Understanding Media Literacy
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This document outlines a presentation on media and information literacy (MIL). It discusses key topics like the definition of media literacy, its importance, and the fundamental elements of media literacy. It also covers critical thinking - its definition, importance in media literacy, and examples of fallacies of thinking. The presentation aims to help students understand these concepts, apply critical thinking to analyze media messages and identify fallacies, and develop independent judgments about media content.
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Understanding Media Literacy
- 1. MEDIAAND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL) Mr. Arniel Ping St. Stephen’s High School Manila, Philippines MEDIA LITERACY (Part 1) Definition, Importance, Fundamental Elements, and Critical Thinking MIL PPT 09, Revised: June 11, 2017
- 2. LEARNING COMPETENCIES Learners will be able to… •define media literacy (SSHS); •discuss and value the importance of media literacy (SSHS); •explain the fundamental elements of media literacy (SSHS);
- 3. LEARNING COMPETENCIES Learners will be able to… •value the importance of critical thinking in media literacy (SSHS); and •apply critical thinking by identifying fallacies in arguments (SSHS).
- 4. I- INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA LITERACY I- Media Literacy A. Definition and Importance B. Fundamental Elements of Media Literacy C. Critical Thinking 1. Definition 2. Importance in Media Literacy 3. Fallacies of Thinking
- 5. •Investigate the following controversial events that became viral in the Philippines.
- 6. • "The Naked Truth“, Bench Philippines fashion show in 2014 • What issue was raised against this event? Sexist • Result: Bench made a public apology on Facebook, Coco Martin issued a public apology through an official statement CONTROVERSIAL AND VIRAL
- 7. • FHM Philippines, cover of March Issue, 2012 • Uploaded on FHM official Facebook page on Feb. 25, 2012 CONTROVERSIAL AND VIRAL
- 8. • What issue was raised against this cover photo? Racist • Result: FHM recalls 'racist' cover of March issue and apologized, Bella Padilla apologized on Twitter CONTROVERSIAL AND VIRAL
- 9. • T- Shirt at SM Store, SM Megamall (2014) • The issue was raised by Karen Kunawicz in her post on Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1 0154573238555361&set=a.1015220391067036 1.913399.590115360&type=3 CONTROVERSIAL AND VIRAL
- 10. • What issue was raised against this t- shirt design? Trivialization of Rape, Promoting Rape Culture • Result: SM respond to the issue via Twitter account @smsupermalls, immediately pulled out all the t-shirts of the consignor that distributes them.https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1 0154573238555361&set=a.1015220391067036 1.913399.590115360&type=3 CONTROVERSIAL AND VIRAL
- 11. WHAT IS MEDIA LITERACY? Media Literacy ability to decode, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of forms (UNESCO MIL Curriculum for Teachers) provides a framework to access, analyze, evaluate and create messages in a variety of forms - from print to video to the Internet (www.medialit.org)
- 12. What IS Media Literacy? By iSpeakMedia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTL0_tJEVD0 VIDEO PRESENTATION
- 13. What is Media Literacy? by Center for Media Freedom & Responsibility, Philippines https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8ntNPXQnS0 VIDEO PRESENTATION
- 14. •What is media literacy? •Why do we need to read media from a critical point of view? •Why is media literacy very important to democracy? FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: RECITATION
- 15. TEXTBOOK P. 15 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF MEDIA LITERACY (ART SILVERBLATT, 1995) 1. An awareness of the impact of media. 2. An understanding of the process of mass communication. 3. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages.
- 16. TEXTBOOK P. 15 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF MEDIA LITERACY (ART SILVERBLATT, 1995) 4. An understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives. 5. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content.
- 17. FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF MEDIA LITERACY (ADDED TO SILVERBLATT’S 5 ELEMENTS) TEXTBOOK P. 15 6. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners. 7. Development of appropriate and effective production skills. 8. Critical thinking skills enabling the development of independent judgments about media content
- 18. WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING?
- 19. THIS IS NOT CRITICAL THINKING!
- 20. WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING? • Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action ( Scriven and Paul, 1987)
- 21. • Critical thinking is thinking about your thinking while you're thinking in order to make your thinking better (Paul, 1992) WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING?
