint venture with Pernod Ricard, a very successful alcohol and
spirits company with operations here in America and abroad in Poland. Through an in–depth look at
Poland's spirits market we will provide support for why we are choosing to enter Poland through a
joint venture and how we plan to control our abroad operations. A strategic plan detailing how we
will use our joint venture and then market, position, price, and promote our products are also
included..
Pernod Ricard is an extablished alcohol and spirits company with operations in both the US and in
Poland. In the past it has entered two lucrative joint ventures. The first took place in 1993 with
Havana Club International, which was a 50/50 joint venture (Pernod Ricard, 18). In 2011 Pernod
Ricard entered into a joint venture with Tequila Avión but it only held a minority percentage of 20%
in this joint venture until recently (Viladon). In July 2014, it spent approximately $100 million to
gain the majority share in this joint venture giving it control with 84% (Viladon). With this joint
venture Pernod Ricard

United States and Strategy
eBay first entered the Chinese market in 2002 by acquiring a 33% stake in its local counterpart,
EachNet, followed by a full acquisition a year later in 2003. Critically assess eBay.s choice of
market entry strategy for China (use Key Country Matrix), listing both the advantages and
disadvantages of its acquisition strategy (use Drivers (YIP) –CAGE Matrix). 30%
Assess the potential benefits and risks of eBay.s joint venture with Tom Online (use Global/Local
Matrix)eBay first entered the Chinese market in 2002 by acquiring a 33% stake in its local
counterpart, EachNet, followed by a full acquisition a year later in 2003. Critically assess eBay.s
choice of market entry strategy for China (use Key Country Matrix), listing both the advantages ...
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Critically assess eBay.s choice of market entry strategy for China (use Key Country Matrix), listing
both the advantages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy (use Drivers (YIP) –CAGE
Matrix). 30%
Matrix). 20% eBay will have a 49% stake in the new joint venture while Tom Online will have 51%
ownership. Critically assess both companies, decisions on their respective percentage of stake
(explain advantages and disadvantages of JV international strategy) 30%
Strategic recomendation on International Commercial Strategy for E–Bay: "Alliance, Acquisition or
Abandon Strategy" (use QSPM to select strategy) 20% veBay first entered the Chinese market in
2002 by acquiring a 33% stake in its local counterpart, EachNet, followed by a full acquisition a
year later in 2003. Critically assess eBay.s choice of market entry strategy for China (use Key
Country Matrix), listing both the advantages and disadvantages of its acquisition strategy (use
Drivers (YIP) –CAGE Matrix). 30%
Matrix). 20% eBay will have a 49% stake in the new joint venture while Tom Online will have 51%
ownership. Critically assess both companies, decisions on their respective percentage of stake
(explain advantages and disadvantages of JV international strategy)

Joint Venture
Joint Venture
The globalization strategy our team is going to explore for Moonglow is Joint venture. We are going
to discuss the pros and cons to a joint venture along with some environmental factors that
Moonglow needs to consider before deciding on a location. We are also going to explore different
organization structures and give a recommendation on how to restructure Moonglow to succeed in
the global market. Lastly, we will describe ways Moonglow can expand internationally while
maintaining its eco–friendly practices and continue producing organic products.
According to Jones (2011) a joint ventures is a "strategic alliance among two or more organizations
that agree to establish and share the ownership jointly of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Moonglow's joint venture alleviates this limited knowledge. Our host nation partner is already
accustomed to doing business in their country and already has the knowledge of the regulatory laws.
Along with regulatory laws there are legal restrictions that prohibit certain resources to foreign
businesses. Joint ventures make it easy to bypass these restrictions and allow us access to raw
materials we may not normally have (Hall, 1984).
Along with the benefits of knowledge and resources, local governments favor collaborating with
businesses in their country. Many foreign governments offer special incentives to outside countries
if they enter into joint ventures. They see this as a way to bring employment, new technology and
skills to their local people (Hall, 1984). This is a win win for everyone.
Just as there are pros to joint ventures, there are also cons. The cons to entering into a joint venture
are flexibility, technology transferred, employees, and loyalty to the U.S. partners (Hall, 1984).
Moonglow may have limited flexibility when operating on foreign soil. Depending on the
breakdown of ownership, depends on the flexibility Moonglow will have. That is why it is important
to have everyone's roles spelled out. Many foreign countries do not have the paten controls that we
do in the U.S. Any technology that Moonglow brings into the joint venture has the

Groupcase Nora-Sakari: a Proposed Joint Venture in Malaysia
Because every problem almost always has more than one solution, the question of whether or not a
joint venture between Sakari and Nora would be the best option for either of the companies is
difficult to assess. However, there are certain benefits, which are mentioned in the case, that clearly
outline the initial motivation for forming the join venture. From the Sakari side, the motivation came
in the form of a new market in Southeast Asia, while Nora was motivated by Sakari's telecom
technology and the possibility of acquiring it and/or replicating it in the future. The forming of the
joint venture would benefit both companies if the terms of the agreement were favorable for both
parties. It is also noted in the case that Sakari had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally our last comment on the failed negotiations between Nora and Sakari is that it seemed that
Sakari's negotiators were not as experienced and not as prepared as those representing Nora. There
were a few instances, such as Sakari's "arrogant engineer" that had to be sent home as well as the
lack of research on the Malaysian cost of living that should have been done by Sakari, which really
seems to put the Finnish negotiators in a ridiculous position.
What are the motivations of Nora for the JV? What are the motivations of Sakari for the JV?
MOTIVATIONS FOR NORA TOTO ENTER JV AGREEMENT
Nora had several motivations to enter the agreement, one of which was that they would benefit from
the technology transfer. Nora was looking to secure a share of the contract from TMB, as well as the
technology to switch from telecom. Recently, Nora lost a 32 million contracted was anxious to
recover and move toward high end feature phone market.
There were many motivations as to why Nora chose Sakari specifically to collaborate with to meet
their underlying motivations. Sakari was an internationally recognized company, and was familiar
with the process of creating joint ventures to enter new markets. Sakari was the leading telecom
company in Europe and had experience using high technology to enable a small country to have a
fast growing economy. Nora was looking

