This document summarizes a presentation given by Peter Fontaine of the Congressional Budget Office on best practices for visualizing and communicating data through visual stories and summaries. It discusses tools for creating different types of visualizations like charts, graphs, and infographics and tailoring visuals to different audiences like members of Congress. It also provides examples of effective CBO visualizations and references guidelines for showing data clearly without unnecessary clutter or misrepresentation.

1. Congressional Budget Office
Telling Visual Stories About Data
Presentation for the:
Seminar on Independent Budget Analysis & Transparency
A Global Network of Parliamentary Budget Offices Community Meeting
Peter Fontaine
Assistant Director for Budget Analysis
June 2014

2. Know Your Audience

3. Members of
Congress
and Staff

4. explanatory exploratory
static
interactive

5. How CBO
Communicates

6. Reports

8. Policy options, spreadsheet

12. Chartbooks

16. Snapshots

19. Presentations

20. Before

21. After

23. Infographics

34. Use Best Practices

35. Show the Data
Jacob Klerman and Caroline Danielson, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2011

36. Show the Data
Jacob Klerman and Caroline Danielson, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2011
0-axis thicker
than data line

37. Show the Data
Jacob Klerman and Caroline Danielson, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2011
Tick marks probably
unnecessary
0-axis thicker
than data line

38. Show the Data
Jacob Klerman and Caroline Danielson, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2011
Label and %-sign
are redundant0-axis thicker
than data line
Tick marks probably
unnecessary

39. Show the Data
Jacob Klerman and Caroline Danielson, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2011
Abbreviations make
comprehension difficult
0-axis thicker
than data line
Tick marks probably
unnecessary
Label and %-sign
are redundant

40. Show the Data
Jacob Klerman and Caroline Danielson, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2011
Data points are
outside the axis
bounds
0-axis thicker
than data line
Tick marks probably
unnecessary
Label and %-sign
are redundant
Abbreviations make
comprehension difficult

41. Implied Impulse Response Functions for Different Caseloads
(Percentage change in caseload)
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years
Adult Only
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years
No Cash
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years
Welfare Cash Assistance
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years
SSI Cash Assistance
Show the Data

42. Gordon Hanson, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2012
Reduce Clutter

43. Reduce Clutter

44. Integrate Text and Graphics
Social Security Advisory Board, Aspects of Disability Decision Making: Data and Materials, February 2012

45. Integrate Text and Graphics

46. Use
Appropriate
Tools

47. Excel
Stata
SAS
Open Office
R
Tableau
JavaScript
Google Charts
Standard
Tools
Newer
Tools

48. If your tool doesn’t let you
create the visualization you
want, get a different tool.

49. Do the figures in this report
illustrate its main points?

50. What should the reader learn
from the figure?

51. Is the figure understandable
outside the confines of the
report?

52. The purpose of visualization is
insight, not pictures
-Ben Shneiderman

53. References
Slide
7. CBO, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014 to 2024,
www.cbo.gov/publication/45010, February 2014
8-9. CBO, Social Security Policy Options,
www.cbo.gov/publication/21547, July 2010
10. CBO, A Premium Support System for Medicare: Analysis of Illustrative Options,
www.cbo.gov/publication/44581, September 2013
11. CBO, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014 to 2024,
www.cbo.gov/publication/45010, February 2014
13. CBO, Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People,
www.cbo.gov/publication/44363, June 2013
14-15. CBO, The Distribution of Federal Spending and Taxes in 2006,
www.cbo.gov/publication/44698, November 2013
17. CBO, Snapshot of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,
www.cbo.gov/publication/44131, April 2013
18. CBO, Snapshot of Unemployment Benefits,
www.cbo.gov/publication/44096, March 2013

54. References, continued
Slide
20. CBO, Federal Health Care Spending: Why Is It Growing? What Could Be Done About It?
www.cbo.gov/publication/44761 , September 2013
21. CBO, Federal Health Care Spending: Why Is It Growing? What Could Be Done About It?
www.cbo.gov/publication/45144, February 2014
22. CBO, The Federal Budget: Outlook and Challenges,
www.cbo.gov/publication/44378, June 2013
24-27. CBO, The U.S. Federal Budget: Infographic,
www.cbo.gov/publication/42636, December 2011
28-32. CBO, Federal Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits—Infographic,
www.cbo.gov/publication/43935, February 2013
33. CBO, The Long-Term Budget Outlook: Infographic,
www.cbo.gov/publication/43289, June 2012
35-45. Jonathan Schwabish, “An Economist’s Guide to Visualizing Data,” Journal of Economic
Perspectives, www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.28.1.209, Winter
2014