Rapid Review of Livestock Sector Investment and Sustainability
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This document summarizes information on the impacts of livestock production globally and in Asia. It finds that livestock occupies one third of global cropland and one quarter of ice-free land for pastures. Asia accounts for 32% of global enteric greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, with most emissions coming from India, China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Rapid growth of livestock production in Asia is contributing to water and air pollution through nutrient runoff and emissions. The document discusses opportunities for public and private investment in more sustainable and climate-friendly livestock systems through technologies, monitoring, plant-based alternatives, and policies to guide intensification.
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Rapid Review of Livestock Sector Investment and Sustainability
- 1. Rapid Evidence Review Lini Wollenberg Flagship Leader, Low-Emission Development CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Global Sustainable Livestock Investment Overview ADB Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results June 28, 2021
- 3. Bar-On 2018 et al. PNAS and https://awellfedworld.org/biodiversity/ Growing predominance of livestock and its impacts • 1/3 of all cropland used to produce feed crops • 1/4 of ice-free land area occupied by pastures • 60% of mammals are livestock • 70% of birds are poultry • 40% of agricultural water use Massive impacts on land, water, air and biodiversity
- 5. Water and air quality impacts of animal manure in Asia Increased toxic algal blooms due to phosphorous In 1998, killed 80% of the fish in 100 km2 zone in South China Sea Nitrate in drinking water leaked from manure lagoons. 1/3 of groundwater wells in the Philippines and Thailand showed nitrate levels above the World Health Organization safety limit Agricultural ammonia emissions increased urban air pollution and health harming particles in China
- 6. Fig. 2 Contribution of livestock to estimated nutrient overloads in Asia (19). M. Herrero et al. Science 2010;327:822-825 Copyright © 2010, American Association for the Advancement of Science
- 7. 19% 32% 36% 10% 3% Enteric fermentation emissions by region 2019 (Data source FAOSTAT) Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Asia Americas Africa
- 8. 14054 6534 4577 1264 1178 1079 871 833 655 592 560 510 456 390 314 281 216 212 189 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 I n d i a C h i n a , m a i n l a n d P a k i s t a n M y a n m a r B a n g l a d e s h I n d o n e s i a T u r k e y U z b e k i s t a n M o n g o l i a N e p a l K a z a k h s t a n I r a n ( I s l a m i c R e p u b l i c o f ) V i e t N a m A f g h a n i s t a n P h i l i p p i n e s T h a i l a n d T u r k m e n i s t a n J a p a n R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a Kilotonnes CO2e Countries contributing >1% to regional enteric greenhouse gas emissions Enteric fermentation emissions from livestock in Asia 2019 (Data Source: FAOSTAT) • 95% of enteric fermentation emissions in Asia from 19 countries • 75% from: India (38%), China, (18%), Pakistan (13%), and Bangladesh (3%) • Indonesia (3%) and Uzbekistan (2%) • China expected to double emissions by 2050.
- 11. FAO’s LIVESTOCK SECTOR INVESTMENT AND POLICY TOOLKIT (LSIPT) CGIAR’s Actions for innovative climate change mitigation and adaptation of livestock systems (ANIMALS) Public investment in the livestock sector to give decision-makers the evidence they need to make strategic choices and attract investment. Public investment
- 12. Livestock monitoring market expected to grow from USD 1.4 billion in 2021 to USD 2.3 billion by 2026 https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/ Market-Reports/livestock-monitoring- market-72634532.html Start-ups: Zero-emissions livestock, data analytics, animal tracking and traceability Plant-based meats Private Investment
- 13. How to achieve inclusive economic growth, improve livelihoods, sustain animal health and welfare, and address environmental impacts? • Set intensification thresholds • Increase efficiency • Conditional finance • Regulation • Diversified, alternative food sources
Notes de l'éditeur
- What are you doing now to help the most vulnerable countries respond to climate change now and in the future? How are we protecting nutritional gains? What more should we be doing? How do we prevent another food security crisis?