- 22. Why is critical thinking very important?
- 23. The ability to recognize fallacies of thinking is one of the fundamentals of critical thinking.
- 24. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 25. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 26. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 27. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 28. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 29. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 30. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 31. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 32. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 33. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS FALLACY OF THINKING.
- 34. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT APPLYING CRITICAL THINKING Identify the fallacy in the following statements. Explain your answer. •Don’t waste food, people in Africa are dying because of hunger. •How can you argue your case against Martial Law when you were not yet born during that time? •If we allow family planning, what’s next? Allowing abortion?
- 35. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT APPLYING CRITICAL THINKING Identify the fallacy in the following statements. Explain your answer. •Kopiko is the best coffee because everyone is drinking it. •You need to show evidence that you did not cheat in the last election. •If you are pro-mining, then you are supporting the destruction of the environment.
- 36. • What message or argument is presented in this poster? • Do you agree with the message or argument? Why or why not? FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT APPLYING CRITICAL THINKING
- 37. VIDEO PRESENTATION CURRENT EVENTS WATCH: 10 Biggest Scams in PH by ABS-CBN News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d33x7VMv0g
- 38. •Why is critical thinking very important to media literacy? •Why is it important for students to develop their critical thinking skills? FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: RECITATION
- 39. REFERENCES •Media and Information Literacy by Boots C. Liquigan, Diwa Learning Systems Inc. •http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/what- media-literacy-definitionand-more •http://www.projectlooksharp.org/ •http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/00 72827580/88223/bar27580_ch02.pdf
- 41. REFERENCES • https://churchm.ag/logic-fallacy/ • http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/ • http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/380375/has htag/rape-t-shirt-at-sm-store-draws-outrage-online • http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/249620/sh owbiz/fhm-recalls-racist-cover-of-march-issue- apologizes
Notes de l'éditeur
- Taken from http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/what-media-literacy-definitionand-more What is important to understand is that media literacy is not about "protecting" kids from unwanted messages. Although some groups urge families to just turn the TV off, the fact is, media are so ingrained in our cultural milieu that even if you turn off the set, you still cannot escape today's media culture. Media no longer just influence our culture. They ARE our culture. Media literacy, therefore, is about helping students become competent, critical and literate in all media forms so that they control the interpretation of what they see or hear rather than letting the interpretation control them. To become media literate is not to memorize facts or statistics about the media, but rather to learn to raise the right questions about what you are watching, reading or listening to. Len Masterman, the acclaimed author of Teaching the Media, calls it "critical autonomy" or the ability to think for oneself. Without this fundamental ability, an individual cannot have full dignity as a human person or exercise citizenship in a democratic society where to be a citizen is to both understand and contribute to the debates of the time.
- Source: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0072827580/88223/bar27580_ch02.pdf Media scholar Art Silverblatt (1995) identified five fundamental elements of media literacy. To these we will add two more. Media literacy includes these characteristics: 1. An awareness of the impact of media. Writing and the printing press helped change the world and the people in it. Mass media do the same. If we ignore the impact of media on our lives, we run the risk of being caught up and carried along by that change rather than controlling or leading it. 2. An understanding of the process of mass communication. If we know the components of the mass communication process and how they relate to one another, we can form expectations of how they can serve us. How do the various media industries operate? What are their obligations to us? What are the obligations of the audience? How do different media limit or enhance messages? Which forms of feedback are most effective, and why? 3. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages. To consume media messages thoughtfully, we need a foundation on which to base thought and reflection. If we make meaning, we must possess the tools with which to make it (for example, understanding the intent and impact of film and video conventions like camera angles and lighting, or the strategy behind the placement of photos on a newspaper page). Otherwise, meaning is made for us; the interpretation of media content will then rest with its creator, not with us. 4. An understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives. How do we know a culture and its people, attitudes, values, concerns, and myths? We know them through communication. For modern cultures like ours, media messages increasingly dominate that communication, shaping our understanding of and insight into our culture. Some groups feel so strongly about the potential of the media to shape culture that they have attempted to take back some of that power themselves. See the box “Media Literacy as the Struggle for Power” on page 54 for more information about media literacy as a power issue. 5. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content. Media literacy does not mean living the life of a grump, liking nothing in the media, or always being suspicious of harmful effects and cultural degradation. We take high school and college classes to enhance our understanding and appreciation of novels; we can do the same for media texts. Learning to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content includes the ability to use multiple points of access—to approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning. Thus, we control meaning making for our own enjoyment or appreciation. For example, we can enjoy the 2002 Steven Spielberg movie Minority Report as an exciting piece of cinematic science fiction. But we can also understand it as a thrilling whodunit in the film noir tradition. Or we can access it at the point of its cultural meaning. What, for example, does the operation of the precrime unit have to say about the holding and detaining of “suspected’’ individuals, say, terrorists? How does the erasure of the many minority reports reflect on the fairness of the judicial system, especially in capital cases? Just how much freedom are we willing to give up to feel safe? In fact, television programs such as Arli$$, Sex and the City, The Simpsons, Malcolm in the Middle, and Star Trek: The Next Generation are specifically constructed to take advantage of the media literacy skills of sophisticated viewers while providing entertaining fare for less skilled consumers. The same is true for such films as Pulp Fiction, Dogma, and Being John Malkovich, magazines such as Mondo 2000, and the best of jazz, rap, and rock. Arli$$ and Sex and the City are produced as television comedies, designed to make people laugh. But they are also intentionally produced in a manner that provides more sophisticated, media literate viewers with opportunities to make more personally interesting or relevant meaning. Anyone can laugh while watching these programs, but some people can investigate hypocrisy in professional sports (Arli$$), or they can examine what goes on inside the heads of young and middle-aged women looking for love (Sex and the City). 6. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners. To make informed judgments about the performance of the media, we also must be aware of the competing pressures on practitioners as they do their jobs. We must understand the media’s official and unofficial rules of operation. In other words, we must know, respectively, their legal and ethical obligations. Return, for a moment, to the question of televised violence. It is legal for a station to air graphic violence. But is it ethical? If it is unethical, what power, if any, do we have to demand its removal from our screens? Dilemmas such as this are discussed at length in Chapter 14. 7. Development of appropriate and effective production skills. Traditional literacy assumes that people who can read can also write. Media literacy also makes this assumption. Our definition of literacy (of either type) calls not only for effective and efficient comprehension of content but for its effective and efficient use. Therefore, media literate individuals should develop production skills that enable them to create useful media messages. If you have ever tried to make a narrative home video—one that tells a story—you know that producing content is much more difficult than consuming it. Even producing a taped answering machine message that is not embarrassing is a daunting task for many people. This element of media literacy may seem relatively unimportant at first glance. After all, if you choose a career in media production, you will get training in school and on the job. If you choose another calling, you may never be in the position of having to produce content. But most professions now employ some form of media to disseminate information, for use in training, to enhance presentations, or to keep in contact with clients and customers. The Internet and the World Wide Web, in particular, require effective production skills of their users—at home, school, and work—because online receivers can and do easily become online creators.