Wyoff and China-Luquan: Negotiating a Joint Venture(a)
WYOFF AND CHINA–LUQUAN: NEGOTIATING A JOINT VENTURE(A)
Introduction & Situation Analysis
Joint ventures (JV) are a popular method of foreign market entry because they theoretically provide
a way to join complementary skills and know–how, as well as a way for the foreign firm to gain an
insider's perspective on the foreign market. Since China began its market opening in 1978, joint
ventures have been the most commonly used form of foreign direct investment (FDI), with about
70% of FDI in China in the 1980s and 1990s taking the form of joint ventures (Qui, 2005, p. 47).
The Chinese company, as well as the foreign investor, has since 1978 been drawn to the joint
venture form. Walsh, Wang & Xin (1999) note that from the Chinese ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If Wyoff wants to avoid a repetition of the failed negotiations on the Caxtalene JV, Kwang and the
other members of Wyoff's negotiating team must find a way to reach mutually acceptable solutions
on the product slate, product marketing, management structure, and staffing issues.
Problem Analysis
Lessons from the 2001–2002 Caxtalene Negotiations The 2001–2002 failed Caxtalene joint venture
negotiations between CLQ and Wyoff provide important lessons on how to avoid failure in the
current negotiations over the proposed AD/CE JV at CLQ's Rizhao complex. In the Caxtalene
negotiations there were critical substantive differences which prevented the parties from even
reaching a preliminary agreement on ownership structure. Wyoff and CLQ were at polar opposites
on both the equity split and the terms of technology transfer, with Wyoff demanding 80% and CLQ
not prepared to go over 50%, Wyoff anxious to limit any substantive technology transfer and wanted
to charge a substantial licensing fee for any technology that was transferred and CLQ expecting a
free transfer of technology as part of the JV agreement. There were legitimate and rational reasons
each side took the position it did on these initial issues. Based on their study of other Sino–
American deals, Wyoff felt that a major

Joint Venture Simulation
1. Overall the instructions that we received were very clear and through. They included very helpful
diagrams which made the measurements obvious. They were also split up into different sub
categories. If our joint venture partner did not include that, then we would not have been able to split
the work up. The instructions also had very helpful little hints. For example at the beginning they
stated that we would not have any extra tape, so we should use them conservatively. 2. The only
problem that we had with our instructions was that they were too long. Our joint venture partner had
not tested the time it would take someone, who was seeing the instructions for the first, to build the
bridge. It would have made it much easier if the instructions had given time limits. For example
stating that step 2 should be finished before there is 20 minutes left. 3. The bridge that we designed
performed about the same as what we expected it to, when built by our joint venture partner.
Showing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our instructions could have been more specific about the tape. We did not include specific amounts
of tape in every area. Our instructions could have also included how to stack the cans. Our team had
developed a strategy that can easily gets the maximum amount of cans on our bridge, but since we
forgot to put them in the instruction, our joint venture team had to come up with their own method.
5. In my group I felt that I contributed by providing different initial ideas. I would think of
something and pitch it out to the group. Some of my ideas were good, and others were bad. Michele
was very helpful in critiquing my design ideas. For example she would say, if you added this here, it
would be even stronger. Catherine was able to contribute by writing very specific instructions. Her
instructions were clear enough for Cormac and me to build the design again from the beginning.
Cormac was helpful in putting all of our ideas together. He was very good at constructing what we
drew

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joint Venture?
Joint ventures
Joint ventures can be defined as "an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and
control over property rights and operation".
Joint ventures are a more extensive form of participation than either exporting or licensing. In
Zimbabwe, Olivine industries has a joint venture agreement with HJ Heinz in food processing.
Joint ventures give the following advantages:
Sharing of risk and ability to combine the local in–depth knowledge with a foreign partner with
know–how in technology or process
Joint financial strength
May be only means of entry and
May be the source of supply for a third country.
They also have disadvantages:
Partners do not have full control of management
May be impossible to recover capital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This requirement may be driven by local regulations or by the company's wish to market the product
or service in a locally friendly fashion. While this may seem to be a simple task, it's often a source
of embarrassment for the company and humor for competitors. David Ricks's book on international
business blunders relates the following anecdote for US companies doing business in the
neighboring French–speaking Canadian province of Quebec. A company boasted of lait frais usage,
which translates to "used fresh milk," when it meant to brag of lait frais employé, or "fresh milk
used." The "terrific" pens sold by another company were instead promoted as terrifiantes, or
terrifying. In another example, a company intending to say that its appliance could use "any kind of
electrical current," actually stated that the appliance "wore out any kind of liquid." And imagine how
one company felt when its product to "reduce heartburn" was advertised as one that reduced "the
warmth of heart"! [2]
Among the disadvantages of exporting are the costs of transporting goods to the country, which can
be high and can have a negative impact on the environment. In addition, some countries impose
tariffs on incoming goods, which will impact the firm's profits. In addition, firms that market and
distribute products through a contractual agreement have less control over those