- Global production of animal source foods (ASF) has more than tripled over the last 50 years, accompanied by a threefold increase of crops used for animal feed (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2018). One third of all cropland is now being used to produce feed crops (Steinfeld et al., 2006), and one quarter of the ice-free land area of the world is occupied by pastures (FAO, 2018). Summary The world now produces more than three times the quantity of meat as it did fifty years ago. In 2018, production was around 340 million tonnes. Pigmeat is the most popular meat globally, but the production of poultry is increasing most rapidly. 80 billion animals are slaughtered each year for meat. The average person in the world consumed around 43 kilograms of meat in 2014. This ranges from over 100kg in the US and Australia to only 5kg in India. Meat consumption increases as the world is getting richer. The world now produces around 800 million tonnes of milk each year – more than double the amount fifty years ago. Richer countries tend to consume more milk per person. The amount of meat produced for a given animal varies significantly across the world based on production systems. Livestock production has large environmental impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use. Beef and lamb have much larger environmental impact than pigmeat and poultry. https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production
- ^) 1/3 of all cropland used to produce feed crops (Steinfeld et al., 2006), 1/4 of ice-free land area occupied by pastures (FAO, 2018). 60% of mammals now livestock 70% of birds now poultry The graphic above is based on data from a 2018 report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), titled “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” The study found that while the world’s 7.6 billion humans comprise just 0.01% of all living things, human consumption patterns have caused the loss of 83% of all wild mammals and half of all plant species, while livestock numbers have soared to a staggering artificial imbalance as a result of animal agriculture. “The new work reveals that farmed poultry today makes up 70% of all birds on the planet, with just 30% being wild. The picture is even more stark for mammals – 60% of all mammals on Earth are livestock, mostly cattle and pigs, 36% are human and just 4% are wild animals.” https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506 Today, the biomass of humans (≈0.06 Gt C; SI Appendix, Table S9) and the biomass of livestock (≈0.1 Gt C, dominated by cattle and pigs; SI Appendix, Table S10) far surpass that of wild mammals, which has a mass of ≈0.007 Gt C (SI Appendix, Table S11). This is also true for wild and domesticated birds, for which the biomass of domesticated poultry (≈0.005 Gt C, dominated by chickens) is about threefold higher than that of wild birds (≈0.002 Gt C; SI Appendix, Table S12). In fact, humans and livestock outweigh all vertebrates combined, with the exception of fish. Even though humans and livestock dominate mammalian biomass, they are a small fraction of the ≈2 Gt C of animal biomass, which primarily comprises arthropods (≈1 Gt C; SI Appendix, Tables S13 and S14), followed by fish (≈0.7 Gt C; SI Appendix, Table S15). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0096084 In developing countries, the meat and dairy sectors have grown at average yearly rates of 5.1 percent and 3.6 percent respectively since 1970 [3]. Most of this increase has been to supply expanding urban areas and has been primarily driven by population growth and increasing incomes, closely linked to urbanisation, making livestock one of the fastest-growing sectors in agriculture [1]. Globally, as human population growth slows and relatively high consumption levels of animal-source foods are reached in some of the countries that have seen the more rapid increases, Brazil and China in particular, growth in demand for meat, milk and eggs is also expected to slow down [4]. Notwithstanding regional reductions in growth, in many developing countries per capita consumption of animal-source foods is projected to continue rising and even to accelerate [3]. As well as the economic benefits that a growing livestock sector confers on the economies of these countries, and the potential improvements in food security and nutrition among the world's poor, some 766 million poor (<US$ 2 per day) livestock keepers could benefit directly [5]. This is particularly the case in mixed farming systems where livestock serve many socio-economic functions and promote arable agriculture through manure and draft power [6]. The growing livestock sector also places increased pressure on natural resources and the environment; making a significant contribution to global environmental change [10]–[11]. Also of concern are the public health implications of livestock production and intensification. As pressure on our global resources increases, people and their livestock are pushed into ever-closer proximity with natural areas and the habitats of wild fauna [12]. This increases the chances of emergence and spread, in livestock and people, of infectious zoonotic pathogens originating in wild animals [13]–[15].
