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Usability and Agile Development
  By: Binu Thayamkery (binu.thayamkery@gmail.com)
Do you agree with this statement?
• “For the End User, the Interface is the System”
  – Too many good products hidden behind a bad UI
  – UI is one of the most neglected aspects of system
    design
  – UI should evolve along with the architecture




                                                        2
Definition
• Usability is defined as…
  – It is the ease of use and learnability of a human
    made object.
  – For web based applications, it is simple as making
    sure that the website works well and a person of
    average (or lower) ability and experience can use
    it.




                                                         3
Definition – Detailed
• Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy
  user interfaces are to use.
• Defined by 5 quality components
   – Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic
     tasks the first time they encounter the design?
   – Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how
     quickly can they perform tasks?
   – Memorability: When users return to the design after a
     period of not using it, how easily can they re-establish
     proficiency?
   – Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are
     these errors, how easily they can recover from the errors?
   – Satisfaction: How pleasant is to use the design?

                                                                  4
Now that we defined usability…
• Can you tell me 3 public websites that you
  think ranks best in terms of usability?




                                               5
Top 10 Web Brands 2010




                         6
Benefits of Usability
•   Increased productivity (for the user)
•   Decreased training and support costs
•   Increased enrollment (sales and revenues)
•   Reduced development costs and time
•   Reduced maintenance costs
•   Increased customer satisfaction



                                                7
Krug’s First Law of Usability
• “Don’t make me think”
  – Or at least make it easy for me…
  – Contents of the web page should be self-evident,
    self-explanatory and obvious to user
    Results   Results   Results   Results




                                                       8
First Rule of Usability? Don’t Listen to
                  Users
• To design an easy-to-use interface, pay
  attention to what users do, not what they say
  – Watch what people do
  – Do not believe what people say they do
  – Definitely don’t believe what people predict they
    may do in the future

  – And…cool design is not always the best usable
    design
                                                        9
How do we read web pages?
• We don’t read them, we scan them.
• Eye Tracking helps us to learn this behavior
• F- Shaped gaze pattern !




                                                 10
Eye Tracking Contd.
•   Eye Tracking captures the Foveal vision.
•   Red spots denotes the “fixation”
•   Peripheral vision elements are usually ignored
•   Based on Mind-Eye hypothesis
•   Users behavior is always evolving when it
    comes to web usage !



                                                 11
What is the color of this text?
• Did you know? 8% of male
  population and 0.5% of female
  population is color blind




                                     12
Web Accessibility
• “An accessible site is by default a usable one”
• Ensure that everyone including persons with
  difficulty in seeing, hearing or making precise
  movements can use the site.
• Some Guidelines as specified in Section 508
   –   Design forms for users using assistive technologies
   –   Do not use color alone to convey information
   –   Enable users to skip repetitive links
   –   Provide text equivalents for non textual elements
   –   Do not require style sheets
   –   No screen flickers or distractions.
                                                             13
Waterfall/Iterative and Usability
• Why it does not work well?
  –   Predicts too much into future
  –   Functional Requirements drive the development
  –   UI is fixed, does not evolve
  –   More importance given to the “system” not the UI
• It works to an a certain extend when…
  – UI design tightly follows requirements gathering and is
    coupled with the step where functional requirements
    are created.
  – Build functional, clickable wireframes for the whole
    system

                                                         14
Enter Agile (Scrum, etc.) Development




Agile Manifesto – Refresher
We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it.
Through this work we have come to value:
• Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
• Working software over comprehensive documentation
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
• Responding to change over following a plan

That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more. - Beck
et al,2001


                                                                                                       15
Agile Development and UX
•   Promise
     – “Discount Usability Engineering”- Usability techniques are used frequently, throughout the
       development process
•   Threats
     – Agile is a developer centric methodology proposed by developers and mainly addresses
       implementation side of the system
     – Usability expertise may not be there.
•   Solution
     – For design and usability to be taken seriously, they must be assigned “story points” on an
       equal footing with the coding

     – Perform usability activities such as user design studios, user testing.
     – Conduct activities like user design studio one step ahead of implementation work. By the time
       sprint starts to develop a feature, initial user experience work went through some thinking.
     – Create general usability guidelines and have it accessible to all projects to be reused.