Common Characteristics Of A Joint Venture
A joint venture (JV) can be mean by, an enterprise, co–operation or partnership that formed by two
or more companies, individuals or organizations. However, there must be at least one of the parties
working as an operating entity that wishes to broaden its activities for the purpose of conducting a
new, profit motivated business of permanent duration. In general, the ownership, profit and risk are
shared by every parties or participants in joint venture with more or less equal equity distribution
and without absolute dominance by one party.
An "operating joint venture" is a partnership through which two or more firms create a separate
entity to carry out a productive economic activity in which each partner take part in decision
making. Each party of the operating joint venture makes a substantial contribution in the form of ...
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While a partnership concerns ongoing business in all regards, a joint venture only concerns a single
project or a related series of transactions. Here are some other common characteristics of joint
ventures: (Kourosh Akhbari,2015)
i.Profits and expenses: Unless otherwise agreed to, joint venturers share profits and losses equally
ii.Duration: Unless otherwise specified, a joint venture terminates upon the completion of the
project or series of transactions iii.Termination: Unlike a partnership, a joint venture does not
terminate upon the death or incapacitation of one joint venturer. Additionally, a joint venturer does
have the power to terminate the relationship at any time once the project or transaction is complete.
iv.Control: The right of each joint venturer party to control and manage all of the property to be used
in the venture
v.Contract: The existence of a contract, whether oral or written, between the parties to engage in the
venture together
3.0 Types of Joint Venture in construction Industry
Integrated Joint

Petrobras Joint Venture
Working as Petrobras as a Head of Planning and Enterprise Performance I was responsible to build
and coordinate the relationships with the strategic partners of the different oil fields my company
had in Joint Venture. One occasion in December, an expensive bottle of whiskey was sent on my
name as a present from one business partner who had just joined that year the Joint Venture.
Presents are not rare in this relationships, however there are clear limits applicable to the presents so
decisions are not influenced by those presents. The present sent to me clearly exceeded the limit
stated in our ethic code so first, I reported the case to my direct manager and second, I sent the
present back to the business partner explaining the company policies

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joint Venture
0 Introduction
A joint venture (JV) means; "An enterprise, co–operation or partnership, formed by two or more
companies, individuals, or organizations, at least one of whom is an operating entity that wishes to
broaden its activities for the purpose of conducting a new, profit motivated business of permanent
duration. Some researchers such as Adnan and Morledge (2003) define joint ventures as the
procedure used to respond to specific business phenomena such as access to new markets, specific
government policy, business capacity, technology transfer or economies of scale. In general the
ownership is shared by the participants with more or less equal equity distribution and without
absolute dominance by one party." This entity is subject to the joint control of its parent firms, each
of which is economically and legally independent of the other (Shenkar, Zeira, 1987).
An "operating joint venture" is a partnership through which two or more firms create a separate
entity to carry out a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each member is taken for specific scope of work and is responsible for the profit or losses
associated with that scope of work .Each member is solely responsible for the resources necessary to
perform its specified scope of work. The advantage of this type of joint venture is that for the
contractor entering in to the joint venture, each can complement the others skills. But the
disadvantage is that some contractors have put more efforts than others, thus leading to internal
conflicts (kale et al. 2005). This type of joint venture is used in projects where total work can be
divided in to different sections. These sections can be subcontracted out to separate partners, who
are responsible for technical and administrative element of those sections. They typically require
limited relationship between parties and are used in linear projects with distinct work scope (Klotz

Risk Mitigation Using Joint Venture Agreement in the...
RISK MITIGATION USING VENTURE AGREEMENTS IN THE UPSTREAM INDUSTRY
(A CASE STUDY AND MODELLING APPROACH)
BY
SODE ADESOJI O. (51124473)
AUGUST 2012
A Dissertation Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of
MSc. International Business Energy And Petroleum
At
The University Of Aberdeen
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis has been composed by myself, that it has not been accepted in any previous
application for a degree, that the work of which it is a record has been done by myself, and that all
quotations have been distinguished appropriately and the source of information specifically
acknowledged.
Signed: .................................................................
Name: .................................................................
Date: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ting Risk through Joint Venture Agreements
2.10 Case Study 1
"CONOCO POLAR LIGHTS JOINT VENTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION A
SUCCESSFUL STARTUP EXPERIENCE" 2.10.1 Structure of Joint Venture 2.10.2 Partner
Selection & Choice 2.10.3 Contractual Terms 2.10.4 Venture related Risks 2.10.5 Learning
Highlights
2.11 Case Study 2
"ECUADOR ORIENTE BASIN BLOCK 16: AN EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION JOINT
VENTURE" 2.11.1 Structure of the Joint Venture 2.11.2 Venture related Risks 2.11.3 Exploration
& Production/ Conoco Corporation's Withdrawal 2.11.4 Economic, Financial & Political

Setbacks 2.11.5 YPF South America Intervention 2.11.6 Learning Highlights
Chapter 3 Data, Methodology & Modelling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Parameters
3.3 Field Parameters
3.4 Methodology 3.4.1 Scenario 1 (NOC & Investor) 3.4.2 Scenario 1 Monte Carlo Simulation
3.4.3 Scenario 2 (NOC, Investor and other partners) 3.4.4 Scenario 2 Monte Carlo Simulation 3.4.5
Scenario 3 (Budget Allocation) 3.4.6 Scenario 3 Monte Carlo Simulation
Chapter 4 Model Results, Limitations & Discussion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scenario 1 Analysis 4.2.1 Appraisal Result 4.2.2 Simulation Result 4.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis
4.5 Assumption Limitations
4.6