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6395385/
- https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/mar/25/animal-waste-excrement-four-billion-tonnes-dung-poo-faecebook https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6395385/ For China, for instance, Liu et al. (66) contend that the recent rise in meat consumption has pushed the country's annual per capita water requirement for food production up by a factor of 3.4 (from 255 m3 in 1961 to 860 m3).
- Contribution of livestock to estimated nutrient overloads in Asia (19).
- Quantifying ESG risks and opportunities in protein: BNP Paribas and Sycomore AM In June 2017, BNP Paribas Securities Services partnered with Sycomore Asset Management to accelerate the deployment of the NEC, a new metric for assessing the environmental impact of the economic activities of a company, a portfolio or an index. Developed since 2015 by Sycomore AM, a specialist in responsible investment, and in association with I Care & Consult and Quantis’s experts, the NEC indicator assesses the contribution of a company’s overall activities towards energy and ecological transition, and measures the degree to which a business model is aligned with climate change goals. The NEC uses a scale ranging from -100%, for activities which are the most harmful to natural capital, to +100%, for the most environmentally-friendly solutions. In the case of the food industry, the NEC indicator classifies different types of food according to their respective environmental impact (climate, water, biodiversity) and the associated nutritional content (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates). https://www.fairr.org/article/plant-based-profits-investment-risks-opportunities-sustainable-food-systems/
- http://www.fao.org/policy-support/policy-themes/sustainable-livestock/en/ http://www.fao.org/policy-support/policy-themes/sustainable-livestock/en/ he Committee on Agriculture (COAG) established the Sub-Committee on Livestock (Sub-Committee) in October 2020, in its 27th session with a mandate to discuss and build consensus on livestock issues and priorities, and advise COAG, and through it, the FAO Council and the FAO Conference, on technical and policy programmes and activities needed to optimize the contribution of livestock, including in poverty alleviation, food security and nutrition, sustainable livelihoods and the realization of the 2030 Agenda. https://news.stanford.edu/pr/2010/pr-livestock-revolution-environment-031610.html Although about 1 billion poor people worldwide derive at least some part of their livelihood from domesticated animals, the rapid growth of commercialized industrial livestock has reduced employment opportunities for many, according to the report. In developing countries, such as India and China, large-scale industrial production has displaced many small, rural producers, who are under additional pressure from health authorities to meet the food safety standards that a globalized marketplace requires. Beef, poultry, pork and other meat products provide one-third of humanity's protein intake, but the impact on nutrition across the globe is highly variable, according to the report. "Too much animal-based protein is not good for human diets, while too little is a problem for those on a protein-starved diet, as happens in many developing countries," Mooney noted.
- LIVESTOCK SECTOR INVESTMENT AND POLICY TOOLKIT (LSIPT) MAKING RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS To increase public (and private) investment in the livestock sector by giving decision-makers the evidence they need to make strategic choices and attract investment. The FAO Investment Centre, with the World Bank, is using the tools extensively in the preparation and implementation of investment projects and sector studies. LSIPT is also being employed with the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model interactive (GLEAM-i), a tool developed by FAO to assess Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the livestock sector. ILRI also uses LSIPT as part of the preparation of Livestock Master Plans (LMPs). http://www.fao.org/3/ca7635en/CA7635EN.pdf n terms of our approach to sustainability… we continue to work on interventions that improve productivity and reduce GHGe. We are considering how to include land based offsets which include the benefits that livestock offer to soils and rangelands. We hope to attract “sustainable finance” to our initiative. We are also including the benefits that livestock value chains offer to women and youth incomes (another dimension of sustainability).