                                                                                                    16
What is the right way to do Usability
        work in an Agile Team?
• Quick answer is to do what ever is needed
• UX people are bridges
    – embedded with the team but also involved in high level/early
      planning
• UX work is early, flexible
    – done up-front to storyboard level with good expectation setting that
      changes will happen
• Low-fi prototype is the ongoing spec
    – owned by UX, agreed by stakeholders
• UX work happens in a parallel track
    – pair complex back-end sprints with UX intensive work
• Guerilla style UX validation
    – fast, discount methods run frequently and regularly on early code



                                                                             17
UX people are bridges
• Good understanding of developers, business
  and end users, speaks language of all three
  groups
• A dedicated resource or someone from
  development team
• Owns the UX, storyboards, prototypes,
  wireframes


                                                18
UI work is early, flexible
• Agile says No Big Design Up Front (NBDUF)
  – True for low level system design
• Come up with re-usable UI patters early in the
  process. Also do the top level prototypes,
  wireframes and storyboards
• An early style guide also can be created to
  address graphical treatment


                                               19
Low fidelity documents as
        specification document
• Serves as a tool for communicating user needs
• Story boards to represent interactions
• These are refined as the developers pick up
  stories for sprint




                                              20
UX work happens in parallel
• Difficult to manage UX work along with the
  development sprint
• Work on UX stories one/two sprints ahead of
  development




                                                21
Contd.
• Assign story points to all UX work
  – Some teams keep UX work as research
  – If there is dedicated UX professional, then story
    points helps to validate, help track and control
    amount of work




                                                        22
Guerilla style UX validation
• RITE (Rapid Iterative Test and Evaluation)
• Decide on how much re-work need to be done
  for usability issues
• Reach an agreement on what is acceptable




                                           23
Design Studio – Great UX tool
• Agile development is “democratic”, More
  generalists than specialists
• Design Studio is an extension of this
  democratic nature of Agile UX development
• It is a more inclusive way of involving the
  business and development team members in
  the design process so that the entire team
  feels ownership of the design direction.

                                                24
Design Studio – The Process
• All developers ( and other participants) bring sketches
  of their ideas on how to solve an interface problem
• Sketches are pinned up and each member describes
  their solution
• Each sketch is critiqued by the entire team under the
  guidance of UX team member (or the facilitator)
• All the desired and not so desired attributes from each
  sketch is noted
• All the participants work together to create a single
  design concept taking into account all the good ideas
  that were presented
• This design concept is then used to guide development
                                                        25
Design Studio - Advantages
• Team as a whole is involved in finding solutions and
  engaged with other stakeholders in that process
• Critique is an opportunity to help team members learn
  design principles
   – Best way to do this: One team member offers critique, then
     reframe that critique with generally accepted user design
     guidelines and design heuristics. Over time these heuristics can
     be compiled and pinned along with the designs. Team members
     then can use it as vocabulary in their critiques.
• Pool of talents will uncover new design solutions
   – Even when the initial designs of someone may be sub optimal,
     the concepts that they arise may be perfect to be re-engineered
     to the merged UI


                                                                    26
Usability Testing
• Watching people try to use what you’re creating/designing/building (or
  something you’ve already created/designed/built), with the intention of
  (a) making it easier for people to use or (b) proving that it is easy to use.
• Element of actual use makes it different from interviews, surveys, focus
  groups etc.
• It is a qualitative testing, purpose is not to prove anything but to get
  insights to improve what we are building
• Basically a facilitator sits with the participant in a room gives him a task to
  do also asking him to think aloud while he is at it
• Development team and other stakeholders observe this from another
  room using a screen sharing software
• After the tests are finished, observers have a debriefing session to
  compare notes to decide what problems to be fixed and how to fix them.
• (We will watch a video of this in action if we have time at the end)



