harbour and dock engineering ppt 01 introduction

TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
MODULE 3
HARBOUR AND DOCK
ENGINEERING
Asnidha.V ,Asst. Prof. , CE Dept,M
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
MODULE 3
HARBOUR AND DOCK
ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
1
Asnidha.V ,Asst. Prof. , CE Dept,M-Dit

 Introduction
 Water Transportation
 Harbours
 Classification of
Harbours
 Accessibility
 Size of Harbours
 Site Selection
 Shape of Harbour
CONTENTS
 Harbour Depth
 Marine Surveys
 Harbour Planning
 Features of a Harbour
 Defects in Harbours
 Requirements of a
Good Harbour
2

INTRODUCTION
 Importance of waterways
› Comparison with railways and roadways
 Need for a place of approach
INTRODUCTION
Importance of waterways
Comparison with railways and roadways
Need for a place of approach
3

WATER TRANSPORTATION
 Importance
 Types
› Inland water transportation
 River or canal
› Ocean water transportation
 Adopted for trade and commerce
 75 % of Indian trade
 No limitations and high flexibility
WATER TRANSPORTATION
Inland water transportation
Ocean water transportation
Adopted for trade and commerce
No limitations and high flexibility
4

 Advantages
› Provides means of defence.
› Cheapest mode
› Leads to overall development
and international trade.
› High load carrying capacity.
› Encourages consumption of foreign goods.
› Requires cheap motive power
› Brought countries separated by oceans very near.
Water Transportation
defence.
overall development of commerce, industry
and international trade.
capacity.
Encourages consumption of foreign goods.
cheap motive power for its working.
Brought countries separated by oceans very near.
Water Transportation contd… 5

 Disadvantages
› Slow in operation, consumes
› Useful only when water is available
transport
› May lead to accident In case of frequent ocean storms
› More chances of attack by other countries
› The fluctuations in water level causes
against the berths
› Mountainous rivers, waterfalls
transportation
Water Transportation
in operation, consumes more time
only when water is available as mode of
In case of frequent ocean storms
by other countries
The fluctuations in water level causes rubbing of ships
Mountainous rivers, waterfalls e.t.c. hinder water
Water Transportation contd… 6

› Sheltered area
› For loading and unloading of cargo
› Vessels are also built, repair, and launch
“A harbour can be defined as a
road-stead of navigable waters
or artificially from action of wind and waves
situated along sea-shore, river estuary, lake or canal
connected to sea”
HARBOUR
For loading and unloading of cargo
Vessels are also built, repair, and launch
can be defined as a basin or haven or
of navigable waters well protected naturally
or artificially from action of wind and waves , and is
shore, river estuary, lake or canal
7

8

 Basin
› water reservoir of required area
› Navigable when depth of water in the basin is
greater than draft required for largest ship likely
to visit the harbour.
 Draft
› Vertical linear immersion
water surface for the ship to float in a stable
condition.
 Min. vertical clearance
Harbour
of required area
when depth of water in the basin is
greater than draft required for largest ship likely
Vertical linear immersion of the ship below the
water surface for the ship to float in a stable
Min. vertical clearance for safe floating.
Harbour contd... 9

1. Classification depending upon the
protection needed
3. Classification based upon the
CLASSIFICATION OF
Classification depending upon the
protection needed.
Classification depending upon the utility.
Classification based upon the location.
CLASSIFICATION OF HARBOURS 10

needed.
a) Natural Harbour or Natural Roadsteads
b) Semi Natural Harbour
c) Artificial Harbour or Artificial Roadsteads
Classification of Harbours
Classification depending upon the protection
or Natural Roadsteads
Harbour
or Artificial Roadsteads
Harbours Contd.. 11

NATURAL HARBOURS
› Inlet protected from storms and waves by natural
configuration of land.
› Natural formations affording safe discharge
facilities for ships on sea coast in form of creeks
and basins.
› E.g.: Bombay, Kandla
Inlet protected from storms and waves by natural
affording safe discharge
facilities for ships on sea coast in form of creeks
Harbours Contd.. 12

Natural harbour
13

Mumbai port
14

Kandla port
15

NATURAL ROADSTEADS
› A deep navigable channel
bank or shoal to seaward
natural roadstead.
› Circumscribed natural roadstead
navigable channel with a protective natural
bank or shoal to seaward is a good example of a
Circumscribed natural roadstead.
Harbours Contd.. 16