- ZELP – Reducing Methane Emissions There are many things that the dairy industry needs to get right in the future. Demand for dairy products is expected to keep growing as humans from all parts of the world get access to affordable and good quality products. More than a billion burping cows contribute to the highest share of methane emissions in the world, on par with all forms of transportation. This has made technology companies fix their gaze on these cattle. Innovations like methane-scrubbers and dairy-efficiency solutions look to keep this industry sustainable for the future. British startup ZELP, or the Zero Emissions Livestock Project, develops wearable devices that oxidize methane emissions in real-time. These devices are placed around the front part of the nose of the animals, detecting and capturing as much methane emissions from their mouths as possible. In addition, tracking and health monitoring solutions are also packed into these devices. AgriSmart – Tagging & Monitoring Livestock Sticking a yellow handwritten tag with information on the ear of cattle is still the practice in many parts of the world. In some cases, cattle are marked by painting their bodies or horns. Marking and identifying cattle has come leaps and bounds with several companies offering automated monitoring solutions. South African startup AgriSmart uses advanced location tracking technology and comprehensive health monitoring technologies to develop two types of tags for cattle. Their Standard External ID Tag (SEIDT) uses geofencing to alert the farmer if cattle have strayed outside their farm zone. The Advanced Internal ID Tag (AIIDT), which is an extension of SEIDT, allows for monitoring the health of the cattle, alerting the farmer if it detects any abnormal activity. Pharm Robotics – Automated Administration Of Injections While automation can detect and inform about the health of an animal, it still takes skill and human labor to administer the medicines and injections to cattle. This can be extremely time consuming and, with the shortage of labor, cause serious delays. Advances in robotic administration technologies in healthcare and medicine have now reached the dairy farm as well. The US-based startup Pharm Robotics develops Sureshot, an automated robotic system to administer injections and vaccine shots. They use RFID and video cameras to identify cattle that require injections. Once the cattle have been identified, they are softly held still with a barrier while a robotic arm administers the injection. Installing this system after the milking lanes can ensure efficiency in conducting this process. INHOF – End-To-End Data Analytics Innovations in the dairy industry come in all shapes and sizes. There are many solutions looking to automate a part of the farming process, tracking or milking. However, as the adoption of technology rises among dairy farmers, they will begin demanding for comprehensive solutions for their farms. Data analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) help to integrate the various solutions available while providing valuable insights to the farmer. Indian startup INHOF develops FarmTree, a comprehensive dairy analytics platform for farmers. Their digital diary records numerous information points like average milk production, dry period and health information to give the farmer a good understanding of their farm and business. They help identify ‘cash cows’ and do the number crunching for the farmer – valuable services for all farmers. Smart Dairy Inside – Standardized Dairy Farm-In-A-Box As demand grows for dairy products, the space available for breeding them is going to reduce. Farmers are going to need dairy shelters and equipment which can take care of the animals while incorporating advanced technologies to achieve higher efficiency on the farm. In addition, redesigning traditional barns can result in creating a circular dairy farm where all aspects of the farm are optimized. Dutch startup Smart Dairy Inside aims to enable small farms to leap into the 21st century. They offer Farm-in-a-Box, a standardized farm for 25 dairy cows with improved access to technology, funds, and markets. In addition, they offer a suite of automated solutions called SmartBox which provides milking equipment, farm, and livestock monitoring and tools for farm management. They also offer training, knowledge sharing, and networking services for dairy farmers through their SmartApp. The overall livestock monitoring market is expected to grow from USD 1.4 billion in 2021 to USD 2.3 billion by 2026; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.4% during 2021–2026. Key factors fueling this market's growth include livestock monitoring and disease detection; increasing adoption of IoT and AI by dairy farmers; and substantial cost-saving associated with livestock monitoring management industry. Growing population of cattle with increasing dairy farms and increasing adoption of livestock monitoring technology in developing countries create a strong demand for livestock monitoring in the midst of COVID-19. Increasing demaond for health monitoring in real time, increased herd sizes, heightended demaond for livestock tracking and identification hardware devices such as RFID, sensors, smart cameras, and GPS technology on livestock farms. The data collected through these devices alerts farmers on reproduction, health feeding, and the wellbeing of the animals. hardware devices such as RFID, sensors, smart cameras, and GPS technology on livestock farms. The data collected through these devices alerts farmers on reproduction, health feeding, and the wellbeing of the animals. Heat stress management https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/livestock-monitoring-market-72634532.html
- https://www.slideshare.net/SDGsPlus/supporting-inclusive-economic-growth