                                                                                27
Why does Usability Test works?
• Because watching users using our system will
  always makes us a better designer




                                                 28
USABILITY GUIDELINES
Design Process and Evaluation
• Set clear and concise goals for your site /application/ user story
    – set of user requirements, users expectations, usability goals, useful
      content
    – do customer surveys, interviews, user groups, talk to sales people,
      focus groups, etc.
• Involve users in establishing your user requirements
• Consider a range of design choices to address UI issues and patters,
  have many people collaborate on it
• Focus on Performance before Preference
    – Content, format, interaction, navigation before color, cool factor
• If you are a web site, try to get into Google top 30
• Use "Personas" while doing design process.
    – Hypothetical "stand-ins" for actual users. Kind of role play.



                                                                              30
Optimizing User Experience
• Do not display unsolicited windows or graphics
   – NO pop ups when user is trying to finish core activity
• Increase Web Site Credibility
   –   Provide useful set of FAQs
   –   Website should be arranged in a logical way
   –   Provide articles with citations and references
   –   Site should look professionally designed
   –   Provide an archive of past content (where appropriate)
   –   Keep it fresh and up to date
   –   Provide links to outside sources
   –   and get inbound links from related and credible sites


                                                                31
Contd.
• Standardize task sequences
    – For example, If using date picker, use it same way everywhere.
    – User looks for additional information, left or right, place additional
      information left/right to main content
• Design for working memory limitations
    – Users when navigate from one place to another, they can remember only very
      little
• Minimize page download time
    – Use YSlow! and follow best practices on web site performance
• Warn of 'Time Outs‘
    – Best is to provide a non-intrusive growl style pop up, that allows user to
      extend their time.
• Display information in a directly usable format
    – Examples are localized date formats, weight and distance measurements, etc.
• -Provide feedback when user must wait
    – Long running queries, processing - show some status!

                                                                                   32
Contd.
• Develop pages that will print cleanly, provide print
  options
   – Have print specific CSS for pages
   – Provide ability to print sections of page or eliminate
     printing them
• Format Information for Reading and Printing
• Inform users of download time
   – When downloading an image, document, application
     providing approx download time for users connection
     improves navigation
• Develop Help in users terminology
   – Help should be a click away

                                                              33
Home Page
• Enable users to access homepage from any other page on
  the site
• Show all major options on the homepage
• Create a positive first impression of your site, this is key to
  conveying quality of your site
• Make home page distinct from other pages
• Limit Homepage length, Manage widths too (no horizontal
  scroll bar )
• Put Announcements changes to the web site, application
  maintenance windows, any other announcements on
  homepage.
   – When complete site is taken down for upgrade, releases and
     maintenance, use a static page to make that announcement

                                                                    34
Scrolling, Paging and Page Layout
• Eliminate Horizontal Scrolling
• Use Paging rather than scrolling
• Place important items consistently
• Reduce clutter, but at the same time use
  moderate whitespace for enhanced scanning
  and searching
• Use fluid layouts
    – Design for 1024X768 or higher

                                              35
Navigation
• Do not create or direct users into pages that has no
  navigational options
   – Never disable browser’s back button
• Differentiate and group navigation elements
   – Top Navigation, Sub Navigation
• Primary navigation on left side
   – Studies shows that it is the best navigation option
• Use descriptive labels on Tabs
   – If there is not enough space, then Tab is not the right UI choice
• Provide feedback on users location, i.e., breadcrumbs
• Breadcrumb navigation - do not rely on it
   – Studies shows that very few people actually use breadcrumbs!

                                                                         36
Links
• Use meaningful link labels
     – “Click here” is counter productive
• Link to related content
• Match link names consistent with destination page title
• Avoid misleading cues to click
     – If it looks like a link, it should be a link otherwise it should not look like a link
• Repeat important links
     – Its not evil to have important pages linked from multiple places within a busy
       page
•   Prefer text links over image links
•   Provide consistent clickability clues
•   Use point and clicking than mouse over – It is more efficient
•   Indicate external and internal links
•   Provide definition links – style them differently