17

Natural Roadstead
18

Circumscribed natural roadstead
Circumscribed natural roadstead
19

SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR
› Protected on sides by headlands and it requires
man-made protection only at the entrance
› Eg: Vishakhapatnam
SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR
Protected on sides by headlands and it requires
made protection only at the entrance.
Harbours Contd.. 20

Semi Natural Harbour
21

Vishakhapatnam
22

ARTIFICIAL HARBOURS
› Harbour having no natural protection
arrangement are made to protect the harbour
storm and wind.
› Area protected from the effect of waves either by
breakwaters or by dredging.
ARTIFICIAL ROADSTEADS
› created by constructing a breakwater or
to the coast or curvilinear from the coast.
no natural protection but artificial
arrangement are made to protect the harbour from
from the effect of waves either by
breakwaters or by dredging.
created by constructing a breakwater or wall parallel
or curvilinear from the coast.
Harbours Contd.. 23

24

Asnidha.V ,Asst. Prof. , CE Dept,MArtificial Harbours
25

Artificial Harbours
Palm island ,dubai
26

Artificial Harbours
Palm island ,dubai
27

28

29

2) Classification based on
a) Harbours of refuge
b) Commercial harbours
c) Fishery harbours
d) Military harbours
e) Marina harbours
2) Classification based on utility
refuge
harbours
harbours
harbours
harbours
Harbours Contd.. 30

HARBOURS OF REFUGE
› The harbor used for ships
condition.
› good anchorage and safe and easy access from the sea.
› e.g.: Dover in England
Requirements
i. Ready accessibility from the high seas
ii.Safe and convenient anchorage
iii.Facilities for obtaining supplies and
for ships in storms or emergency
good anchorage and safe and easy access from the sea.
from the high seas
Safe and convenient anchorage against the sea.
obtaining supplies and repairs.
Harbours Contd.. 31

Harbours Of Refuge
32

COMMERCIAL HARBOURS
› may be a part of bigger complex harbor or
Independent unit or single commodity harbor.
› Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.
Requirements
i. Specious accommodations
ii. Storage sheds for cargo.
iii.Ample space for transportation, loading and
unloading cargo.
iv.Good and quick repair facilities
v. More sheltered conditions.
COMMERCIAL HARBOURS
of bigger complex harbor or
or single commodity harbor.
Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.
Specious accommodations for mercantile marine.
for cargo.
for transportation, loading and
repair facilities.
conditions.
Harbours Contd.. 33

Commercial Harbours
34

Commercial Harbours
35

Commercial Harbours 36

FISHERY HARBOUR
› Provided for fishing crafts and trawlers
Requirements
i. Constantly open for departure and arrival of fishing
ships.
ii. Loading and unloading facilities
facilities for the perishable fish catch.
iii.Refrigerated stores with ample
preserving the catch.
for fishing crafts and trawlers.
for departure and arrival of fishing
Loading and unloading facilities & quick dispatch
for the perishable fish catch.
with ample storing space for
Harbours Contd.. 37

Fishery Harbour
38

MILLITARY HARBOR:
› This harbor is meant for
crafts and serves as a supply deport.
› The layout of this type of harbor is greatly
influenced by its location.
Requirements
i. Should accommodate the navel vessels.
ii. They serve as supply depots also.
Bombay and Cochin harbours
This harbor is meant for accommodating naval
and serves as a supply deport.
The layout of this type of harbor is greatly
influenced by its location.
the navel vessels.
They serve as supply depots also.
harbours have navel bases.
Harbours Contd.. 39

Millitary Harbour
40

Millitary Harbour
41

MARINA HARBOURS
Definition
Marina is a harbour providing facilities
showers, telephones etc. for small boat owners
temporary or permanent berths
Classification
(a) Large marinas -have 200 or more berths.
(b) Small marinas -have less than 100 berths.
providing facilities of fuel, food,
. for small boat owners having
temporary or permanent berths.
have 200 or more berths.
have less than 100 berths.
Harbours Contd.. 42

