a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
3. Arterial & venous system
Carry blood away from
heart
Arteries carry
oxygenated blood
except
Blood flow depends on
pumping action of heart
No valves
Branches of arteries
supplying adjacent areas
anastomose
Carry blood to the heart
Veins carry
deoxygenated blood
except
Veins have got valves
Two types of veins
Superficial which are
close to the surface of
body & no
corresponding arteries
Deep veins which are
deeper into the body
and travels along with
their corresponding
arteries
Arterial system Venous system
4. Aorta – arch of aorta
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
brachiocephalic trunk
5. Arteries of head & neck
ARTERIES
1. Common carotid arteries
2. Subclavian artery
CCA
ECA & its branches
ICA & its branches
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Vertebral Artery
6. ECA,ICA
Branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA)
Branches in neck
STAPLe OF PAM ST
Superior Thyroid – thyroid & parathyroid glands
Ascending Pharyngeal – pharyngeal muscles
Lingual - tongue
Occipital – scalp
Facial - face
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary – maxilla and mandible
Superficial Temporal -scalp
Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
No branches in neck and enters cranial cavity
Supplies brain, eyes, nose, scalp
OPAAM
Ophthalmic artery
Posterior Communicating
Ant Choroidal Artery
Ant cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
7. Subclavian artery
Rt SCA arises from brachiocephalic trunk
Lt SCA arises directly from arch of aorta
SCA gives its contribution to CNS through one of its
major branches,
vertebral artery – supplies CNS
12. Nerves of head and neck
CRANIAL NERVES 12 PAIRS
● OOOTTA FAGVAH – SSMMBMBSBBMM
● Sensory organs of head
● Smell(olfactory)
● vision(optic, oculomotor, abducens, trochlear)
● Taste(facial & glossopharyngeal)
● Hearing(vestibulocochlear)
● Muscles of head & neck (facial & accessory
nerves)
SPINAL NERVES - C1-C8 CERVICAL NERVES
forms a plexus k/a cervical plexus
Skin & muscles of head and neck
13. Muscles of head and neck
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of mastication
Tongue muscles
Extra ocular muscles
Muscles of ear
Neck muscles
Muscles soft palate
Muscles of pharynx
15. SCALP
● Soft tissues covering the cranial vault
● Five layers
● Highly vascular
● occipito frontalis
S -- skin
C -- dense Connective tissue
A -- aponeurosis
L -- loose connective tissue
P -- periosteum
16. Face - Muscles of fascial expression
Scalp muscle
●occipito-frontalis
Muscles of eyelids
●orbicularis oculi
●corrugator supercilii
●levator palpebre superioris(EO)
Muscles of nose
●procerus
●compressor naris
●dilator naris
●depressor septi
Muscles of the neck
●platysma
Muscles of ear
●auricularis anterior
●auricularis superior
●auricularis posterior
Muscles around mouth
●orbicularis oris
●levator labii superioris alaque nasi
●zygomaticus major
●levator labii superioris
●levator anguli oris
●zygomaticus minor
●deprossor labii inferioris
●mentalis
●risorius
●buccinator
17.
18. Eyes
EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
VOLUNTARY
1. (4 rectus) : superiour rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
2. (2Obliqui) : superior oblique
inferior oblique
3.levator palpebre superopris
INVOLUNTARY
1. superior tarsal
2. inferior tarsal
3. orbitalis
19. Function:
Movements of eye
a. around a transvers axis- elevation and depression
b. around a vertical axis - medial(abduction) &
lateral(adduction)
c. around an anteroposterior axis - intortion & extortion
pathology
Eyes
Clinical anatomy
Squint – weakness or paralysis of a muscle
Nystagmus (dancing eyes)- involuntary movement of Eyes
Ptosis –drooping of eyelids due to 3rd nerve paralysis
20. Ears
Muscles
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
Function : damp
down intensity of
high pitched
sound waves
● Pathology
● Otitis media
● Hearing defects due
to leisons of cochlear
nerve
22. Paranasal sinuses
Air filled cavities of skull bones, situated around nose
which are actually extensions of respiratory part of
nasal cavity& also open into the nasal cavity
Functions : humidify the air, reduce the weight of
skull and resonance of voice
Four paired sinuses
1. Frontal
2. Maxillary
3. Ethmoidal
4. Sphenoidal
24. Mouth
Muscles of mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Function :
Move the mandible during mastication &
speech (depression, elevation, protrusion,
retraction, lateral)
Movements are possible by
TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT
25. Mouth …
Soft palate
● Tensor palati
● Levator palate
● musculus uvulae
● Palatoglossus
● Palatopharyngeous
Function :
Regulates the size of oropharynx or pharyngeal
isthmus , or completely close them according to
requirements
Helps in chewing ,swallowing, speech, coughing
,sneezing
Clinical anatomy
Cleft palate
26. Tongue
Extrinsic - 4 pairs
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Intrinsic – 4 pairs
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
vertical
Function :
Extrinsic muscles attaches
tongue to adjascent
bones
Intrinsic muscles helps in
speech and mastication
,by altering shape of the
tongue
Clinical anatomy
Glossitis – inflammation of
tongue
Carcinoma of tongue is
common
Injury to HG nerve-
paralysis of muscles
27. Pharynx
Muscles
Three pairs of constrictors – superior, middle
and inferior (Thyropharyngeus,
Cricopharyngeus)
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeous
Salpingopharyngeus
28. Neck
● Muscles of neck – flexion,extension,rotation
● Side of neck and back of neck
● Triangles
Anterior triangle midline
of neck
Posterior triangle
SCM muscle
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF NECK
Side of neck -
SCM muscle -
Back of neck -
31. Muscles of posterior triangle
Platysma
Splenius capitus
Levator scapulae
Scalenus (anterior, medius,posterior)
Muscles of back of neck
Trapezius
Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis
32. Larynx
Cartilagenous
Three paired(arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform)&
three unpaired(thyroid, cricoid ,epiglottic) cartilages
Muscles of larynx:
Cricothyroid
Lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid
Transverse and oblique arytenoid
Aryepiglotticus
Thyroarytenoid, thyroepiglotticus, vocalis
Function: movement of cartilages and abduction and
adduction of vocal cords producing sound
Pathology: laryngitis, characterised by hoarseness of voice
33. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
an endocrine gland situated in the lower
part of the neck in the midline
Regulates basal metabolic rate,stimulates
somatic and psychic growth & controls
Ca metabolism
Parathyroid gland
Two pairs of endocrine glands, lying on the
posterior border of tthyroid
Regulates Ca & P metabolism by secreting
parathormone
34. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Pathology :
enlargement of thyroid- goitre
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
benign & malignant tumors of the glands
hypoparathyroidism - tetany
hyperparathyroidism
35. Salivary glands
● Parotid - largest
● Submandibular
● Sublingual
● Minor – palatal , buccal
Clinical anatomy
Mumps – viral infection of parotid gland
Sialolithiasis
36. Lymph nodes of hed and neck
Clinical anatomy
Lymphadenopathy
Metastasis of carcinoma
38. Tooth anatomy
Pathology
Dental caries –decalcification & destruction of enamel and dentin
Dental abscess – infection at the root apex with pus collection
Gingivitis – inflammation of gingiva