                                                                                               37
Screen based controls (Widgets)
•   Distinguish required and optional data entry fields
•   Ensure that push buttons label clearly indicate action
•   Label data entry fields consistently, cleanly
•   Do not make user entry fields case sensitive
•   Do not punish user for not entering in right format
•   Allow users to see their entered data without scrolling
•   Use familiar widgets
•   Handle user errors elegantly. Place error messages close the error entry
    field
•   Use single data entry method – keyboard or mouse, pick one !
•   Prioritize buttons and links according to usage frequency
•   Ensure that double clicking does not create problems
•   Data Entry fields rather than selection from fields, ensure proper tab order



                                                                              38
Tabs Usability
• Alternate views within the same context
• Logically chunks the content
• Typically, users don’t need to
  simultaneously see the contents of
  different tabs
• Parallel in nature
• Current tab should be highlighted,
  unselected ones clearly visible
• Current tab connected to content area
• Labels are short but should describe
  contents well
• One row of tabs, placed top of the panel
• Architect for fast response time when
  tab is switched

                                             39
Usability Testing
•   Develop and test prototypes through an iterative design approach
•   Solicit test participants’ comments
•   Evaluate Websites before and after making changes
•   Prioritize tasks
     – Use “Usability Magnitude Estimation” measure to decide which usability tasks
       should be addressed first
     – Participants judge how easy or difficult tasks are before and after tests
• Distinguish between frequency and severity
     – Number of users affected by the problem is frequency
     – Difficulty encountered by individual user is severity
     – Should fix most severe first.

• Use right number of participants
• Use the right prototyping technology
• Recognize the “Evaluator Effect”


                                                                                  40
Questions?




             41
References
•   Don't Make me think, A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability, 2nd Edition - By Steve Krug
•   UseIT.com, Alert box Article - www.useit.com/alertbox/20010805.html
•   Eye Tracking - http://www.usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/032010news.html
•   Eye Tracking Web Usability - Jacob Nielsen, Kara Pemice
•   Color Blindness and Website Design By Jeanne Liu -
    http://usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/022010new.html
•   Accessibility - http://www.usability.gov/pdfs/chapter3.pdf
•   Usability Guidelines - http://usability.gov/guidelines/index.html
•   Agile Usability: Best Practices for User Experience on Agile Development Projects, 2nd edition By
    Chris Nodder and Jakob Nielsen
•   Rocket Surgery Made Easy: The Do-It-Yourself Guide to Finding and Fixing Usability Problems By
    Steve Krug
•   Top 10 Web Brands - http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/facebook-users-average-
    7-hrs-a-month-in-january-as-digital-universe-expands/
•   Cartoons:
     –   http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/2007-11-16
     –   http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/2002-05-11/
     –   http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2003-01-10/
     –   http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2009-11-27/
     –   http://www.erinlynnyoung.com/244/user-testing-fallacies/



                                                                                                    42
Usability & Agile Development
Usability & Agile Development

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Usability & Agile Development