Nokia Forms 3G Joint Venture in China Essay
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or
more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–
CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network
systems. The JV will begin offering its first TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under
China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization
services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent
interest. China Puritan will hold the rights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In May, Nokia rival Ericsson announced it was teaming with ZTE to further TD–SCMDA in China.
At the time of the announcement, Ericsson committed to integrating ZTE's TD–SCDMA Node B
into its radio access network. The deal included both hardware and software.
Nokia and China Puritan have committed to forming a joint venture in China focused on 3G, or
more specifically, TD–SCDMA (time division–synchronous code division multiple access) and W–
CDMA.
The joint venture will focus on research and development, manufacturing and sales of 3G network
systems. The JV will begin offering its first TD–SCDMA and W–CDMA systems next year under
China Puritan's Potevio label.
The TD–SCDMA standard is being billed as a Chinese alternative to 3G.
In addition to 3G services, the venture also will offer network construction and optimization
services, Nokia says.
The companies intend to invest $107 million in the venture, in which Nokia will hold a 49 percent
interest. China Puritan will hold the rights to the remaining 51 percent.
Nokia will continue to offer W–CDMA products under its own brand around the world, including

China.
This is not the first 3G joint–venture deal China Puritan has announced this year. In January, the
Chinese company announced its plan to form a joint venture with Nortel. The companies said they
would cooperate on the research and development, manufacture and sale of 3G equipment and
services to the Chinese

Universal World Alliance Proposal : Sony Joint Venture
REAL WORLD ALLIANCE PROPOSAL: SONY JOINT VENTURE WITH XIAOMI
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Strategic Fit & Motives
3. Partner Selection & Management
4. Governance & Structure
5. Industry Analysis (Porters 5 Forces)
6. Performance Management
7. References
1.Introduction (Brief)
The aim of this report is to establish the feasibility of a new joint venture between Sony & Xiaomi
within the telecommunications industry. The venture will be focused on sharing technologies, risks
& distribution channels and will proposes a 50/50 equity joint venture between Sony and Xiaomi, to
form Sony Xiaomi LTD. The new entity will focus on enhancing profitability and market share for
both companies with product focus on smartphones.
2. STRATEGIC FIT & MOTIVES
SONY: Sony has been experiencing a downturn in the mobile industry with profits consistently
reducing over the last few years. The volatile nature of the Telecommunications industry and
intensity of the competition are some of the reasons for this situation. The mobile division has been
affecting Sony's overall business structure and to address this negative trend the company is looking
to ally with a partner in order to minimize risks and capture profits (Sony.net, 2016). Xiaomi will be
a good strategic fit as they have experienced enormous growth especially within the Chinese market.
They have a well–established customer base, and their smartphones are selling extremely well. A
partnership with Xiaomi

The Viability Of The Joint Venture
Introduction After the recent financial crisis in 2008, it is becoming essential for the owners of
businesses' to be aware of every financial decision they make in order to ensure that they can
maximise the profitability of any current or future ventures. The aim of this report is to determine
the viability of the joint venture that has been proposed and to also offer advice on how to improve
the current business in order to maximise Edit 4Us' profitability. This report presents the key issues
surrounding both ventures and gives recommendations as to how to try and combat these issues.
Finally a conclusion will be reached about the viability of the joint venture and various proposals
will be offered as to how E4U can improve their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By referring to appendix part a, it shows a loss will be made and a large amount of bad debts will
have been created. Therefore before any decision is made, the client should acquire the exact figures
of the future revenues and expenses of the firm. Once the appropriate information has been collected
and analysed, different forms of investment appraisal can be conducted. Here the client will be able
to assess the viability of the investment proposal. There a number of different methods that can be
used to do this. They include the; internal rate of return, net present value and payback period of the
proposal (Horngren et al, 2012). These methods will assist the client in deciding if they should
accept or reject the project. In regards to the purchase of new equipment and the leasing of new
property, the client should refrain from participating in these activities. As the venture appears to be
surrounded by uncertainty, the client risks running up a large amount of debt that could have severe
consequences in the future. My advice to the client would be to return the new equipment and to
negotiate a way out of the two year lease. The client should do this until they are completely
confident about the success of the venture. Before the client decides to invest in the proposed
venture they must first address a number of issues. This includes becoming more informed about
their potential partner and also in gathering

Joint Venture Advantages And Disadvantages
Joint ventures
The key factor in the management of international joint ventures are successful performance, human
resource development, host cultural characteristics based on practice, the quality of performance,
training, flexibility and adaptability, technical complexity, knowledge acquisition from foreign
partners, parents cooperation, recourses sharing, shared equity, governance and the political risks of
the host country, these are some of important critical successes for the international joint venture to
success. If at any misunderstandings and conflicts of these problems, mean that it will develop a
crack in a joint venture. The bargaining power of individual partners should determine who should
bring specific resources to reduce costs.
The advantages of joint ventures are:
· Sharing of risk and ability to combine the local in–depth knowledge with a foreign partner with
know–how in technology or process
· Joint financial strength
· May be only means of entry and
· May be the source of supply for a third country.
They also have disadvantages:
· Partners do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2009, IUF and Danone shared their experiment for labor–management dialogue and took their
European fomallising relationship. Their goal is to update the existing cast to give it a global scope
and allow Danone employees in the Group's global business for broadly representative.
The staffs are working representatively from various departments to address employment and labor–
related issues and share group strategy in senior management. Therefore, employee will enable to
better understand about their representatives and danone's strategic challenges. Also it allows
members of the committee, in order to further promote and address the key issues of various
department such as organization, human resources, management and special projects.