43

Marina Harbours
44

Marina Harbours
45

3.Classification based on the
a) Canal harbour - harbour
navigations.
b) Lake Harbour - harbour
lake.
c) River Harbour or Estuary
constructed along the banks of river.
d) Sea or Ocean Harbour
of sea or an ocean.
3.Classification based on the location
harbour located along canals for sea
harbour constructed along the shore of
or Estuary Harbour - harbour
constructed along the banks of river.
Harbour - harbour located on the coast
Harbours Contd.. 46

ACCESSIBILITY
 Depends on location of harbours
 The harbour entrance should be
located for quick and easy navigation
 The harbour entrance should be
to expose the harbour to the effect of stormy sea .
 Maximum dimension up to
ACCESSIBILITY
of harbours
should be designed and
quick and easy navigation by ships
should be narrow enough not
to expose the harbour to the effect of stormy sea .
dimension up to 180m
47

SIZE OF A HARBOUR
Size depends upon
 No. and size of ships likely to use the harbour at one time.
length: 275m to 300m,
width: 30m
 There should be sufficient
without collision
Size determined by
 Accommodation required
 Convenience for maneuvering and navigation
 Adaptability to natural featuresAsnidha.V ,Asst. Prof. , CE Dept,M
SIZE OF A HARBOUR
likely to use the harbour at one time.
length: 275m to 300m,
There should be sufficient area for maneuvering them
for maneuvering and navigation
to natural features
48

SITE SELECTION
Following factors play a great role in the choice of site of a
 Availability of cheap land &
 Natural protection from waves & winds
 Transport & communication
 Industrial development of the locality
 Sea-bed, subsoil and foundation conditions
 Traffic potentiality of harbour
 Availability of electrical energy & freshwater
 Favourable marine conditions.
 Defence and strategic aspects. Etc
SITE SELECTION
play a great role in the choice of site of a harbour.
cheap land & contruction material.
from waves & winds
Transport & communication facilities
of the locality
subsoil and foundation conditions
harbour.
Availability of electrical energy & freshwater.
conditions.
and strategic aspects. Etc
49

SHAPE OF HARBOUR
Principles
 Pierheads – one should project
other - to protect from sea waves
 Pier heads - width should
 General approach - series of straight length
reentrant angles are allowed
SHAPE OF HARBOUR
one should project a little beyond the
to protect from sea waves
width should widen very rapidly
series of straight length - no
reentrant angles are allowed
50

HARBOUR DEPTH
 Determined by
D = D1 + H/3 + D2
Where,D1 = draft for largest ship to be
D2 = allowance for squat of moving ship
H = height of storm waves
 Harbour and approach channel should have
depth to allow navigation even at low water when ships
are fully loaded.
 No obstructions
 Max. harbour depth = loaded draft + 1.2mwhen bottom is soft
Max harbour depth = loaded draft + 1.8mwhen bottom is rock
HARBOUR DEPTH
D = D1 + H/3 + D2
= draft for largest ship to be accomodated
= allowance for squat of moving ship
H = height of storm waves
and approach channel should have sufficient
to allow navigation even at low water when ships
depth = loaded draft + 1.2mwhen bottom is soft
depth = loaded draft + 1.8mwhen bottom is rock
51

MARINE SURVEYS
 Collect sufficient information about the area before
finalising the layout of the harbour and design of its
various components
Two surveys
 Hydrographic survey
 Topographic survey
MARINE SURVEYS
Collect sufficient information about the area before
finalising the layout of the harbour and design of its
52

HARBOUR PLANNING
It should be carried out after collecting necessary
information of the existing features at the proposed
site.
Following important facts
 A thorough survey of the neighborhood including
the foreshore & depths of water is necessary
 Nature of a harbour weather sheltered or not,
should be studied
HARBOUR PLANNING
It should be carried out after collecting necessary
information of the existing features at the proposed
important facts should be studied.
of the neighborhood including
the foreshore & depths of water is necessary
weather sheltered or not,
53

 The existence of sea insects & various animals
residing at site should be noted.
 Borings and soundings should be carried out.
 Problem of silting or erosion
carefully studied.
 Natural phenomena’s concerning planning of a
harbour like Storms,Rainfall,Range of
tides,Maximum & minimum temperatures,Direction
& intensity of wind etc. should be studied.
Harbour
sea insects & various animals
residing at site should be noted.
should be carried out.
silting or erosion of coastline should be
concerning planning of a
harbour like Storms,Rainfall,Range of
tides,Maximum & minimum temperatures,Direction
& intensity of wind etc. should be studied.
Harbour Planning contd… 54