  • 1. Usability and Agile Development By: Binu Thayamkery (binu.thayamkery@gmail.com)
  • 2. Do you agree with this statement? • “For the End User, the Interface is the System” – Too many good products hidden behind a bad UI – UI is one of the most neglected aspects of system design – UI should evolve along with the architecture 2
  • 3. Definition • Usability is defined as… – It is the ease of use and learnability of a human made object. – For web based applications, it is simple as making sure that the website works well and a person of average (or lower) ability and experience can use it. 3
  • 4. Definition – Detailed • Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. • Defined by 5 quality components – Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design? – Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks? – Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they re-establish proficiency? – Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, how easily they can recover from the errors? – Satisfaction: How pleasant is to use the design? 4
  • 5. Now that we defined usability… • Can you tell me 3 public websites that you think ranks best in terms of usability? 5
  • 6. Top 10 Web Brands 2010 6
  • 7. Benefits of Usability • Increased productivity (for the user) • Decreased training and support costs • Increased enrollment (sales and revenues) • Reduced development costs and time • Reduced maintenance costs • Increased customer satisfaction 7
  • 8. Krug’s First Law of Usability • “Don’t make me think” – Or at least make it easy for me… – Contents of the web page should be self-evident, self-explanatory and obvious to user Results Results Results Results 8
  • 9. First Rule of Usability? Don’t Listen to Users • To design an easy-to-use interface, pay attention to what users do, not what they say – Watch what people do – Do not believe what people say they do – Definitely don’t believe what people predict they may do in the future – And…cool design is not always the best usable design 9
  • 10. How do we read web pages? • We don’t read them, we scan them. • Eye Tracking helps us to learn this behavior • F- Shaped gaze pattern ! 10
  • 11. Eye Tracking Contd. • Eye Tracking captures the Foveal vision. • Red spots denotes the “fixation” • Peripheral vision elements are usually ignored • Based on Mind-Eye hypothesis • Users behavior is always evolving when it comes to web usage ! 11
  • 12. What is the color of this text? • Did you know? 8% of male population and 0.5% of female population is color blind 12
  • 13. Web Accessibility • “An accessible site is by default a usable one” • Ensure that everyone including persons with difficulty in seeing, hearing or making precise movements can use the site. • Some Guidelines as specified in Section 508 – Design forms for users using assistive technologies – Do not use color alone to convey information – Enable users to skip repetitive links – Provide text equivalents for non textual elements – Do not require style sheets – No screen flickers or distractions. 13
  • 14. Waterfall/Iterative and Usability • Why it does not work well? – Predicts too much into future – Functional Requirements drive the development – UI is fixed, does not evolve – More importance given to the “system” not the UI • It works to an a certain extend when… – UI design tightly follows requirements gathering and is coupled with the step where functional requirements are created. – Build functional, clickable wireframes for the whole system 14
  • 15. Enter Agile (Scrum, etc.) Development Agile Manifesto – Refresher We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: • Individuals and interactions over processes and tools • Working software over comprehensive documentation • Customer collaboration over contract negotiation • Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more. - Beck et al,2001 15
  • 16. Agile Development and UX • Promise – “Discount Usability Engineering”- Usability techniques are used frequently, throughout the development process • Threats – Agile is a developer centric methodology proposed by developers and mainly addresses implementation side of the system – Usability expertise may not be there. • Solution – For design and usability to be taken seriously, they must be assigned “story points” on an equal footing with the coding – Perform usability activities such as user design studios, user testing. – Conduct activities like user design studio one step ahead of implementation work. By the time sprint starts to develop a feature, initial user experience work went through some thinking. – Create general usability guidelines and have it accessible to all projects to be reused. 16
  • 17. What is the right way to do Usability work in an Agile Team? • Quick answer is to do what ever is needed • UX people are bridges – embedded with the team but also involved in high level/early planning • UX work is early, flexible – done up-front to storyboard level with good expectation setting that changes will happen • Low-fi prototype is the ongoing spec – owned by UX, agreed by stakeholders • UX work happens in a parallel track – pair complex back-end sprints with UX intensive work • Guerilla style UX validation – fast, discount methods run frequently and regularly on early code 17
  • 18. UX people are bridges • Good understanding of developers, business and end users, speaks language of all three groups • A dedicated resource or someone from development team • Owns the UX, storyboards, prototypes, wireframes 18