Essay about GE's joint venture case
General Electric's Joint Ventures
General Electric (GE) formerly entered a foreign market by either acquiring an established firm or
establishing a greenfield subsidiary (which is a wholly owned from ground up turnkey project).
Joint ventures with a local company were almost never considered. The prevailing philosophy was
that without full control, the company didn't do the deal. However, times have changed. Since the
early 2000s joint ventures have become one of the most powerful strategic tools in GE's arsenal. To
enter the South Korean market, for example, GE Money, the retail lending arm of GE's financial
services business, formed joint ventures with Hyundai to offer auto loans, mortgages, and credit
cards. GE has a 43 percent stake ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally under the leadership of CEO Jeffrey Immelt, GE has adopted aggressive growth goals, and it
believes that entering via joint ventures into nations where it lacks a presence is the only way of
attaining these goals. Fueled by the large number of joint ventures, GE has rapidly expanded its
international presence over the past decade. For the first time, in 2007 the company derived the
majority of its revenues from foreign operations.
Of course, General Electric has done joint ventures in the past. It has a long standing 50/50 joint
venture with the French company Snecma to make engines for commercial jet aircraft, another with
Fanuc of Japan to make controls for electric equipment, and third with Sea Containers of United
Kingdom, which has become one of the world's largest companies leasing shipping containers. But
all these ventures came about only after GE has explored other ways to gain access to particular
markets or technology. Once the last option for GE, establishing joint ventures is now often the
preferred entry strategy.
GE managers also note there is no shortage of partners willing to enter into a joint venture with the
company. The company has a well–earned reputation for being a good partner. GE is also well
known for its innovative management techniques and excellent management development programs.
Many partners are happy to team up with GE to get access to this know–how. The knowledge flow
goes

A Joint Venture Company
From the point of view of a general manager in a JVC there are many things to take into account
during the day–to–day management. It is likely to be different from normal organization since
employees are formed by people from different countries which have different tradition while at the
same time the manager has to face possible divergent requirements from the patent companies.
Some issues could happen during the short to long run and may have huge impact on the JVC.
Therefore solutions and suggestions will be given in order to minimise the impact they have on the
long–term survival of the JVC.
2 Employee performance challenges
2.1 Culture differences
The creation of a joint venture company (JVC) is to combine forces from two or ... Show more
2.1.1 Building the team
Tuckman (1965) suggested that there are 4 stages of development that a team will go through which
are forming, storming, norming and performing. The first stage forming is when people come
together to get to know each other and try to avoid conflict at the same time. During this stage there
should be no obvious issues for the manager because people are just trying to get to know each other
and trying to learn what to do next. On the other hand the situation on the following stages could be
more challenging. During the storming stage employee will start to have conflict with each other.
These conflicts could be caused by differences in culture and working style in previous company
where employee may find hard to adopt. If the problems were not fix properly then it is possible that
the team can stay together any longer. The third stage is when team members had overcome all the
conflicts and members started to bind together where they will be supportive and respect each other.
The general manager should be alerted at all times even at this stage because may be people
compromise only due to the fear of losing their job. They will then reluctant to share ideas that
might improve the performance because it might just create another possible conflict.
2.1.2 Employee relation
Good employee

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Co-Marketing Agreements
As explained, joint ventures require high commitments and partner to commits real capital and
operate the business. On the other hand, co–marketing agreement just requires both parties to
commit to marketing and distribution interference. Therefore, firms must give enough attention to
the commitment part.
Management in co–marketing agreements depends on the companies' efforts. Both parties have
contributed time and resources. However, the appointment of managing in joint ventures are from
one or all the joint ventures. Additionally, joint ventures often require independent managers in
many cases, this makes joint ventures more valuable because of the efforts of the all joint ventures
not like efforts of the companies in co–marketing agreement. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so, obligations of a smaller party are allowing to have some of its costs supported by its
larger partner. In co–marketing, the larger party is going to undertake activities that help the smaller
party but, it doesn't include the real capital so it makes joint venture beneficial for smaller parties.
The difficulty of entering a foreign market is harder in co–marketing situations compared to the joint
venture. Regulations of most countries require venturing with a local partner. In these cases, co–
marketing is not enough to enter a foreign market. This is why expansion in joint ventures are more
successful than co–marketing agreement.
A successful joint venture must increase the value of its individual partners. Additionally, if the joint
venture is highly reliant on one of the partners and mostly building value in that partner, there is
going to be an opportunity for the others to connect their equity in the joint venture that is the key
partner of the venture. This kind of events cannot take place in co–marketing so it makes joint
venture beneficial for all partners that are tied to the joint venture.
There are also disadvantages of joint ventures against