FEATURES OF A HARBOR
 Entrance Channels
 Berthing & Turning
Basin
 Break Water
 Pier Head
 Quays & Wharves
FEATURES OF A HARBOR
 Jetties& piers
 Docks
 Slipways
 Other go downs,
shed, buoys, lights,
fire protection
towers…
55

ENTRANCE CHANNEL
› When sea around the harbour
required for the largest ship visiting the
separate approach demarcated and dredged for
required depth is necessary.
› Entrance:- path through which ship can enter the
harbour safely.
› Depth and width are kept more at entrance.
› Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of
entrances.
Features of a Harbour
harbour has depth less than draft
required for the largest ship visiting the harbour a
separate approach demarcated and dredged for
required depth is necessary.
path through which ship can enter the
are kept more at entrance.
Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of
Harbour Contd… 56

Entrance &
Entrance & Entrance Channel
57

Entrance & Entrance Channel
Entrance Channel
58

BERTHING AND TURNING BASINS:
› Berthing basins are used for the parking of
ships.
› While turning for the turning of ships.
BERTHING AND TURNING BASINS:
Berthing basins are used for the parking of
While turning for the turning of ships.
Harbour Contd… 59

Berthing and Turning Basins:
60

BREAK WATER:
It is the protective barrier constructed to
enclose harbours and to keep the
undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong seas.
›The structure constructed to protect
storm waves
›They are generally stone masonry
It is the protective barrier constructed to
and to keep the harbour waters
undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong seas.
The structure constructed to protect harbour from
They are generally stone masonry
Harbour Contd… 61

Break Water:
62

Break Water:
63

PIER HEAD:
› The structure provided at the tip of break water
› Serves the purpose of entrance mark.
› Such as light house
The structure provided at the tip of break water
Serves the purpose of entrance mark.
Harbour Contd… 64

PierHead
65

WHARVES
› Platforms or loading places
come close enough to the shore they are called
wharves.
› wharves constructed parallel to the shore or break
water are called quays.
› wharves those project into the ships fair way or basin
at right angles or oblique from shore are called
› Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side for
cargo working
Platforms or loading places necessary for ships to
come close enough to the shore they are called
wharves constructed parallel to the shore or break
wharves those project into the ships fair way or basin
at right angles or oblique from shore are called piers.
Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side for
Harbour Contd… 66

Quays.
67

Piers.
68

JETTIES:
› Piled projections from shore to berth vessels.
› Used for loading and unloading of cargo
› Made usually from shore towards sea water to
prevent silting and dredging to allow free flow of
tidal currents.
› divert the current away from the river bank
› scouring action is prevented
Piled projections from shore to berth vessels.
Used for loading and unloading of cargo
Made usually from shore towards sea water to
prevent silting and dredging to allow free flow of
divert the current away from the river bank
scouring action is prevented
Harbour Contd… 69

Jetties
Jetties:
70

› Depth of water is found insufficient for different ships.
› The size of harbour is found insufficient to
accommodate the increased traffic.
› The quay and landing area
narrow and there is no enough room for the cargo to
be stored.
› Obstruction
These defects can easily be avoided at the time of
planning and designing.
DEFECTS IN HARBOUR
is found insufficient for different ships.
is found insufficient to
accommodate the increased traffic.
quay and landing area between the berths is very
narrow and there is no enough room for the cargo to
These defects can easily be avoided at the time of
DEFECTS IN HARBOUR 71

› The depth of a harbour should be sufficient for
every type of visiting ships.
› The bottom of harbor should provide secured
anchorage to hold the ships against high winds.
› To prevent destructive wave action
provided.
› The entrance of a harbor should be
provide the easy passage of ships.
REQUIREMENTS
HARBOUR:
should be sufficient for
every type of visiting ships.
The bottom of harbor should provide secured
to hold the ships against high winds.
To prevent destructive wave action break water are
of a harbor should be wide enough to
provide the easy passage of ships.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD
HARBOUR:
72

THANK YOU
THANK YOU
73

harbour and dock engineering ppt 01 introduction

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