  • 19. UI work is early, flexible • Agile says No Big Design Up Front (NBDUF) – True for low level system design • Come up with re-usable UI patters early in the process. Also do the top level prototypes, wireframes and storyboards • An early style guide also can be created to address graphical treatment 19
  • 20. Low fidelity documents as specification document • Serves as a tool for communicating user needs • Story boards to represent interactions • These are refined as the developers pick up stories for sprint 20
  • 21. UX work happens in parallel • Difficult to manage UX work along with the development sprint • Work on UX stories one/two sprints ahead of development 21
  • 22. Contd. • Assign story points to all UX work – Some teams keep UX work as research – If there is dedicated UX professional, then story points helps to validate, help track and control amount of work 22
  • 23. Guerilla style UX validation • RITE (Rapid Iterative Test and Evaluation) • Decide on how much re-work need to be done for usability issues • Reach an agreement on what is acceptable 23
  • 24. Design Studio – Great UX tool • Agile development is “democratic”, More generalists than specialists • Design Studio is an extension of this democratic nature of Agile UX development • It is a more inclusive way of involving the business and development team members in the design process so that the entire team feels ownership of the design direction. 24
  • 25. Design Studio – The Process • All developers ( and other participants) bring sketches of their ideas on how to solve an interface problem • Sketches are pinned up and each member describes their solution • Each sketch is critiqued by the entire team under the guidance of UX team member (or the facilitator) • All the desired and not so desired attributes from each sketch is noted • All the participants work together to create a single design concept taking into account all the good ideas that were presented • This design concept is then used to guide development 25
  • 26. Design Studio - Advantages • Team as a whole is involved in finding solutions and engaged with other stakeholders in that process • Critique is an opportunity to help team members learn design principles – Best way to do this: One team member offers critique, then reframe that critique with generally accepted user design guidelines and design heuristics. Over time these heuristics can be compiled and pinned along with the designs. Team members then can use it as vocabulary in their critiques. • Pool of talents will uncover new design solutions – Even when the initial designs of someone may be sub optimal, the concepts that they arise may be perfect to be re-engineered to the merged UI 26
  • 27. Usability Testing • Watching people try to use what you’re creating/designing/building (or something you’ve already created/designed/built), with the intention of (a) making it easier for people to use or (b) proving that it is easy to use. • Element of actual use makes it different from interviews, surveys, focus groups etc. • It is a qualitative testing, purpose is not to prove anything but to get insights to improve what we are building • Basically a facilitator sits with the participant in a room gives him a task to do also asking him to think aloud while he is at it • Development team and other stakeholders observe this from another room using a screen sharing software • After the tests are finished, observers have a debriefing session to compare notes to decide what problems to be fixed and how to fix them. • (We will watch a video of this in action if we have time at the end) 27
  • 28. Why does Usability Test works? • Because watching users using our system will always makes us a better designer 28
  • 30. Design Process and Evaluation • Set clear and concise goals for your site /application/ user story – set of user requirements, users expectations, usability goals, useful content – do customer surveys, interviews, user groups, talk to sales people, focus groups, etc. • Involve users in establishing your user requirements • Consider a range of design choices to address UI issues and patters, have many people collaborate on it • Focus on Performance before Preference – Content, format, interaction, navigation before color, cool factor • If you are a web site, try to get into Google top 30 • Use "Personas" while doing design process. – Hypothetical "stand-ins" for actual users. Kind of role play. 30
  • 31. Optimizing User Experience • Do not display unsolicited windows or graphics – NO pop ups when user is trying to finish core activity • Increase Web Site Credibility – Provide useful set of FAQs – Website should be arranged in a logical way – Provide articles with citations and references – Site should look professionally designed – Provide an archive of past content (where appropriate) – Keep it fresh and up to date – Provide links to outside sources – and get inbound links from related and credible sites 31
  • 32. Contd. • Standardize task sequences – For example, If using date picker, use it same way everywhere. – User looks for additional information, left or right, place additional information left/right to main content • Design for working memory limitations – Users when navigate from one place to another, they can remember only very little • Minimize page download time – Use YSlow! and follow best practices on web site performance • Warn of 'Time Outs‘ – Best is to provide a non-intrusive growl style pop up, that allows user to extend their time. • Display information in a directly usable format – Examples are localized date formats, weight and distance measurements, etc. • -Provide feedback when user must wait – Long running queries, processing - show some status! 32