Joint Venture Agreements
Eli Lilly in India Case Study BUS 545 – Global Business Management May 31, 2015 Andrew
Juarez Professor Barnett Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the
case study "Eli Lilly in India". The general overview of the case study is the discussion of the Joint
Venture agreements between two parties. Eli Lilly a reputable pharmaceutical company entered the
Indian market in a joint venture agreement with Ranbaxy. The joint venture between both parties
was initially a positive move, they both had an increased market share, and were driving earnings,
and the relationship between both companies was positive without negative circumstances. Thus, the
issue problem arose when the partnership was at an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were also several other Indian companies that offered to buy Ranbaxy's stake in the JV. With
India recognizing patent protection in 2005, several Indian pharmaceutical companies were keen to
align with multinationals to ensure a pipeline of drugs. Although there were no formal offers from
Ranbaxy, the company was expected to price its stakes as high as US$70 million. One of the
industry observers in India commented: I think it is fair for Ranbaxy to expect a reasonable return
for its investment in the JV, not only the initial capital, but also so much of its intangibles in the JV .
Ranbaxy's stock has grown significantly. Given the critical losses that Ranbaxy has had in some of
its investments abroad, the revenue from this sale may be a significant boost for Ranbaxy's cash
flow this year. The two companies had very different business focuses. Ranbaxy was a company
driven by the generics business. Lilly, on the other hand, was driven by innovation and discovery.
(p.11) Christian Perspective "Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let
them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord" (James 5:14). If I were to run
this company from a Christian worldview I believe that they are currently doing the right thing. I
believe this is extremely important. Often because we are distracted with our own minuscule issues
we

What Laws Govern Arbitration Of A Joint Venture Between...
What laws govern arbitration in the U.S.? In Russia?
The case being presented indicates the establishment of a joint venture between Monarch Associates
with Vladir Unlimited. The case presented indicates that before the two companies signed the
agreement for the joint venture there was a need for the two of them to clearly understand the details
of what they were engaging in (Gaillard, 2015). To start with, a joint venture has been defined as a
type of business that involves two identical organizations forming a partnership. The two come
together to engage in a single project and not to continue with their normal daily operations
(Mistelis, Shore, & Smit, 2010). As such, when different individuals, corporations, and partnerships
come together and make a private agreement to produce, finance and sell different goods and offer
similar services, they are then said to have formed a joint venture (Gaillard, 2015). As such, joint
ventures have been said to be the best and the most popular ways of developing different nations for
purposes of attracting foreign capital. The benefits and the disadvantages that are brought about by
joint ventures may bring about important advantages to a region as well as being termed as
destructive to the business carried out in the organizations involved. In this, some of the advantages
that are associated with the formation of joint ventures include the involved organizations being in a
position to access new markets and develop new distribution

Blue Ridge Spain Essay
Overall comments: need to tie narrative to terms/concepts from the book.
Should stratify comments into uncontrollable and controllable forces. (like Todd did)
Although Blue Ridge Restaurants had success with expansion and joint ventures in Australia, the
UK, France, Italy, Brazil and Hong Kong through 1987, many differing factors were at play when
Yannis Costas evaluated the market and strategy for the Spain in the 1ate 1990s. Factors described
by D. A. Ball, et al, 1, considered relevant in a country screening and assessing market expansion,
especially the xx screen, political and legal and the fourth screen, socio–cultural, were not favorable
for an aggressive expansion in Spain.
The key issues in the Delta Foods expansion in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geoff who had no overseas experience was transferred from US Delta snack food division to Europe
had secretly made suggestion to let Terralumen default on its debt so that they can force a buyout.
Geoff and Delta did not act ethically by pursuing this strategy which showed ethical imperialism of
individual and the company which allowed it to happen; one should not act differently when away
from home. People's perception would be affected if they knew that Delta had intensionally let the
other could have financial implication In addition, another unethical moment came from Bill Sawyer
when he deceived Costas by suggesting that the company will be hiring someone with experience
but in turn they hired someone with very little experience compared to Costas's. "The core values
establish a moral compass for business practice..."1 honesty and integrity is a universal practice and
by Bill's actions and company's tolerance of it, it represented low level of ethical standard for
himself and the company that did not allow full disclosure in hiring process. Also Terralumen had
decided to give power of attorney to one individual who can make a decision that will impact the
entire joint venture existence; this decision represent unethical practice for the company. Terralumen
should have full

Formation Analysis Of A Joint Venture
1. Formation
"The formation analysis of a joint venture included two different processes.
First, the selecting a creation method that joint venture relationship will be creatively based on. The
way of choosing of this method is different, but the most popular way is acquired by purchasing the
shares or acquisition by make a contractual relationship of setup the company, it is a common
method in unincorporated. Although none of the models can`t give us a final the legal form of joint
venture. Anyway a company will be established, but is it a legal form of company? What is the
nature of this company? It can be a form of partnership or Limited Liability Company or share
cooperation. As there are a lot of alternatives, but the formation of joint venture still need for
investigation about what is the most appropriate method to establish the joint venture and also what
is the best legal form. They are different opinion, including separate analytical elements and will
require the separate debate"1.
2. Negotiation, Capitalization And Structure
"The approach of the how international joint venture makes, it would to ready us to determine how
we can achieve the commercial objective without the compromising the shareholder interests. We
need to be understanding of this relationship between the Cooperate and capital control, implication
of accounting, for achieving the vote right we need to how many percentage minimum. Some aspect
of regarding debt, alternative of capital contribution.

