2. Motivation
• A common topic for ALL.
• Layman knowledgebase.
• Gains basic idea to develop
smartphone sensor based apps.
• Nothing to loose if we don’t know,
but it’s wow to know!!!
3. Sensor
• A device that measures a signal and processes
data from the signal, for real-time monitoring of a
variety of parameters.
That measures
A device
Signal
Processes data from the signal, for real-time
monitoring of a variety of parameters.
8. Gyroscope
• Detects the current orientation of the device,
or changes in the orientation
• The rotational, spinning, turning velocity in each axis.
• Measures the angular rate of how quickly the object turns.
9. How Gyroscope Works
• Also known as vibrating structure gyroscope.
• A vibrating mass is placed in the center of the chip.
• Whenever an electrical signal goes through it, mass will be
vibrated.
• Moving the phone will cause the changes of electrical signals.
• The sensors will send instructions to software.
10. Gyroscope in App
• Leveler Application
• Game consoles.
• Apple iPhone 4 in 2010
11. Accelerometer
• Measure acceleration forces.
• Static force
• Gravity pulling at your feet.
• Can find out the angle the device is tilted at with respect to the earth.
• Dynamic force
• By moving or vibrating the accelerometer.
• Can analyze the way the device is moving.
• Application
• Driving uphill or going to fall over or flying horizontally.
• Protect hard drives or deploying airbags during car crashes
• Acceleration is also measured on 3 axes.
12. How Accelerometer Works
• Uses piezoelectric effect.
• Contain microscopic crystal structures.
• Get stressed by accelerative forces.
• Causes a voltage to be generated.
14. Ambient Light
• Sensor, that can detect strength of light exposed.
• Used to adjust a display’s backlight.
• Improves user experience and power savings
• Brightness hence saving the battery power.
• Best-in-class
• Ultra low light sensitivity
• Low power consumption
• Ideal spectral response
• Easy to use simple output algorithm
15. How Ambient Light Works
• Made up of photocells which detect the presence of light in the
environment.
16. Proximity
• Detects how close the screen of the phone
is to your body or any object.
• Measures the distance between the phone and face
• Sense when you have brought the phone up to your ear.
• Display turns off in order to save battery.
• Deactivate touch sensor to avoid unwanted input.
18. Magnetometer
• Measure the
• strength and
• direction
of magnetic fields.
• Absence of strong local fields, this will measure the ambient
magnetic field of the Earth, which turns it to a digital compass.
• Determine the angle by which the device is rotated
relative to the Earth’s magnetic north pole.
• Smartphone provide raw magnetometer data and
a computed compass bearing
20. Location Sensor
• GPS
• Triangulation of
• cell towers
• Wi-Fi networks
• Location of associated
• cell tower
• Wi-Fi network
• Challenges in Determining User Location
• Multitude of location sources
• User movement
• Varying accuracy
• Smartphone can try to automatically select the best suited
alternative location provider.
21. Steps to Detect Location
• Start application.
• Sometime later, start listening for updates from desired location
providers.
• Maintain a "current best estimate" of location by filtering out
new, but less accurate fixes.
• Stop listening for location updates.
• Take advantage of the last best location estimate.
Source: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/location/strategies.html
22. GPS Info
• Space Segment
• GPS satellites.
• Control Segment
• Tracking stations located around the world.
• User Segment
• GPS receivers and the user community.
• Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
• Authorized users with cryptographic equipment and keys.
• Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
• Civil users worldwide use the SPS without charge.
• GPS Satellite Signals
• SVs transmit two microwave carrier signals.L1(SPS), L2(PPS)
23. GPS Satellites
• Department of Defense in 1973
• Designed to assist soldiers and military vehicles, planes, and
ships in accurately determining their locations world-wide.
24 satellites 30 total – 6 spares
Travels 20,000 km in 12 hours
Six groups of four.
Source: http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/gps2.htm
24. How GPS works
• GPS Signal consists
• Status of the transmitting satellite
• Clock / time data
• Almanac data - data to predict nearby satellites.
• Ephemeris data - calculate the location of the satellite
• Connection to
• 3 satellites is required for 2D fix (latitude / longitude)
• 4 satellites for 3D fix (altitude).
• More visible satellites increase precision of positioning
25. How GPS Receiver works
Satellite continually transmits messages using radio signals
• Time
• Satellite position
• Receiver receives the message
• Determine the transit time of each message
• Computes the distance to each satellite using the speed of light
Satellites' locations define a sphere
using each of these distances
Determine the receivers' positions (latitude, longitude, height).
26. GPS Map Plot
• Application uses these latitude, longitude and
height value to plot the location in the map.