  • 33. Contd. • Develop pages that will print cleanly, provide print options – Have print specific CSS for pages – Provide ability to print sections of page or eliminate printing them • Format Information for Reading and Printing • Inform users of download time – When downloading an image, document, application providing approx download time for users connection improves navigation • Develop Help in users terminology – Help should be a click away 33
  • 34. Home Page • Enable users to access homepage from any other page on the site • Show all major options on the homepage • Create a positive first impression of your site, this is key to conveying quality of your site • Make home page distinct from other pages • Limit Homepage length, Manage widths too (no horizontal scroll bar ) • Put Announcements changes to the web site, application maintenance windows, any other announcements on homepage. – When complete site is taken down for upgrade, releases and maintenance, use a static page to make that announcement 34
  • 35. Scrolling, Paging and Page Layout • Eliminate Horizontal Scrolling • Use Paging rather than scrolling • Place important items consistently • Reduce clutter, but at the same time use moderate whitespace for enhanced scanning and searching • Use fluid layouts – Design for 1024X768 or higher 35
  • 36. Navigation • Do not create or direct users into pages that has no navigational options – Never disable browser’s back button • Differentiate and group navigation elements – Top Navigation, Sub Navigation • Primary navigation on left side – Studies shows that it is the best navigation option • Use descriptive labels on Tabs – If there is not enough space, then Tab is not the right UI choice • Provide feedback on users location, i.e., breadcrumbs • Breadcrumb navigation - do not rely on it – Studies shows that very few people actually use breadcrumbs! 36
  • 37. Links • Use meaningful link labels – “Click here” is counter productive • Link to related content • Match link names consistent with destination page title • Avoid misleading cues to click – If it looks like a link, it should be a link otherwise it should not look like a link • Repeat important links – Its not evil to have important pages linked from multiple places within a busy page • Prefer text links over image links • Provide consistent clickability clues • Use point and clicking than mouse over – It is more efficient • Indicate external and internal links • Provide definition links – style them differently 37
  • 38. Screen based controls (Widgets) • Distinguish required and optional data entry fields • Ensure that push buttons label clearly indicate action • Label data entry fields consistently, cleanly • Do not make user entry fields case sensitive • Do not punish user for not entering in right format • Allow users to see their entered data without scrolling • Use familiar widgets • Handle user errors elegantly. Place error messages close the error entry field • Use single data entry method – keyboard or mouse, pick one ! • Prioritize buttons and links according to usage frequency • Ensure that double clicking does not create problems • Data Entry fields rather than selection from fields, ensure proper tab order 38
  • 39. Tabs Usability • Alternate views within the same context • Logically chunks the content • Typically, users don’t need to simultaneously see the contents of different tabs • Parallel in nature • Current tab should be highlighted, unselected ones clearly visible • Current tab connected to content area • Labels are short but should describe contents well • One row of tabs, placed top of the panel • Architect for fast response time when tab is switched 39
  • 40. Usability Testing • Develop and test prototypes through an iterative design approach • Solicit test participants’ comments • Evaluate Websites before and after making changes • Prioritize tasks – Use “Usability Magnitude Estimation” measure to decide which usability tasks should be addressed first – Participants judge how easy or difficult tasks are before and after tests • Distinguish between frequency and severity – Number of users affected by the problem is frequency – Difficulty encountered by individual user is severity – Should fix most severe first. • Use right number of participants • Use the right prototyping technology • Recognize the “Evaluator Effect” 40
  • 42. References • Don't Make me think, A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability, 2nd Edition - By Steve Krug • UseIT.com, Alert box Article - www.useit.com/alertbox/20010805.html • Eye Tracking - http://www.usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/032010news.html • Eye Tracking Web Usability - Jacob Nielsen, Kara Pemice • Color Blindness and Website Design By Jeanne Liu - http://usability.gov/articles/newsletter/pubs/022010new.html • Accessibility - http://www.usability.gov/pdfs/chapter3.pdf • Usability Guidelines - http://usability.gov/guidelines/index.html • Agile Usability: Best Practices for User Experience on Agile Development Projects, 2nd edition By Chris Nodder and Jakob Nielsen • Rocket Surgery Made Easy: The Do-It-Yourself Guide to Finding and Fixing Usability Problems By Steve Krug • Top 10 Web Brands - http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/facebook-users-average- 7-hrs-a-month-in-january-as-digital-universe-expands/ • Cartoons: – http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/2007-11-16 – http://www.dilbert.com/strips/comic/2002-05-11/ – http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2003-01-10/ – http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2009-11-27/ – http://www.erinlynnyoung.com/244/user-testing-fallacies/ 42