Failure of the Joint Venture
Executive Summary On November 28, 2008, The Dow Chemical Company entered into a Joint
Venture with State of Kuwait run Petrochemical Industries Company ("PIC"). "PIC" is a wholly
owned subsidiary of State owned Kuwait Petroleum Corporation ("KPC"). to launch K–Dow
Petrochemicals, a planned joint venture. PIC was to have paid pay Dow $7.5 billion US dollars for
its stake. The deal was approved by Kuwait's Supreme Petroleum Council (SPC). The head of the
SPC is the Prime Minister of Kuwait The venture was to manufacture and market polyethylene (PE),
ethyleneamines, ethanolamines, polypropylene (PP), and polycarbonate and related licensing and
catalyst technologies. PE and PP comprise more than half of world polymer demand.2 ... Show more
The Islamic bloc (which holds 21 of the parliament's 50 seats) had been threatening to question the
Prime Minister over a number of unrelated dealings if he and the Emir insisted on pushing the Dow
deal through. The Prime Minister demurred and the deal fell through. Kuwait has been in a political
crisis since early 2006 when the serving Emir was forced out by parliament in favor of then Prime
Minister, who is now Emir. That shift, initiated by the dominant Islamic bloc has ushered an
ongoing state of political gridlock that has effectively hamstrung a number of key decisions for
Kuwait. The Islamic bloc has also been called the obstructionist bloc and they seem intent to live up
to their name. The members are from leading conservative families from around the country and
reflect not only local popularity but the delicate political balance the ruling Al–Sabah family must
maintain to preserve their own rule. Opposition by Kuwaiti Members of Parliament has also
obstructed the passage of a multibillion–dollar project to seek the assistance of foreign oil majors to
develop the emirate's northern oilfields. The investment, known as Project Kuwait, has been stalled
in parliament since it was first proposed in the mid–1990s. A number of senior officials in the oil
sector, which provides 95 percent of public revenues, complained in a statement earlier this month
of

Joint Venture Essay
ESSAY TOPIC (1) :A joint venture is affected by the cultural distance between two partners. In what
ways are joint ventures and types of international collaboration affected by cultural differences?
INDEX
INTRODUCTION 2
What is culture? 2–3
The Cultural Orientation Model .4
The cultural Gap 5–6
Understanding Cultural Differences .6
The Challenge of Cultural Success ..7
Cross–cultural training as a solution 8
The effectiveness of the cross cultural training programs 8–9
Future Directions for Cross–Cultural Training and International Business ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What may appear inconsequential on the surface may be revealed to have greater importance when
looked at in the context of the host culture.
Intercultural understanding also has an informational aspect, according to Rohrlich. He states that
"the intercultural contexting of world problems is the informational aspect that current intercultural
communication theory, even in its rudimentary state, contributes."9 Better cultural understanding by
an expatriate gives them a valuable data bank, in essence, about the host culture.
This information can assist them in better executing their work tasks or even the development of
culturally appropriate products and services.
In summary, the home culture of an expatriate predisposes them to certain behaviors and situations.
It allows them to operate efficiently in that environment. However, moving to the host–culture
changes that operating environment and makes their 'mental software ' less efficient and effective.
Culture is clearly a relevant variable when expatriating employees and their families for

international business assignments. Training can be applied to ameliorate these effects. Also,
training provides insight into the procedural, substantive and informational aspects of their work and
personal life in the host location.
The next chapter discusses the overall international assignment process. This

Joint Venture: Proportionate Consolidation Method & Equity...
Joint Venture:
Proportionate Consolidation Method
&
Equity Method
Andrea Marciana B. Diwa
Modadv1– K32
10926739
June 11, 2012 – Monday
INTRODUCTION
Joint venture is identified as a topic of study because of the massive rise in international joint
ventures during the business globalization and because of the different joint venture accounting
practices across countries. The increasing trend to produce financial statements which are free from
errors and misstatements lead to the competitiveness of various firms when it comes to abiding with
the proper disclosures set forth by the International Accounting Standard. These disclosures
requirements are designed to guide different firms into coming up with a financial ... Show more
However joint venture debt is relevant despite the fact that the venturer may be protected from the
debts of the joint venture. It follows that the equity method could inappropriately present levered
and unlevered ventures as equivalent investments. As a consequence, some believe the use of
proportionate consolidation enhances comparability of firms holding investments in joint ventures
with different levels of debt.
Effectiveness
The study documented financial statement differences when joint ventures are accounted for by the
proportionate consolidation and equity methods of accounting. It presents a collection of various
data and disclosures of Canadian firms with proportionately consolidated joint ventures and it also
documented the types of venturers that report ownership in joint ventures. Venturers are found in
most industries but are most common in the extraction and utilities industries where companies
share in exploration and development projects. Proportionate consolidation is used to account for
joint ventures in Canada and continental Europe and is preferred by International Accounting
Standards while the equity method is used in the United States, England, Japan and Australia which
uses US GAAP as their main standard. The results of the study suggest there is some predictive

value to the proportionate consolidation method over the equity method when joint ventures are
defined. The analysis indicates stronger relations

