5. OBJECTIVES &
PROCEDURES:
Completeness
Objective: determine whether all
receivables, sales, cash of period are
presented in financial statements
Procedures
Examine documents
Apply analytical procedures
Cutoff bank statements, bank
reconciliations, etc.
5
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
9. AUDIT RISK MODEL
AR = CR x IR x DR
Detection risk (DR): likelihood that error
could occur & not be detected
Based on
Control risk (CR)
Likelihood of material error
Inherent risk (IR)
Strategies & threats
9
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
10. DETECTION RISK
DR = ____AR___
IR x CR
Nature, extent, timing substantive tests
Nature: more/less persuasive tests
Extent: larger/smaller samples
Timing: balance sheet date or interim
10
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
11. ASSERTIONS &
PROCEDURES
Accounts Receivable, Sales-1
Valuation
Verify mathematical accuracy AR
Obtain aged trial balance
Foot trial balance
Compare total AR per trial balance to
general ledger
11
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
12. ASSERTIONS &
PROCEDURES
Accounts Receivable, Sales-2
Existence, rights, valuation
Confirm year-end accounts & notes
receivable with debtors
Positive: tell auditor if balance correct
Large balances, inaccuracies
Negative: tell auditor only if balance
incorrect
Control adequate, small balances
12
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
13. ASSERTIONS &
PROCEDURES
Accounts Receivable, Sales-3
Existence or occurrence, completeness
Test cutoff to determine whether sales,
receivables recorded in proper period
FOB shipping point
FOB destination
13
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
17. TESTING CUTOFF
Sales, Receivables
At or around end each quarter, the former
President directed his subordinates to hold
IGI’s books open, to backdate invoices,
shipping documents. This caused IGI to
record out-of-period sales & to overstate
revenue, net income end each quarter.
Procedures
Trace recorded sales to shipping documents
before, after end of period
17
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
22. TESTING CUTOFF FOR
CASH
Reconcile internal documents
Cash journals
General ledger
Bank reconciliations
With external documents
Year-end bank statement
Cutoff bank statements
Bank confirmations
22
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
23. REVENUE RECOGNITION
& EARNINGS
MANIPULATION
Increasingly, I have become concerned that the
motivation to meet Wall Street earnings
expectations may be overriding common
sense business practices.
Arthur Levitt, Jr., “The ‘Numbers Game.” Speech NYU, 1998.
23
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
24. REVENUE
RECOGNITION
SAB 104
Criteria
Persuasive evidence of arrangement exists
Delivery has occurred or services rendered
Seller’s price fixed or determinable
Collectibility reasonably assured
24
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
25. COMMON MEANS TO
MANIPULATE EARNINGS -
1
Method Revenue Recognition Error
Bill & hold Shipments to 3rd party warehouses
Cancelled orders Cancelled, duplicate orders
Conditional sales Before contingencies resolved
Consignment sales Goods on consignment, trial
Continuing Seller involved after delivery, e.g.,
involvement installation
Improper cutoff Before title, risk ownership passed
25
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
26. COMMON MEANS TO
MANIPULATE EARNINGS -
2
Method Revenue Recognition Error
Kickback sales Inflated selling price for kickback
Overstated Inflated % completion on construction
completion projects
Partial shipments Not all goods ordered are shipped
Pre-invoicing Goods still in production
Premature Goods ordered but not authorized for
shipment shipment
26
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
27. COMMON MEANS TO
MANIPULATE EARNINGS -
3
Method Revenue Recognition Error
Premature sales Goods ordered but not shipped
Sham sales False shipments
Side agreements To forestall completion earnings
process
Uncertain Seller’s performance uncertain
performance Collection uncertain, unlikely
Uncertain realization
Unauthorized Shipments not authorized
shipment
27
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
28. MANIPULATED EARNINGS
Channel Stuffing
Definition: incentives to induce
incremental demand
Examples
Bausch & Lomb
Told distributors to buy large amount of inventory
to maintain distributorship
B&L recognized extra $22 million
Sunbeam
Used price discounting to encourage customers
to hold 80 weeks of inventory
28
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
29. MANIPULATED EARNINGS
Asset Swaps
Definition: companies trading right to
use others asset
Examples
Global Crossing
Treated underseas cables as real estate
Recognized revenue by treating swap as sale
29
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11
30. MANIPULATED EARNINGS
Other
Improper expense capitalization
Chambers Development
Capitalized landfill expenses after determining
earnings necessary to meet analysts
expectations
MicroStrategy
Recognized revenue before all services
provided for software sales
30
GBW 8th ed. Ch. 11