8. Background
• Japan invaded North Korea in 1905
• Korea split into North & South Korea in 1945
• On June 25th 1950, North Korea sent 75,000
soldiers across the 38th Parallel attacking the
South.
10. 1980 1991 200320011994
Kim Jong-il,
moved up
party and
political
ladder.
North and
South Korea
join the
United
Nations
Death of Kim
Il-sung. Kim
Jong-il
succeeds him
as leader
North Korea
agrees to
freeze
nuclear
program
Worst
drought in
history
North Korea
withdraws
from the
Nuclear Non-
Proliferation
Treaty (NPT)
11. North Korean Leaders
• North Korea is a
communist state led by a
Dictator. That Dictator is
now Kim Jong-un
12. Human Environment Interaction
• North Korea's agricultural
economy is 35% while its
industry and services are 65%
of its economy
18. Continuity Through Change Of North
Korea
• In 1994 : The ‘Arduous March’
• Kim Jong il died in December 2011
• Economy was in meltdown
• Kim Jong Un has become the head of a new collective leadership that
appears firmly in control
19. Biography Kim Jong-il
• Kim Jong-il was the powerful leader of
North Korea from 1994 to 2011
• By that time North Korea had become
one of the most isolated countries in
the world, with frequent famines and
an economy in a shambles
• Kim's attempts to acquire nuclear
weapons for North Korea
• He reportedly suffered a stroke in
2008, and died three years later
30. • The KPA has 1,106,000 active and 8,389,000 reserve and
paramilitary troops, making it the largest military institution
in the world.
• Approximately one in every 25 citizens is an enlisted
soldier.
31. Weapon
• North Korea had been
suspected of maintaining a
clandestine nuclear
weapons development
program since the early
1980s when it constructed
a plutonium-producing
Magnox nuclear reactor at
Yongbyon.
32. • North Korea's ability to
deliver weapons of mass
destruction to a
hypothetical target is
somewhat limited by its
missile technology.
• KN-1
• KN-2
• Hwasong-5
• Hwasong-6
• Nodong-1
• Taepodong
34. North Korea’s Economic Phases
• Industrialization
• The Soviet model (self-reliance)1960s
• Foreign loans and indulged in large-scale imports of
machinery and plant facilities
• The oil shock the petroleum prices
1970s
• Malfunctioning in its centralized planned system in the form
of supply shortages, systemic inefficiency, and infrastructural
decay
• Refusing to open up the economy
1980s
• Collapsed (The disintegration of the Soviet Union, food
crisis, natural disasters: hails in 1994, flooding in 1995-1996,
and droughts in 1997) pushed North Korea into a crisis
• Dependent on international aid
1990s
35. Foreign Loans & Grants (US$ Million)
Former
Soviet Union
China
Other Socialist
States
OECD
Members
Subtotal
Before 1948 53.0 - - - 53.0
1953-60 609.0 459.6 364.9 - 1,883.5
(Grants) (325.0) (287.1) (364.9) - (977.0)
1961-70 558.3 157.4 159.0 9 883.7
1971-80 682.1 300.0 - 1,292.2 2,274.1
1981-90 508.4 500.0 - - 1,008.4
Total 2,409.8 1,417.0 523.9 1,301.0 6,102.7
Source: North Korea’s External Debts: Trend and Characteristics, Korea Focus (KDI Review of the North Korea Economy,
March 2012, published by the Korea Development Institute)
36. North Korea’s Economic Phases
• Industrialization
• The Soviet model (self-reliance)1960s
• Foreign loans and indulged in large-scale imports of
machinery and plant facilities
• The oil shock the petroleum prices
1970s
• Malfunctioning in its centralized planned system in the form
of supply shortages, systemic inefficiency, and infrastructural
decay
• Refusing to open up the economy
1980s
• collapsed (The disintegration of the Soviet Union, food
crisis, natural disasters: hails in 1994, flooding in 1995-1996,
and droughts in 1997) pushed North Korea into a crisis
• Dependent on international aid
1990s
38. • Rolled out 14 new Special Economic Zones2013
• The economic growth picked for few years before dipping
again.2000s
• Malfunctioning in its centralized planned system in the form
of supply shortages, systemic inefficiency, and infrastructural
decay
• Refusing to open up the economy
1980s
• collapsed (The disintegration of the Soviet Union, food
crisis, natural disasters: hails in 1994, flooding in 1995-1996,
and droughts in 1997) pushed North Korea into a crisis
• Dependent on international aid
1990s
39. The “military” ambition
• 1966: the defense sector comprised around 10%
total expenditures
• 1967 to 1971: over 30 %
• 1970s: 30% - 50%
40.
41. • GDP: $33.3 billion (2013) (rise of 1.1%)
• agriculture: 23.4%
• industry: 47.2%
• services: 29.4%
• The main industries:
• military products
• machine building
• electric power, chemicals
• mining (coal, iron ore, limestone, graphite, copper, zinc,
lead, and precious metals), metallurgy
• textiles, food processing
• tourism
42. • China and South Korea are North’s main trading
partners.
• CIA’s 2012 estimates from the Factbook reveal:
• 63% of the exports from North are directed to China
• 27% to South Korea
• 73% percent of the total imports comes from China
(concessional assistance and support)
• 19% from South Korea
45. Healthcare
• Public health
• Free universal insurance system
• Preventive medicine emphasization
Pyongyang Maternity Hospital
46. Infrastructure
• Rail transport is by far the most widespread
• Road transport is very limited
• Obsolete and in disrepair
• Develop own civilian nuclear program
A Soviet-built M62 diesel unit at Pyongyang Station