Top Affiliates, Joint Venture Partners And Other Rock Stars
How to Get the Attention of Super Affiliates, Joint Venture Partners and Other Rock Stars
Contents
Introduction 3
Step One: Creating Your Affiliate or Partnership Offer 4
So What Does It Take To Attract A Super Affiliate? 4
Is it Easy to Access Your Content and Do you Have an Abundance of Material for
Them to Use? 5
Super Affiliates Like Metrics 5
Quality and Respect 6
What Do You Have to Offer Joint Venture Partners? 6
Step Two: Finding the Right Affiliates and Partners for Your Business 7
Identifying Potential Joint Venture Partners 7
Reaching out to Potential JV partners 8
Do Your Research and Be an Active Contributor 8
Send a Personal Email 9
Pick Up the Phone 9
Identifying Super Affiliates 10
Reaching Out To Potential Affiliates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, when a person becomes a customer from a referral they're more likely to be happy
with their buying decision.
Online partnerships can be just as powerful, if not more so. Online, you have the ability to reach
hundreds or thousands of new people with each relationship you leverage.
For example, a ghostwriter might partner with a website designer. People building websites need
content. The website designer could become an affiliate and promote the writer's services in
exchange for a commission on each referral or sale. Again, it's a win/win because the website
designer is helping provide value to her clients and prospects.
This is just the tip of the iceberg. If you have a solid coaching business or service then you have the
opportunity to expand your business greatly by focusing on building those power relationships.
The question is, how do you attract the attention of super affiliates and joint venture partners?
Over the next 10 pages we'll take a look at:
What it takes to attract a super affiliate.
How to create a benefit–driven affiliate offer.
How to answer the question, "What's in it for me?" from prospective partners.

How to find the right affiliates and partners for your business goals and vision.
How to construct mutually beneficial joint venture partnerships.
How to reach out to potential super affiliates.
Where to find super affiliates.
How to identify and connect with prospective joint venture partners.
How to

A Study On Joint Venture
Joint venture is the agreement in between the business organizations that tends to do work together
by mutual contract. This is termed as the business agreement that is concerned with the development
of mutual consent for the limited rime period. Considering the bigger picture Xtech is the leading
Extrusion technology incorporation and the CEO of this incorporation has visited China for the
development of XTech. It is termed as the leading global manufacturer that is based on the wide
range of mechanical solution that is usually used for the circuit boarding. After the numerous
meetings in Xiamen Foreign investment board the top management has started making the things in
order to make some setup of Xtech in China. In order to cultivate the new project the business is
likely to project the new idea as well as to have geography where the establishment of business is
made possible. In the idea of expanding the resources it is necessary to make a joint venture. At X
Technologies is the organization that is providing services and quality operation in field of
engineering, security programs, information technology and different technological programs that
can help the commercial and federal organizations. This organization is very effective for managing
and introducing new improvements and advancements for increasing services of contracting
vehicles. Most important feature that has considered by this organization is the teaming partners and
joint venture with other

International Joint Ventures Is The Second Circumstance...
3.0 Definition of IJVs International joint ventures is an overseas business owned and controlled by
two or more partners; starting such a venture is often as an entry strategy (Deresky, H. 2014.p.377),
while joint ventures refers to an independent entity jointly created and owned by two or more parent
company. 4.0 Circumstances under which Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) internationalize using
IJVs Risk sharing is one of the circumstance why MNEs form JV, it is commonly practiced in
industries that require high capital and where the cost of developing a product is very high (Zhou
and Li 2008). IJVs allows to gain rapid entry into a new industry and to benefit from synergies to
develop a new product or technology (Dr. Ananthram. 2016). For example NEC–AT&T. Economies
of scale is the second circumstance for MNEs using IJVs. Due to the enjoyment of economies of
scale obtained by MNEs allows it to form a JV with a large company to compete at a global level
where the pool their resources in order to reach a wider consumer base (Deresky, H. 2014.p.238).
The third circumstance for MNEs using IJV is to gain access to a specific market, where regulations
favour domestic companies for example China, Russia (EU) (Dr. Ananthram. 2016). In this case the
MNEs do not have the understanding of carrying out business activities in another country, which
may include the taste of consumer products or appropriate methods of distribution which in turn can
prove to be expensive and time

International Joint Ventures Case Study: ‘Pontiac Land...
Student Name: Marlon Solomon
IPP Assignment #2
Student ID: 1001065/2
International Joint Ventures
Case Study:
'Pontiac Land Group'
& 'Cappella Hotel Group' f.k.a
'West Paces Hotel Group'
Marlon Solomon
22nd October, 2012
University of Reading: College of Estate Management
International and Professional Practice
1
IPP Assignment #2
Assignment #2
Table of Contents
Page
Cover page

1
Table of contents
2
Summary
3
Introduction
3
Information/evidence/analysis
3
Context under which IJV was formed
3
In the beginning
3
Drivers behind the formation of the 'Capella Hotel Group Asia'
4
Role of the partners within the corporate strategy
4
Analysis of IJV
5
Singapore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the free library (2006), in addition to Singapore, initial target areas for CHGA
development include Hong Kong, China, India, Indonesia, and Thailand. These geographic targets
are primed for increased
3

IPP Assignment #2
demand from travelers. China continues to realize exponential growth in visitor arrivals, with annual
increases in excess of 10%. Annual visitor arrivals to India in 2006 are running nearly 14% above
2005 figures, year–to–date.
The free library (2006), continued that Singapore has posted record–setting visitor arrival figures
with the most recently available monthly statistics. July 2006 figures represent 4.0% growth over the
same period a year ago, and represent the highest monthly totals on record.
(Elo, M, 2009) Joint venture is seen as a tool for international expansion .Pontiac has been keen on
expanding its hotel business but has run into difficulties finding suitable managers for its properties.
PLG's $4 billion property portfolio currently comprises three Singapore hotels worth about $1
billion: The Ritz–Carlton Millennia Singapore, The
Conrad Centennial and The Regent. This makes PLG a prominent player in the development
industry.
The Capella Hotel group wanting to capitalize on the growing market in Asia, in order to do this it
needed high profile hotels to operate its world

Joint Venture Failures

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