- Source: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0072827580/88223/bar27580_ch02.pdf Media scholar Art Silverblatt (1995) identified five fundamental elements of media literacy. To these we will add two more. Media literacy includes these characteristics: 1. An awareness of the impact of media. Writing and the printing press helped change the world and the people in it. Mass media do the same. If we ignore the impact of media on our lives, we run the risk of being caught up and carried along by that change rather than controlling or leading it. 2. An understanding of the process of mass communication. If we know the components of the mass communication process and how they relate to one another, we can form expectations of how they can serve us. How do the various media industries operate? What are their obligations to us? What are the obligations of the audience? How do different media limit or enhance messages? Which forms of feedback are most effective, and why? 3. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages. To consume media messages thoughtfully, we need a foundation on which to base thought and reflection. If we make meaning, we must possess the tools with which to make it (for example, understanding the intent and impact of film and video conventions like camera angles and lighting, or the strategy behind the placement of photos on a newspaper page). Otherwise, meaning is made for us; the interpretation of media content will then rest with its creator, not with us. 4. An understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives. How do we know a culture and its people, attitudes, values, concerns, and myths? We know them through communication. For modern cultures like ours, media messages increasingly dominate that communication, shaping our understanding of and insight into our culture. Some groups feel so strongly about the potential of the media to shape culture that they have attempted to take back some of that power themselves. See the box “Media Literacy as the Struggle for Power” on page 54 for more information about media literacy as a power issue. 5. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content. Media literacy does not mean living the life of a grump, liking nothing in the media, or always being suspicious of harmful effects and cultural degradation. We take high school and college classes to enhance our understanding and appreciation of novels; we can do the same for media texts. Learning to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content includes the ability to use multiple points of access—to approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning. Thus, we control meaning making for our own enjoyment or appreciation. For example, we can enjoy the 2002 Steven Spielberg movie Minority Report as an exciting piece of cinematic science fiction. But we can also understand it as a thrilling whodunit in the film noir tradition. Or we can access it at the point of its cultural meaning. What, for example, does the operation of the precrime unit have to say about the holding and detaining of “suspected’’ individuals, say, terrorists? How does the erasure of the many minority reports reflect on the fairness of the judicial system, especially in capital cases? Just how much freedom are we willing to give up to feel safe? In fact, television programs such as Arli$$, Sex and the City, The Simpsons, Malcolm in the Middle, and Star Trek: The Next Generation are specifically constructed to take advantage of the media literacy skills of sophisticated viewers while providing entertaining fare for less skilled consumers. The same is true for such films as Pulp Fiction, Dogma, and Being John Malkovich, magazines such as Mondo 2000, and the best of jazz, rap, and rock. Arli$$ and Sex and the City are produced as television comedies, designed to make people laugh. But they are also intentionally produced in a manner that provides more sophisticated, media literate viewers with opportunities to make more personally interesting or relevant meaning. Anyone can laugh while watching these programs, but some people can investigate hypocrisy in professional sports (Arli$$), or they can examine what goes on inside the heads of young and middle-aged women looking for love (Sex and the City). 6. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners. To make informed judgments about the performance of the media, we also must be aware of the competing pressures on practitioners as they do their jobs. We must understand the media’s official and unofficial rules of operation. In other words, we must know, respectively, their legal and ethical obligations. Return, for a moment, to the question of televised violence. It is legal for a station to air graphic violence. But is it ethical? If it is unethical, what power, if any, do we have to demand its removal from our screens? Dilemmas such as this are discussed at length in Chapter 14. 7. Development of appropriate and effective production skills. Traditional literacy assumes that people who can read can also write. Media literacy also makes this assumption. Our definition of literacy (of either type) calls not only for effective and efficient comprehension of content but for its effective and efficient use. Therefore, media literate individuals should develop production skills that enable them to create useful media messages. If you have ever tried to make a narrative home video—one that tells a story—you know that producing content is much more difficult than consuming it. Even producing a taped answering machine message that is not embarrassing is a daunting task for many people. This element of media literacy may seem relatively unimportant at first glance. After all, if you choose a career in media production, you will get training in school and on the job. If you choose another calling, you may never be in the position of having to produce content. But most professions now employ some form of media to disseminate information, for use in training, to enhance presentations, or to keep in contact with clients and customers. The Internet and the World Wide Web, in particular, require effective production skills of their users—at home, school, and work—because online receivers can and do easily become online creators.
- Source: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0072827580/88223/bar27580_ch02.pdf Media scholar Art Silverblatt (1995) identified five fundamental elements of media literacy. To these we will add two more. Media literacy includes these characteristics: 1. An awareness of the impact of media. Writing and the printing press helped change the world and the people in it. Mass media do the same. If we ignore the impact of media on our lives, we run the risk of being caught up and carried along by that change rather than controlling or leading it. 2. An understanding of the process of mass communication. If we know the components of the mass communication process and how they relate to one another, we can form expectations of how they can serve us. How do the various media industries operate? What are their obligations to us? What are the obligations of the audience? How do different media limit or enhance messages? Which forms of feedback are most effective, and why? 3. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages. To consume media messages thoughtfully, we need a foundation on which to base thought and reflection. If we make meaning, we must possess the tools with which to make it (for example, understanding the intent and impact of film and video conventions like camera angles and lighting, or the strategy behind the placement of photos on a newspaper page). Otherwise, meaning is made for us; the interpretation of media content will then rest with its creator, not with us. 4. An understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives. How do we know a culture and its people, attitudes, values, concerns, and myths? We know them through communication. For modern cultures like ours, media messages increasingly dominate that communication, shaping our understanding of and insight into our culture. Some groups feel so strongly about the potential of the media to shape culture that they have attempted to take back some of that power themselves. See the box “Media Literacy as the Struggle for Power” on page 54 for more information about media literacy as a power issue. 5. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content. Media literacy does not mean living the life of a grump, liking nothing in the media, or always being suspicious of harmful effects and cultural degradation. We take high school and college classes to enhance our understanding and appreciation of novels; we can do the same for media texts. Learning to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content includes the ability to use multiple points of access—to approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning. Thus, we control meaning making for our own enjoyment or appreciation. For example, we can enjoy the 2002 Steven Spielberg movie Minority Report as an exciting piece of cinematic science fiction. But we can also understand it as a thrilling whodunit in the film noir tradition. Or we can access it at the point of its cultural meaning. What, for example, does the operation of the precrime unit have to say about the holding and detaining of “suspected’’ individuals, say, terrorists? How does the erasure of the many minority reports reflect on the fairness of the judicial system, especially in capital cases? Just how much freedom are we willing to give up to feel safe? In fact, television programs such as Arli$$, Sex and the City, The Simpsons, Malcolm in the Middle, and Star Trek: The Next Generation are specifically constructed to take advantage of the media literacy skills of sophisticated viewers while providing entertaining fare for less skilled consumers. The same is true for such films as Pulp Fiction, Dogma, and Being John Malkovich, magazines such as Mondo 2000, and the best of jazz, rap, and rock. Arli$$ and Sex and the City are produced as television comedies, designed to make people laugh. But they are also intentionally produced in a manner that provides more sophisticated, media literate viewers with opportunities to make more personally interesting or relevant meaning. Anyone can laugh while watching these programs, but some people can investigate hypocrisy in professional sports (Arli$$), or they can examine what goes on inside the heads of young and middle-aged women looking for love (Sex and the City). 6. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners. To make informed judgments about the performance of the media, we also must be aware of the competing pressures on practitioners as they do their jobs. We must understand the media’s official and unofficial rules of operation. In other words, we must know, respectively, their legal and ethical obligations. Return, for a moment, to the question of televised violence. It is legal for a station to air graphic violence. But is it ethical? If it is unethical, what power, if any, do we have to demand its removal from our screens? Dilemmas such as this are discussed at length in Chapter 14. 7. Development of appropriate and effective production skills. Traditional literacy assumes that people who can read can also write. Media literacy also makes this assumption. Our definition of literacy (of either type) calls not only for effective and efficient comprehension of content but for its effective and efficient use. Therefore, media literate individuals should develop production skills that enable them to create useful media messages. If you have ever tried to make a narrative home video—one that tells a story—you know that producing content is much more difficult than consuming it. Even producing a taped answering machine message that is not embarrassing is a daunting task for many people. This element of media literacy may seem relatively unimportant at first glance. After all, if you choose a career in media production, you will get training in school and on the job. If you choose another calling, you may never be in the position of having to produce content. But most professions now employ some form of media to disseminate information, for use in training, to enhance presentations, or to keep in contact with clients and customers. The Internet and the World Wide Web, in particular, require effective production skills of their users—at home, school, and work—because online receivers can and do easily become online creators.
- In essence, critical thinking requires you to use your ability to reason. It is about being an active learner rather than a passive recipient of information. Critical thinkers rigorously question ideas and assumptions rather than accepting them at face value. They will always seek to determine whether the ideas, arguments and findings represent the entire picture and are open to finding that they do not. Critical thinkers will identify, analyze and solve problems systematically rather than by intuition or instinct. Source: http://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/critical-thinking.html
- A fallacy is, very generally, an error in reasoning. This differs from a factual error, which is simply being wrong about the facts. To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument that is invalid (it is such that it could have all true premises and still have a false conclusion). An inductive fallacy is less formal than a deductive fallacy. They are simply "arguments" which appear to be inductive arguments, but the premises do not provided enough support for the conclusion. In such cases, even if the premises were true, the conclusion would not be more likely to be true. Source: http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/ad-hominem Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone's case without actually having to engage with it. Example: After Sally presents an eloquent and compelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn't married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/strawman By exaggerating, misrepresenting, or just completely fabricating someone's argument, it's much easier to present your own position as being reasonable, but this kind of dishonesty serves to undermine honest rational debate. Example: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenceless by cutting military spending.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/loaded-question Loaded question fallacies are particularly effective at derailing rational debates because of their inflammatory nature - the recipient of the loaded question is compelled to defend themselves and may appear flustered or on the back foot. Example: Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was having any problems with a drug habit.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/begging-the-question This logically incoherent argument often arises in situations where people have an assumption that is very ingrained, and therefore taken in their minds as a given. Circular reasoning is bad mostly because it's not very good. Example: The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in The Great and Infallible Book of Zorbo's Best and Most Truest Things that are Definitely True and Should Not Ever Be Questioned.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/black-or-white black-or-white You presented two alternative states as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist. Also known as the false dilemma, this insidious tactic has the appearance of forming a logical argument, but under closer scrutiny it becomes evident that there are more possibilities than the either/or choice that is presented. Binary, black-or-white thinking doesn't allow for the many different variables, conditions, and contexts in which there would exist more than just the two possibilities put forth. It frames the argument misleadingly and obscures rational, honest debate. Example: Whilst rallying support for his plan to fundamentally undermine citizens' rights, the Supreme Leader told the people they were either on his side, or they were on the side of the enemy.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/slippery-slope The problem with this reasoning is that it avoids engaging with the issue at hand, and instead shifts attention to extreme hypotheticals. Because no proof is presented to show that such extreme hypotheticals will in fact occur, this fallacy has the form of an appeal to emotion fallacy by leveraging fear. In effect the argument at hand is unfairly tainted by unsubstantiated conjecture. Example: Colin Closet asserts that if we allow same-sex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we'll be allowing people to marry their parents, their cars and even monkeys.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/burden-of-proof The burden of proof lies with someone who is making a claim, and is not upon anyone else to disprove. The inability, or disinclination, to disprove a claim does not render that claim valid, nor give it any credence whatsoever. However it is important to note that we can never be certain of anything, and so we must assign value to any claim based on the available evidence, and to dismiss something on the basis that it hasn't been proven beyond all doubt is also fallacious reasoning. Example: Bertrand declares that a teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the Sun between the Earth and Mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong, his claim is therefore a valid one.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/composition-division Often when something is true for the part it does also apply to the whole, or vice versa, but the crucial difference is whether there exists good evidence to show that this is the case. Because we observe consistencies in things, our thinking can become biased so that we presume consistency to exist where it does not. Example: Daniel was a precocious child and had a liking for logic. He reasoned that atoms are invisible, and that he was made of atoms and therefore invisible too. Unfortunately, despite his thinky skills, he lost the game of hide and go seek.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/bandwagon The flaw in this argument is that the popularity of an idea has absolutely no bearing on its validity. If it did, then the Earth would have made itself flat for most of history to accommodate this popular belief. Example: Shamus pointed a drunken finger at Sean and asked him to explain how so many people could believe in leprechauns if they're only a silly old superstition. Sean, however, had had a few too many Guinness himself and fell off his chair.
- https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/appeal-to-emotion Appeals to emotion include appeals to fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. It's important to note that sometimes a logically coherent argument may inspire emotion or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the fact that no compelling rational reason exists for one's position. Everyone, bar sociopaths, is affected by emotion, and so appeals to emotion are a very common and effective argument tactic, but they're ultimately flawed, dishonest, and tend to make one's opponents justifiably emotional. Example: Luke didn't want to eat his sheep's brains with chopped liver and brussel sprouts, but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren't fortunate enough to have any food at all.
- How can critical thinking save Filipinos from investment scams?